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A bird's eye view of liquid crystal elastomers | p. 1 |
Liquid crystals | p. 9 |
Ordering of rod and disc fluids | p. 9 |
Nematic order | p. 11 |
Free energy and phase transitions of nematics | p. 15 |
Molecular theory of nematics | p. 20 |
Distortions of nematic order | p. 22 |
Transitions driven by external fields | p. 25 |
Anisotropic viscosity and dissipation | p. 29 |
Cholesteric liquid crystals | p. 33 |
Smectic liquid crystals | p. 38 |
Polymers, elastomers and rubber elasticity | p. 47 |
Configurations of polymers | p. 48 |
Liquid crystalline polymers | p. 52 |
Shape of liquid crystalline polymers | p. 54 |
Frank elasticity of nematic polymers | p. 61 |
Classical rubber elasticity | p. 62 |
Manipulating the elastic response of rubber | p. 67 |
Finite extensibility and entanglements in elastomers | p. 70 |
Classical elasticity | p. 75 |
Deformation tensor and Cauchy-Green strain | p. 75 |
Non-linear and linear elasticity | p. 78 |
Geometry of deformations and rotations | p. 83 |
Rotations | p. 83 |
Shears and their decomposition | p. 84 |
Square roots and polar decomposition of tensors | p. 90 |
Compressibility of rubbery networks | p. 91 |
Nematic elastomers | p. 95 |
Structure and examples of nematic elastomers | p. 96 |
Stress-optical coupling | p. 99 |
Polydomain textures and alignment by stress | p. 101 |
Monodomain 'single-crystal' nematic elastomers | p. 104 |
Spontaneous shape changes | p. 106 |
Nematic photoelastomers | p. 108 |
Field-induced director rotation | p. 111 |
Applications of liquid crystalline elastomers | p. 115 |
Nematic rubber elasticity | p. 120 |
Neo-classical theory | p. 120 |
Spontaneous distortions | p. 123 |
Equilibrium shape of nematic elastomers[Dagger] | p. 129 |
Photo-mechanical effects | p. 131 |
Thermal phase transitions | p. 136 |
Effect of strain on nematic order | p. 139 |
Mechanical and nematic instabilities | p. 145 |
Mechanical Freedericks transition | p. 146 |
The elastic low road | p. 148 |
Finite extensibility and entanglements | p. 150 |
Soft elasticity | p. 154 |
Director anchoring to the bulk | p. 155 |
Director rotation without strain | p. 155 |
Coupling of rotations to pure shear | p. 158 |
Soft elasticity | p. 159 |
Soft modes of deformation | p. 160 |
Principal symmetric strains and body rotations | p. 164 |
Forms of the free energy allowing softness | p. 166 |
Optimal deformations | p. 167 |
A practical method of calculating deformations | p. 167 |
Stretching perpendicular to the director | p. 169 |
Semi-soft elasticity | p. 173 |
Example: random copolymer networks | p. 174 |
A practical geometry of semi-soft deformation | p. 175 |
Experiments on long, semi-soft strips | p. 117 |
Unconstrained elastomers in external fields | p. 178 |
Semi-soft free energy and stress | p. 179 |
Thermomechanical history and general semi-softness | p. 183 |
Thermomechanical history dependence | p. 184 |
Forms of the free energy violating softness | p. 185 |
Distortions of nematic elastomers | p. 187 |
Freedericks transitions in nematic elastomers | p. 188 |
Strain-induced microstracture: stripe domains | p. 194 |
General distortions of nematic elastomers | p. 201 |
One-dimensional quasi-convexification | p. 202 |
Full quasi-convexification | p. 205 |
Numerical and experimental studies | p. 207 |
Random disorder in nematic networks | p. 210 |
Nematic ordering with quenched disorder | p. 212 |
Characteristic domain size | p. 213 |
Polydomain-monodomain transition | p. 216 |
Cholesteric elastomers | p. 220 |
Cholesteric networks | p. 221 |
Intrinsically chiral networks | p. 221 |
Chirally imprinted networks | p. 222 |
Mechanical deformations | p. 227 |
Uniaxial transverse elongation | p. 228 |
Stretching along the pitch axis | p. 233 |
Piezoelectricity of cholesteric elastomers | p. 236 |
Imprinted cholesteric elastomers | p. 242 |
Photonics of cholesteric elastomers | p. 245 |
Photonics of liquid cholesterics | p. 246 |
Photonics of elastomers | p. 249 |
Experimental observations | p. 251 |
Lasing in cholesterics | p. 253 |
Continuum description of nematic elastomers | p. 256 |
From molecular theory to continuum elasticity | p. 257 |
Compressibility effects | p. 257 |
The limit of linear elasticity | p. 258 |
The role of nematic anisotropy | p. 260 |
Phenomenological theory for small deformations | p. 262 |
Strain-induced rotation | p. 265 |
Soft elasticity | p. 268 |
Symmetry arguments | p. 269 |
The mechanism of soft deformation | p. 271 |
Continuum representation of semi-softness | p. 273 |
Unconstrained director fluctuations | p. 276 |
Unconstrained phonons | p. 279 |
Light scattering from director fluctuations | p. 282 |
Dynamics of liquid crystal elastomers | p. 288 |
Classical rubber dynamics | p. 289 |
Rouse model and entanglements | p. 291 |
Dynamical response of entangled networks | p. 293 |
Long time stress relaxation | p. 296 |
Nematohydrodynamics of elastic solids | p. 298 |
Viscous coefficients and relaxation times | p. 300 |
Balance of forces and torques | p. 301 |
Symmetries and order parameter | p. 303 |
Response to oscillating strains | p. 304 |
Experimental observations | p. 308 |
Oscillating shear | p. 309 |
Steady stress relaxation | p. 313 |
Smectic elastomers | p. 317 |
Materials and preparation | p. 317 |
Smectic A elastomers | p. 319 |
Smectic C and ferroelectric C elastomers | p. 321 |
Physical properties of smectic elastomers | p. 322 |
Smectic-A elastomers | p. 322 |
Smectic-C elastomers | p. 326 |
A molecular model of Smectic-A rubber elasticity | p. 328 |
The geometry of affine layer deformations | p. 330 |
Response to principal deformations | p. 331 |
General deformations of a SmA elastomer | p. 339 |
Instability and CMHH microstructure | p. 340 |
Comparison with experiment | p. 342 |
Smectic-C rubber elasticity | p. 344 |
SmC soft deformations | p. 345 |
SmC deformations with microstructure | p. 348 |
Continuum description of smectic elastomers | p. 350 |
Continuum description of smectic A elastomers | p. 350 |
Relative translations in smectic networks revisited | p. 351 |
Nematic -strain, -rotation and -smectic couplings | p. 353 |
Effective smectic elasticity of elastomers | p. 355 |
Effective rubber elasticity of smectic elastomers | p. 360 |
Layer elasticity and fluctuations in smectic A elastomers | p. 364 |
Layer buckling instabilities: the CMHH effect | p. 371 |
Quenched layer disorder and the N-A phase transition | p. 374 |
Smectic C and ferroelectric C elastomers | p. 378 |
References | p. 382 |
Index | p. 393 |
Author Index | p. 400 |
Online Appendices: (www.lcelastomer.org.uk) | |
Nematic order in elastomers under strain | |
Biaxial soft elasticity | |
Stripe microstructure | |
Couple-stress and Cosserat elasticity | |
Expansion at small deformations and rotations | |
Smectic C soft elasticity | |
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