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X. J. Kennedy , after graduation from Seton Hall and Columbia, became a journalist second class in the Navy (“Actually, I was pretty eighth class”). His poems, some published in the New Yorker, were first collected in Nude Descending a Staircase (1961). Since then he has written six more collections, several widely adopted literature and writing textbooks, and seventeen books for children, including two novels. He has taught at Michigan, North Carolina (Greensboro), California (Irvine), Wellesley, Tufts, and Leeds. Cited in Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations and reprinted in some 200 anthologies, his verse has brought him a Guggenheim fellowship, a Lamont Award, a Los Angeles Times Book Prize, an award from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, an Aiken-Taylor prize, the Robert Frost Medal of the Poetry Society of America, and the Award for Poetry for Children from the National Council of Teachers of English. He now lives in Lexington, Massachusetts, where he and his wife Dorothy have collaborated on four books and five children.
Dana Gioia is a poet, critic, and teacher. Born in Los Angeles of Italian and Mexican ancestry, he attended Stanford and Harvard before taking a detour into business. After years of writing and reading late in the evenings after work, he quit a corporate vice presidency to write. He has published four collections of poetry, Daily Horoscope (1986), The Gods of Winter (1991), Interrogations at Noon (2001), which won the American Book Award, and Pity the Beautiful (2012); and three critical volumes, including Can Poetry Matter? (1992), an influential study of poetry’s place in contemporary America. Gioia has taught at Johns Hopkins, Sarah Lawrence, Wesleyan (Connecticut), Mercer, and Colorado College. From 2003-2009 he served as the Chairman of the National Endowments for the Arts. At the NEA he created the largest literary programs in federal history, including Shakespeare in American Communities and Poetry Out Loud, the national high school poetry recitation contest. He also led the campaign to restore active literary reading by creating The Big Read, which helped reverse a quarter century of decline in U.S. reading. He is currently the Judge Widney Professor of Poetry and Public Culture at the University of Southern California.
** = new selection versus prior edition
Contents
Preface
To the Instructor
About the Authors
Fiction
A Conversation with Amy Tan
1 Reading a Story
The Art of Fiction
Types of Short Fiction
W. Somerset Maugham n The Appointment in Samarra
A servant tries to gallop away from Death in this brief sardonic fable retold in memorable form by a popular storyteller.
**Aesop n The Fox and the Grapes
Ever wonder where the phrase “sour grapes” comes from? Find out in this classic fable.
**Bidpai n The Camel and His Friends
With friends like these, you can guess what the camel doesn’t need.
Chuang Tzu n Independence
The Prince of Ch’u asks the philosopher Chuang Tzu to become his advisor and gets a surprising reply in this classic Chinese fable.
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm n Godfather Death
Neither God nor the Devil came to the christening. In this stark folktale,
a young man receives magical powers with a string attached.
Plot
The Short Story
John Updike n A & P
In walk three girls in nothing but bathing suits, and Sammy finds himself no longer an aproned checkout clerk but an armored knight.
Writing Effectively
Writers on Writing
John Updike on Writing n Why Write?
THINKING About Plot
Checklist: writing about plot
Writing Assignment on Plot
More Topics for Writing
Terms for Review
2 Point of View
Identifying Point of View
Types of Narrators
Stream of Consciousness
William Faulkner n A Rose for Emily
Proud, imperious Emily Grierson defied the town from the fortress of her mansion. Who could have guessed the secret that lay within?
**ZZ Packer n Brownies
A brownie troop of African American girls at camp declare war on a rival troop only to discover their humiliating mistake
**Eudora Welty n A Worn Path
When the man said to old Phoenix, “you must be a hundred years old, and scared of nothing,” he might have been exaggerating, but not by much.
James Baldwin n Sonny’s Blues
Two brothers in Harlem see life differently. The older brother is the sensible family man, but Sonny wants to be a jazz musician.
Writing Effectively
James Baldwin on Writing n Race and the African American Writer
THINKING about Point of View
CHECKLIST: Writing about Point of View
Writing Assignment on Point of View
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
3 Character
Types of Characters
Katherine Anne Porter n The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
For sixty years Ellen Weatherall has fought back the memory of that terrible day, but now once more the priest waits in the house.
Nathaniel Hawthorne n Young Goodman Brown
Urged on through deepening woods, a young Puritan sees—or dreams he sees—good villagers hasten toward a diabolic rite
Katherine Mansfield n Miss Brill
Sundays had long brought joy to solitary Miss Brill, until one fateful day when she happened to share a bench with two lovers in the park.
Raymond Carver n Cathedral
He had never expected to find himself trying to describe a cathedral to a blind man. He hadn’t even wanted to meet this odd, old friend of his wife.
Writing Effectively
Raymond Carver on Writing n Commonplace but Precise Language
thinking about character
checklist: Writing about character
Writing Assignment on character
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
4 Setting
Elements of Setting
Historical Fiction
Regionalism
Naturalism
Kate Chopin n The Storm
Even with her husband away, Calixta feels happily, securely married. Why then should she not shelter an old admirer from the rain?
Jack London n To Build a Fire
Seventy-five degrees below zero. Alone except for one mistrustful wolf dog,
a man finds himself battling a relentless force.
**Ray Bradbury n The Sound of Thunder
In 2055, you can go on a Time Safari to hunt dinosaurs 60 million years ago. But put one foot wrong, and suddenly the future’s not what it used to be.
Amy Tan n A Pair of Tickets
A young woman flies with her father to China to meet two half sisters she never knew existed.
Writing Effectively
Amy Tan on Writing n Setting the Voice
THINKING about setting
CHECKLIST: Writing about setting
Writing Assignment on setting
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
5 Tone and Style
Tone
Style
Diction
Ernest Hemingway n A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
All by himself each night, the old man lingers in the bright café. What does he need more than brandy?
William Faulkner n Barn Burning
This time when Ab Snopes wields his blazing torch, his son Sarty faces a dilemma: whether to obey or defy the vengeful old man.
Irony
O. Henry n The Gift of the Magi
A young husband and wife find ingenious ways to buy each other Christmas presents, in the classic story that defines the word “irony.”
** Anne Tyler n Teenage Wasteland
With her troubled son, his teachers, and a peculiar tutor all giving her their own versions of what’s going on with him, what’s a mother to do?
Writing Effectively
Ernest Hemingway on Writing n The Direct Style
THINKING about tone and style
CHECKLIST: Writing about tone and style
Writing Assignment on tone and style
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
6 Theme
Plot vs. Theme
Theme as Unifying Device
Finding the Theme
Stephen Crane n The Open Boat
In a lifeboat circled by sharks, tantalized by glimpses of land, a reporter scrutinizes Fate and learns about comradeship.
Alice Munro n How I Met My Husband
When Edie meets the carnival pilot, her life gets more complicated than she expects.
Luke 15:11–32 n The Parable of the Prodigal Son
A father has two sons. One demands his inheritance now and leaves to spend it with ruinous results.
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. n Harrison Bergeron
Are you handsome? Off with your eyebrows! Are you brainy? Let a transmitter sound thought-shattering beeps inside your ear.
Writing Effectively
Kurt Vonnegut Jr. on Writing n The Themes of Science Fiction
THINKING about theme
CHECKLIST: Writing about theme
Writing Assignment on theme
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
7 Symbol
Allegory
Symbols
Recognizing Symbols
John Steinbeck n The Chrysanthemums
Fenced-in Elisa feels emotionally starved—then her life promises to blossom with the arrival of the scissors-grinding man.
John Cheever n The Swimmer
A man decides to swim home through his neighbors’ pools, but the water turns out to be much deeper than he realized.
Ursula K. Le Guin n The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Omelas is the perfect city. All of its inhabitants are happy. But everyone’s prosperity depends on a hidden evil.
Shirley Jackson n The Lottery
Splintered and faded, the sinister black box had worked its annual terror for longer than anyone in town could remember.
writing effectively
Shirley Jackson on Writing n Biography of a Story
THINKING about symbols
CHECKLIST: Writing about symbols
Writing Assignment on Symbols
Sample Student Paper n an analysis of the symbolism in steinbeck’s “the chrysanthemums”
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
8 Reading Long Stories and Novels
Origins of the Novel
Novelistic Methods
Reading Novels
Leo Tolstoy n The Death of Ivan Ilych
The supreme Russian novelist tells how a petty, ambitious judge, near the end of his wasted life, discovers a harrowing truth.
Franz Kafka n The Metamorphosis
“When Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from troubled dreams, he
found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous insect.” Kafka’s famous opening sentence introduces one of the most chilling stories in
world literature.
Writing Effectively
Franz Kafka on Writing n Discussing The Metamorphosis
THINKING about long stories and novels
CHECKLIST: Writing about long stories and novels
Writing Assignment for a research paper
Sample Student Paper n Kafka’s greatness
More Topics for Writing
TERMS for Review
9 Latin American Fiction
“El Boom”
Magic Realism
After the Boom
Jorge Luis Borges n The Gospel According to Mark
A young man from Buenos Aires is trapped by a flood on an isolated ranch. To pass the time he reads the Gospel to a family with unforeseen results.
Gabriel García Márquez n A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
What do you do when a worn-out angel crashes in your yard? Sell tickets or call the priest?
**Isabel Allende n The Judge’s Wife
Revenge can take many different forms, but few are as strange as the revenge taken in this passionate tale.
Inés Arredondo n The Shunammite
When Luisa went to visit her dying uncle, she had no idea that her life was about to change forever.
Writing Effectively
Gabriel García Márquez on Writing n My beginnings as a writer
Topics for Writing About “The gospel according to mark”
Topics for Writing About “The Judge’s Wife”
Topics for Writing About “a very old man with enormous wings”
Topics for Writing About “The shunammite”
TERMS for Review
10 Two Critical Casebooks: Edgar Allan Poe and Flannery O’Connor
EDGAR ALLAN POE
The Tell-Tale Heart
The smoldering eye at last extinguished, a murderer finds that, despite all his attempts at a cover-up, his victim will be heard.
** The Cask of Amontillado
His family motto is No one attacks me with impunity, and he takes it very seriously. A tale of twisted vengeance from the master of the macabre.
** The Fall of the House of Usher
A letter from a boyhood friend turns out to be an invitation to a world of horror and doom.
Edgar Allan Poe on Writing
**The Tale and Its Effect
**On Imagination
**The Philosophy of Composition
Critics on Edgar Allan Poe
**Daniel Hoffman n The Father-Figure in “The Tell-Tale Heart”
**Robert Louis Stevenson n Costume in “The Cask of Amontillado”
**Elena V. Baraban n The Motive for Murder in “The Cask of Amontillado”
**Charles Baudelaire n Poe’s Characters
**James Tuttleton n Poe’s Protagonists and the Ideal World
**Carl Moweryn Madness in Poe’s “The Fall of the House of Usher”
FLANNERY O’CONNOR
A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Wanted: The Misfit, a cold-blooded killer. An ordinary family vacation leads to horror—and one moment of redeeming grace.
Revelation
Mrs. Turpin thinks herself Jesus’ favorite child, until she meets a troubled college girl. Soon violence flares in a doctor’s waiting room.
Parker’s Back
A tormented man tries to find his way to God and to his wife—by having himself tattooed.
Flannery O’Connor on Writing
From “On Her Own Work”
On Her Catholic Faith
From “The Grotesque in Southern Fiction”
Yearbook Cartoons
Critics on Flannery O’Connor
J. O. Tate n A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit
Mary Jane Schenck n Deconstructing “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”
Louise S. Cowann The Character of Mrs. Turpin in “Revelation”
Kathleen Feeley n The Mystery of Divine Direction: “Parker’s Back”
**Dean Flower n Listening to Flannery O’connor
Writing Effectively
Topics for Writing on EDGAR ALLAN POE
Topics for Writing on FLANNERY O’CONNOR
11 Critical Casebook: Two Stories in Depth
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
The Yellow Wallpaper
A doctor prescribes a “rest cure” for his wife after the birth of their child. The new mother tries to settle in to life in the isolated and mysterious country house they have rented for the summer. The cure proves worse than the disease in this Gothic classic.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman on Writing
Why I Wrote “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Whatever Is
The Nervous Breakdown of Women
Critics on “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Juliann Fleenor n Gender and Pathology in “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar n Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement
Elizabeth Ammons n Biographical Echoes in “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Alice Walker
Everyday Use
When successful Dee visits from the city, she has changed her name to reflect her African roots. Her mother and sister notice other things have changed, too.
Alice Walker on Writing
The Black Woman Writer in America
Reflections on Writing and Women’s Lives
Critics on “Everyday Use”
Barbara T. Christian n “Everyday Use” and the Black Power Movement
**Mary Helen Washington n “Everyday Use” as a Portrait of the Artist
Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker n Stylish vs. Sacred in “Everyday Use”
Elaine Showalter n Quilt as Metaphor in “Everyday Use”
Writing Effectively
Topics for Writing About “Young goodman brown”
Topics for Writing About “The Yellow Wallpaper”
Topics for Writing About “Everyday Use”
12 Stories for Further Reading
Chinua Achebe n Dead Men’s Path
The new headmaster of the village school was determined to fight superstition, but the villagers did not agree.
Sherman Alexie n This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona
The only one who can help Victor when his father dies is a childhood friend he’s been avoiding for years.
Margaret Atwood n Happy Endings
John and Mary meet. What happens next? This witty experimental story offers five different outcomes.
Toni Cade Bambara n The Lesson (See Chapter 47)
Miss Moore takes her boisterous class to an exclusive toy store for a lesson
in real world economics.
Ambrose Bierce n An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
At last, Peyton Farquhar’s neck is in the noose. Reality mingles with dream in this classic story of the American Civil War.
T. Coraghessan Boyle n Greasy Lake 4
Murky and strewn with beer cans, the lake appears a wasteland. On its shore three “dangerous characters” learn a lesson one grim night.
Willa Cather n Paul’s Case
Paul’s teachers can’t understand the boy. Then one day, with stolen cash, he boards a train for New York and the life of his dreams.
Kate Chopin n The Story of an Hour
“There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name.”
Sandra Cisneros n The House on Mango Street
Does where we live tell what we are? A little girl dreams of a new house, but things don’t always turn out the way we want them to.
Ralph Ellison n Battle Royal
A young black man is invited to deliver his high school graduation speech
to a gathering of a Southern town’s leading white citizens. What promises
to be an honor turns into a nightmare of violence, humiliation, and painful self-discovery.
Zora Neale Hurston n Sweat
Delia’s hard work paid for her small house. Now her drunken husband Sykes has promised it to another woman.
James Joyce n Araby
If only he can find her a token, she might love him in return. As night falls,
a Dublin boy hurries to make his dream come true.
Jamaica Kincaid n Girl
“Try to walk like a lady, and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming.” An old-fashioned mother tells her daughter how to live.
Jhumpa Lahiri n Interpreter of Maladies
Mr. Kapasi’s life had settled into a quiet pattern—and then Mrs. Das and her family came into it.
D. H. Lawrence n The Rocking-Horse Winner
Wild-eyed “as if something were going to explode in him,” the boy predicts each winning horse, and gamblers rush to bet a thousand pounds.
**David Leavitt n A Place I’ve Never Been
Nathan could never love Celia the way she wanted him to. Now, after his HIV diagnosis, he must spend the rest of his life in a place she’s never been.
Naguib Mahfouz n The Lawsuit
He thought he'd seen the last of his late father's second wife, but now she's back to trouble his peaceful existence.
Bobbie Ann Mason n Shiloh
After the accident Leroy could no longer work as a truck driver. He hoped to make a new life with his wife, but she seemed strangely different.
Joyce Carol Oates n Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Alone in the house, Connie finds herself helpless before the advances of a spellbinding imitation teenager, Arnold Friend.
Tim O’Brien n The Things They Carried
What each soldier carried into the combat zone was largely determined by necessity, but each man’s necessities differed.
** Daniel Orozco n Orientation
Imagine an episode of The Office cowritten by Franz Kafka and Stephen King. No one needs a job this badly.
Tobias Wolff n The Rich Brother
Blood may be thicker than water, but sometimes the tension between brothers is thicker than blood.
Virginia Woolf n A Haunted House
Whatever hour you woke a door was shutting. From room to room the ghostly couple walked, hand in hand.
Poetry
A Conversation with Kay Ray
13 Reading a Poem
Poetry or Verse
Reading a Poem
Paraphrase
William Butler Yeats n The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Lyric Poetry
Robert Hayden n Those Winter Sundays
Adrienne Rich n Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
Narrative Poetry
Anonymous n Sir Patrick Spence
Robert Frost n “Out, Out—”
Dramatic Poetry
Robert Browning n My Last Duchess
Didactic Poetry
Writing Effectively
Adrienne Rich on Writing n Recalling “Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers”
thinking about Paraphrase
William Stafford n Ask Me
William Stafford n A Paraphrase of “Ask Me”
Checklist: Writing a Paraphrase
Writing Assignment on Paraphrasing
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
14 Listening to a Voice
Tone
Theodore Roethke n My Papa’s Waltz
Countee Cullen n For a Lady I Know
Anne Bradstreet n The Author to Her Book
Walt Whitman n To a Locomotive in Winter
Emily Dickinson n I like to see it lap the Miles
**Benjamin Alire Saenz, To the Desert
**Gwendolyn Brooks n Speech to the Young. Speech to the Progress-Toward
Weldon Kees n For My Daughter
The Person in the Poem
Natasha Trethewey n White Lies
Edwin Arlington Robinson n Luke Havergal
Ted Hughes n Hawk Roosting
**Anonymous n Dog Haiku
William Wordsworth n I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Dorothy Wordsworth n Journal Entry
James Stephens n A Glass of Beer
Anne Sexton n Her Kind
William Carlos Williams n The Red Wheelbarrow
Irony
Robert Creeley n Oh No
W. H. Auden n The Unknown Citizen
Sharon Olds n Rites of Passage
**Julie Sheehan, Hate Poem
Sarah N. Cleghorn n The Golf Links
Edna St. Vincent Millay n Second Fig
Thomas Hardy n The Workbox
For Review and Further Study
William Blake n The Chimney Sweeper
**William Jay Smith, American Primitive
**David Lehman n Rejection Slip
William Stafford n At the Un-National Monument Along the Canadian Border
Richard Lovelace n To Lucasta
Wilfred Owen n Dulce et Decorum Est
Writing Effectively
Wilfred Owen on Writing n War Poetry
thinking About TONE
Checklist: writing about Tone
Writing Assignment on Tone
Sample Student Paper n Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke’s “My Papa’s Waltz”
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
15 Words
Literal Meaning: What a Poem Says First
William Carlos Williams n This Is Just to Say
Diction
Marianne Moore n Silence
Robert Graves n Down, Wanton, Down!
John Donne n Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You
The Value of a Dictionary
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow n Aftermath
** Kay Ryan n Mockingbird
J. V. Cunningham n Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead
** Samuel Menashe n Bread
Carl Sandburg n Grass
Word Choice and Word Order
Robert Herrick n Upon Julia’s Clothes
Kay Ryan n Blandeur
Thomas Hardy n The Ruined Maid
Richard Eberhart n The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
Wendy Cope n Lonely Hearts
For Review and Further Study
E. E. Cummings n anyone lived in a pretty how town
Billy Collins n The Names
** Christian Wiman n When the Time’s Toxin
Anonymous n Carnation Milk
Gina Valdés n English con Salsa
Lewis Carroll n Jabberwocky
Writing Effectively
Lewis Carroll n Humpty Dumpty Explicates “Jabberwocky”
thinking About Diction
Checklist: writing About diction
Writing Assignment on Word Choice
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
16 Saying and Suggesting
Denotation and Connotation
John Masefield n Cargoes
William Blake n London
Wallace Stevens n Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock
** Gwendolyn Brooks n The Bean Eaters
Timothy Steele n Epitaph
E. E. Cummings n next to of course god america i
Robert Frost n Fire and Ice
Diane Thiel n The Minefield
** H.D. n Storm
Alfred, Lord Tennyson n Tears, Idle Tears
Richard Wilbur n Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
Writing Effectively
Richard Wilbur on Writing n Concerning “Love Calls Us to the Things of This World”
thinking About Denotation and Connotation
Checklist: writing about What a Poem SAYS AND Suggests
Writing Assignment on Denotation and Connotation
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
17 Imagery
Ezra Pound n In a Station of the Metro
Taniguchi Buson n The piercing chill I feel
Imagery
T. S. Eliot n The winter evening settles down
Theodore Roethke n Root Cellar
Elizabeth Bishop n The Fish
Charles Simic n Fork
Emily Dickinson n A Route of Evanescence
Jean Toomer n Reapers
Gerard Manley Hopkins n Pied Beauty
About Haiku
Arakida Moritake n The falling flower
Matsuo Basho n Heat-lightning streak
Matsuo Basho n In the old stone pool
Taniguchi Buson n On the one-ton temple bell
Taniguchi Buson n Moonrise on mudflats
Kobayashi Issa n only one guy
Kobayashi Issa n Cricket
Haiku from Japanese Internment Camps
**Suiko Matsushita n Rain shower from mountain
Suiko Matsushita n Cosmos in bloom
Hakuro Wada n Even the croaking of frogs
**Neiji Ozawa n The war—this year
Contemporary Haiku
Etheridge Knightn Making jazz swing in
**Gary Snyder n After weeks of watching the roof leak
Penny Harter n broken bowl
Jennifer Brutschy n Born Again
**Adelle Foley n Learning to Shave
Garry Gay n Hole in the ozone
For Review and Further Study
John Keats n Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art
Walt Whitman n The Runner
**H.D. n Oread
William Carlos Williams n El Hombre
Robert Bly n Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter
Billy Collins n Embrace
**Chana Bloch n Tired Sex
**Gary Snyder n Mid-August at Sourdough Mountain
Kevin Prufer n Pause, Pause
Stevie Smith n Not Waving but Drowning
Writing Effectively
Ezra Pound on Writing n The Image
thinking About Imagery
Checklist: Writing about imagery
Writing Assignment on Imagery
Sample Student Paper n FADED BEAUTY: Elizabeth Bishop’s Use of Imagery in “The Fish”
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
18 Figures of Speech
Why Speak Figuratively?
Alfred, Lord Tennyson n The Eagle
William Shakespeare n Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Howard Moss n Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?
Metaphor and Simile
Emily Dickinson n My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun
Alfred, Lord Tennyson n Flower in the Crannied Wall
William Blake n To see a world in a grain of sand
Sylvia Plath n Metaphors
N. Scott Momaday n Simile
Emily Dickinson n It dropped so low – in my Regard
Jill Alexander Essbaum n The Heart
Craig Raine n A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
Other Figures of Speech
James Stephens n The Wind
Robinson Jeffers n Hands
Margaret Atwood n You fit into me
George Herbert n The Pulley
Dana Gioia n Money
Carl Sandburg n Fog
Charles Simic n My Shoes
For Review and Further Study
Robert Frost n The Silken Tent
Jane Kenyon n The Suitor
Robert Frost n The Secret Sits
A. R. Ammons n Coward
Kay Ryan n Turtle
**Emily Brontë n Love and Friendship
**April Lindner n Low Tide
Robert Burns n Oh, my love is like a red, red rose
Writing Effectively
Robert Frost on Writing n The Importance of Poetic Metaphor
thinking About Metaphors
Checklist: writing about metaphors
Writing Assignment on Figures of Speech
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
19 Song
Singing and Saying
Ben Jonson n To Celia
James Weldon Johnson n Sence You Went Away
** William Shakespeare n Fear no more the heat o’ the sun
Edwin Arlington Robinson n Richard Cory
Paul Simon n Richard Cory
Ballads
Anonymous n Bonny Barbara Allan
Dudley Randall n Ballad of Birmingham
Blues
Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams n Jailhouse Blues
W. H. Auden n Funeral Blues
Kevin Young n Late Blues
Rap
For Review and Further Study
Bob Dylan n The Times They Are a-Changin’
Aimee Mann n Deathly
Writing Effectively
**Bob Dylan on Writing n Excerpt from Dylan’s Chronicles
thinking About POETRY and Song
Checklist: writing about song lyrics
Writing Assignment on Song Lyrics
More Topics for Writing
TERMS FOR REVIEW
20 Sound
Sound as Meaning
Alexander Pope n True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance
William Butler Yeats n Who Goes with Fergus?
John Updike n Recital
William Wordsworth n A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
Aphra Behn n When maidens are young
Alliteration and Assonance
A. E. Housman n Eight O’Clock
James Joyce n All day I hear
Alfred, Lord Tennyson n The splendor falls on castle walls
Rime
William Cole n On my boat on Lake Cayuga
Hilaire Belloc n The Hippopotamus
**Bob Kaufman n No More Jazz at Alcatraz
William Butler Yeats n Leda and the Swan
Gerard Manley Hopkins n God’s Grandeur
Robert Frost n Desert Places
Reading and Hearing Poems Aloud
Michael Stillman n In Memoriam John Coltrane
**William Shakespeare n Hark, hark, the lark
Kevin Young n Doo Wop
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