Literature: An Introduction to Reading And Writing

by Roberts, Edgar V.; Jacobs, Henry E.

• ISBN13: 9780131732780
• ISBN10: 0131732781
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

How important is writing in your course? When Edgar Roberts taught literature and composition, a large part of his courses involved essay-writing assignments. He dedicated a substantial amount of his class time to explaining how students should prepare their writing assignments. He discovered that the more he described to his students what he wanted, and the more time he spent explaining things, the better the final essays turned out to be. There was a direct correlation between the way he made his assignments and the quality of student work he received. Professor Roberts started to hand out directions to his students, saving him valuable classroom and preparation time. Over the years, he tested each assignment in his own classes. To meet the needs of the literature and composition course, Professor Roberts seamlessly integrated writing-about-literature instruction with a comprehensive literature anthology. The result is the book you hold in your hands. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing is founded on the principles of writing about literature. It is not an afterthought and it is not treated as a separate chapter or appendix; but rather, it is the carefully integrated philosophy of Professor Robertsrs" approach to teaching literature and composition. Also available in a briefer paperback version. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing, Compact Third Edition (c) 2006 1648 pp. ISBN 0-13-153435-1

Table of Contents

Topical and Thematic Contents	liii
Preface to the Eighth Edition	lxix
Introduction: The Process of Reading, Responding to, and Writing About Literature	1	(52)
What Is Literature, and Why Do We Study It?	2	(1)
Types of Literature: The Genres	2	(2)
Reading Literature and Responding to It Actively	4	(8)
Guy de Maupassant - The Necklace	4	(8)
Reading and Responding in a Notebook or Computer File	12	(2)
Writing Essays on Literary Topics	14	(1)
Writing Does Not Come Easily---for Anyone	15	(1)
The Goal of Writing: To Show a Process of Thought	15	(1)
Three Major Stages in Thinking and Writing: Discovering Ideas, Making Initial Drafts, and Completing the Essay	16	(1)
Discovering Ideas (``Brainstorming'')	17	(5)
Assembling Materials and Beginning to Write	22	(3)
Drafting Your Essay	25	(3)
Writing a First Draft	28	(2)
Developing an Outline	30	(1)
The Use of References and Quotations in Writing About Literature	31	(4)
Illustrative Student Essay (First Draft): How Setting in ``The Necklace'' Is Related to the Character of Mathilde	35	(2)
Developing and Strengthening Your Essay Through Revision	37	(4)
Checking Development and Organization	41	(2)
Using Exact, Comprehensive, and Forceful Language	43	(1)
Illustrative Student Essay (Revised Draft): How Maupassant Uses Setting in ``The Necklace'' to Show the Character of Mathilde	44	(5)
Essay Commentaries	49	(1)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About the Writing Process	49	(4)
READING AND WRITING ABOUT FICTION
Fiction: An Overview	53	(59)
Modern Fiction	54	(1)
The Short Story	55	(1)
Elements of Fiction I: Verisimilitude and Donnee	56	(1)
Elements of Fiction II: Character, Plot, Structure, and Idea or Theme	57	(3)
Elements of Fiction III: The Writer's Tools	60	(4)
Stories for Study	64	(40)
Raymond Carver - Neighbors	65	(4)
Edwidge Danticat - Night Talkers	69	(12)
William Faulkner - A Rose for Emily	81	(6)
Tim O'Brien - The Things They Carried	87	(11)
Alice Walker - Everyday Use	98	(6)
Plot: The Motivation and Causality of Fiction	104	(2)
Writing About the Plot of a Story	106	(1)
Illustrative Student Essay: Plot in William Faulkner's ``A Rose for Emily''	107	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Plot in Fiction	111	(1)
Structure: The Organization of Stories	112	(41)
Formal Categories of Structure	112	(2)
Formal and Actual Structure	114	(1)
Stories for Study	115	(33)
Laurie Colwin - An Old-Fashioned Story	116	(9)
Ralph Ellison - Battle Royal	125	(9)
Katherine Mansfield - Miss Brill	134	(4)
Eudora Welty - A Worn Path	138	(5)
Tom Whitecloud - Blue Winds Dancing	143	(5)
Writing About Structure in a Story	148	(1)
Illustrative Student Essay: The Structure of Eudora Welty's ``A Worn Path''	149	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Structure	152	(1)
Characters: The People in Fiction	153	(56)
Character Traits	154	(1)
How Authors Disclose Character in Literature	155	(2)
Types of Characters: Round and Flat	157	(2)
Reality and Probability: Verisimilitude	159	(1)
Stories for Study	160	(41)
William Faulkner - Barn Burning	160	(12)
Susan Glaspell - A Jury of Her Peers	172	(13)
Joyce Carol Oates - Shopping	185	(9)
Amy Tan - Two Kinds	194	(7)
Writing About Character	201	(3)
Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of the Mother in Amy Tan's ``Two Kinds''	204	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Character	207	(2)
Point of View: The Position or Stance of the Work's Narrator or Speaker	209	(49)
An Exercise in Point of View: Reporting an Accident	210	(2)
Conditions That Affect Point of View	212	(1)
Determining a Work's Point of View	212	(4)
Mingling Points of View	216	(1)
Summary: Guidelines for Point of View	216	(2)
Stories for Study	218	(32)
Alice Adams - The Last Lovely City	218	(9)
Ambrose Bierce - An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge	227	(6)
Ellen Gilchrist - The Song of Songs	233	(4)
Shirley Jackson - The Lottery	237	(6)
Jamaica Kincaid - What I Have Been Doing Lately	243	(2)
Lorrie Moore - How to Become a Writer	245	(5)
Writing About Point of View	250	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: Bierce's Control over Point of View in ``An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge''	252	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Point of View	256	(2)
Setting: The Background of Place, Objects, and Culture in Stories	258	(37)
What Is Setting?	258	(1)
The Literary Uses of Setting	259	(3)
Stories for Study	262	(26)
Sandra Cisneros - The House on Mango Street	262	(2)
Walter Van Tilburg Clark - The Portable Phonograph	264	(5)
James Joyce - Araby	269	(4)
Cynthia Ozick - The Shawl	273	(3)
Irwin Shaw - Act of Faith	276	(12)
Writing About Setting	288	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: The Interaction of Story and Setting in James Joyce's ``Araby''	290	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Setting	294	(1)
Style: The Words That Tell the Story	295	(41)
Diction: The Writer's Choice and Control of Words	296	(3)
Rhetoric: The Writer's Choice of Effective Arrangements and Forms	299	(2)
Style in General	301	(1)
Stories for Study	302	(26)
Ernest Hemingway - Soldier's Home	302	(5)
Alice Munro - The Found Boat	307	(7)
Frank O'Connor - First Confession	314	(6)
Mark Twain - Luck	320	(3)
John Updike - A & P	323	(5)
Writing About Style	328	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: Mark Twain's Blending of Style and Purpose in Paragraphs 14 and 15 of ``Luck''	330	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Style	334	(2)
Tone: The Expression of Attitude in Fiction	336	(44)
Tone and Attitudes	337	(1)
Tone and Humor	338	(1)
Tone and Irony	339	(3)
Stories for Study	342	(31)
Kate Chopin - The Story of an Hour	342	(2)
Americo Paredes - The Hammon and the Beans	344	(4)
Leslie Marmon Silko - Lullaby	348	(6)
Mary Yukari Waters - Aftermath	354	(7)
Edith Wharton - The Other Two	361	(12)
Writing About Tone	373	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: Kate Chopin's Use of Irony in ``The Story of an Hour''	375	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Tone	379	(1)
Symbolism and Allegory: Keys to Extended Meaning	380	(58)
Symbolism	380	(2)
Allegory	382	(2)
Fable, Parable, and Myth	384	(1)
Allusion in Symbolism and Allegory	385	(1)
Stories for Study	385	(39)
Aesop - The Fox and the Grapes	385	(1)
Anonymous - The Myth of Atalanta	386	(2)
Anita Scott Coleman - Unfinished Masterpieces	388	(2)
Gabriel Garcia Marquez - A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings	390	(5)
Nathaniel Hawthorne - Young Goodman Brown	395	(9)
Franz Kafka - A Hunger Artist	404	(5)
St. Luke - The Parable of the Prodigal Son	409	(2)
Katherine Anne Porter - The Jilting of Granny Weatherall	411	(6)
John Steinbeck - The Chrysanthemums	417	(7)
Writing About Symbolism or Allegory	424	(3)
Illustrative Student Essay (Symbolism): Symbols of Light and Darkness in ``The Jilting of Granny Weatherall''	427	(5)
Illustrative Student Essay (Allegory): The Allegory of Hawthorne's ``Young Goodman Brown''	432	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Symbolism and Allegory	436	(2)
Idea or Theme: The Meaning and the Message in Fiction	438	(62)
Ideas and Assertions	438	(1)
Ideas and Issues	439	(1)
Ideas and Values	439	(1)
The Place of Ideas in Literature	440	(1)
How to Find Ideas	441	(2)
Stories for Study	443	(50)
Toni Cade Bambara - The Lesson	444	(5)
Anton Chekhov - The Lady with the Dog	449	(10)
Ernest J. Gaines - The Sky Is Gray	459	(19)
D. H. Lawrence - The Horse Dealer's Daughter	478	(11)
Irene Zabytko - Home Soil	489	(4)
Writing About a Major Idea in Fiction	493	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: Toni Cade Bambara's Idea of Justice and Economic Equality in ``The Lesson''	495	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Ideas	498	(2)
A Career in Fiction: Edgar Allan Poe	500	(50)
Poe's Life and Career	500	(2)
Poe's Work as a Journalist and Writer of Fiction	502	(1)
Poe's Reputation	503	(1)
Bibliographical Sources	504	(2)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Poe	506	(1)
Four Stories by Edgar Allan Poe (in Chronological Order)	506	(26)
The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)	507	(11)
The Masque of the Red Death (1842)	518	(4)
The Black Cat (1843)	522	(6)
The Cask of Amontillado (1846)	528	(4)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Poe's Stories	532	(18)
Poe's Irony	532	(1)
The Narrators of ``The Cask of Amontillado'' and ``The Fall of the House of Usher''	533	(1)
``The Fall of the House of Usher''	534	(1)
``The Black Cat'' and ``The Tell-Tale Heart''	535	(1)
``The Masque of the Red Death''	535	(1)
Symbolism in ``The Masque of the Red Death''	536	(1)
``The Masque of the Red Death'' as Representative of a ``Diseased Age''	536	(1)
Sources and Analogues of ``The Cask of Amontillado''	537	(6)
Poe's Idea of Unity and ``The Fall of the House of Usher''	543	(1)
The Narrators of ``The Cask of Amontillado'' and ``The Black Cat''	544	(2)
Poe, Women, and ``The Fall of the House of Usher''	546	(2)
The Deceptive Narrator of ``The Black Cat''	548	(2)
Ten Stories for Additional Enjoyment and Study	550	(73)
Robert Olen Butler - Snow	550	(6)
John Chioles - Before the Firing Squad	556	(4)
Stephen Crane - The Blue Hotel	560	(17)
Stephen Dixon - All Gone	577	(7)
Andre Dubus - The Curse	584	(4)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman - The Yellow Wallpaper	588	(10)
Flannery O'Connor - A Good Man Is Hard to Find	598	(10)
Tillie Olsen - I Stand Here Ironing	608	(5)
Gaius Petronius Arbiter (Petronius) - The Widow of Ephesus (from The Satyricon, Chs. 108--13)	613	(3)
Joy Williams - Taking Care	616	(7)
Writing About Literature with the Aid of Research: Writing and Documenting Research Essays on Fiction using extra resources for Understanding	623	(36)
Selecting a Topic	624	(1)
Setting up a Bibliography	625	(2)
Online Library Services	627	(2)
Taking Notes and Paraphrasing Material	629	(8)
Documenting Your Work	637	(4)
Strategies for Organizing Ideas in Your Research Essay	641	(2)
Illustrative Student Research Essay: The Structure of Mansfield's ``Miss Brill''	643	(13)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About How to Undertake Research Essays	656	(3)
READING AND WRITING ABOUT POETRY
Meeting Poetry: An Overview	659	(29)
The Nature of Poetry	659	(4)
Billy Collins - Schoolsville	659	(2)
Lisel Mueller - Hope	661	(2)
Robert Herrick - Here a Pretty Baby Lies	663	(1)
Preliminary Thoughts to Help the Understanding of Poetry	663	(1)
Poetry of the English Language	664	(1)
How to Read a Poem	665	(1)
Studying Poetry	666	(3)
Anonymous - Sir Patrick Spens	667	(2)
Poems for Study	669	(11)
Emily Dickinson - Because I Could Not Stop for Death (J712, F479)	670	(1)
Robert Francis - Catch	671	(1)
Robert Frost - Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening	672	(1)
Thomas Hardy - The Man He Killed	673	(1)
Joy Harjo - Eagle Poem	674	(1)
Randall Jarrell - The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner	674	(1)
Emma Lazarus - The New Colossus	675	(1)
Louis MacNeice - Snow	676	(1)
Jim Northrup - Ogichidag	676	(1)
Naomi Shihab Nye - Where Children Live	677	(1)
William Shakespeare - Sonnet 55: Not Marble, nor the Gilded Monuments	678	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley - To--- (``Music, when Soft Voices Die'')	679	(1)
Elaine Terranova - Rush Hour	679	(1)
Writing a Paraphrase of a Poem	680	(1)
Illustrative Student Paraphrase: A Paraphrase of Thomas Hardy's ``The Man He Killed''	681	(1)
Writing an Explication of a Poem	682	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: An Explication of Thomas Hardy's ``The Man He Killed''	684	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About the Nature of Poetry	687	(1)
Words: The Building Blocks of Poetry	688	(36)
Choice of Diction: Specific and Concrete, General and Abstract	688	(1)
Levels of Diction	689	(1)
Special Types of Diction	690	(3)
Syntax	693	(1)
Denotation and Connotation	694	(3)
Robert Graves - The Naked and the Nude	695	(2)
Poems for Study	697	(20)
William Blake - The Lamb	697	(1)
Robert Burns - Green Grow the Rashes, O	698	(1)
Lewis Carroll - Jabberwocky	699	(2)
Hayden Carruth - An Apology for Using the Word ``Heart'' in Too Many Poems	701	(1)
E. E. Cummings - next to of course god america i	702	(1)
John Donne - Holy Sonnet 14: Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God	702	(1)
Richard Eberhart - The Fury of Aerial Bombardment	703	(1)
Bart Edelman - Chemistry Experiment	704	(1)
Thomas Gray - Sonnet on the Death of Richard West	705	(1)
Jane Hirshfield - The Lives of the Heart	706	(1)
A. E. Housman - Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now	707	(1)
Carolyn Kizer - Night Sounds	708	(1)
Maxine Kumin - Hello, Hello Henry	709	(1)
Denise Levertov - Of Being	710	(1)
Sylvia Plath - Tulips	711	(1)
Henry Reed - Naming of Parts	712	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson - Richard Cory	713	(1)
Theodore Roethke - Dolor	714	(1)
Stephen Spender - I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great	715	(1)
Wallace Stevens - Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock	716	(1)
Mark Strand - Eating Poetry	717	(1)
Writing About Diction and Syntax in Poetry	717	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: Diction and Character in Robinson's ``Richard Cory''	719	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About the Words of Poetry	722	(2)
Characters and Setting: Who, What, Where, and When in Poetry	724	(34)
Characters in Poetry	724	(6)
Anonymous - Western Wind, When Will Thou Blow?	725	(1)
Anonymous - Bonny George Campbell	726	(2)
Ben Jonson - Drink to Me, Only, with Thine Eyes	728	(1)
Ben Jonson - To the Reader	729	(1)
Setting and Character in Poetry	730	(1)
Poems for Study	731	(20)
Matthew Arnold - Dover Beach	732	(1)
William Blake - London	733	(1)
Elizabeth Brewster - Where I Come From	733	(1)
Robert Browning - My Last Duchess	734	(2)
William Cowper - The Poplar Field	736	(1)
Louise Gluck - Snowdrops	737	(1)
Thomas Gray - Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard	737	(4)
Thomas Hardy - The Ruined Maid	741	(1)
Dorianne Laux - The Life of Trees	742	(1)
C. Day Lewis - Song	743	(1)
Christopher Marlowe - The Passionate Shepherd to His Love	744	(1)
Lisel Mueller - Visiting My Native Country with My American-Born Husband	744	(1)
Joyce Carol Oates - Loving	745	(1)
Marge Piercy - Wellfleet Sabbath	746	(1)
Sir Walter Ralegh - The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd	747	(1)
Christina Rossetti - A Christmas Carol	748	(1)
Jane Shore - A Letter Sent to Summer	749	(1)
James Wright - A Blessing	750	(1)
Writing About Character and Setting in Poetry	751	(3)
Illustrative Student Essay: The Character of the Duke in Browning's ``My Last Duchess''	754	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Character and Setting in Poetry	757	(1)
Imagery: The Poem's Link to the Senses	758	(32)
Responses and the Writer's Use of Detail	758	(1)
The Relationship of Imagery to Ideas and Attitudes	759	(1)
Types of Imagery	760	(5)
John Masefield - Cargoes	760	(1)
Wilfred Owen - Anthem for Doomed Youth	761	(2)
Elizabeth Bishop - The Fish	763	(2)
Poems for Study	765	(18)
William Blake - The Tyger	766	(1)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning - Sonnets from the Portuguese, Number 14: If Thou Must Love Me	767	(1)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge - Kubla Khan	767	(2)
Ray Durem - I Know I'm Not Sufficiently Obscure	769	(1)
T. S. Eliot - Preludes	770	(2)
Susan Griffin - Love Should Grow Up Like a Wild Iris in the Fields	772	(1)
Thomas Hardy - Channel Firing	773	(1)
George Herbert - The Pulley	774	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins - Spring	775	(1)
A. E. Housman - On Wenlock Edge	776	(1)
Denise Levertov - A Time Past	777	(1)
Thomas Lux - The Voice You Hear When You Read Silently	778	(1)
Micheal O'Siadhail - Abundance	779	(1)
Ezra Pound - In a Station of the Metro	780	(1)
Friedrich Ruckert - If You Love for the Sake of Beauty	780	(1)
William Shakespeare - Sonnet 130: My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun	781	(1)
James Tate - Dream On	781	(2)
Writing About Imagery	783	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: Imagery in T. S. Eliot's ``Preludes''	785	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Imagery in Poetry	789	(1)
Figures of Speech, or Metaphorical Language: A Source of Depth and Range in Poetry	790	(38)
Metaphors and Similes: The Major Figures of Speech	791	(1)
Characteristics of Metaphorical Language	792	(2)
John Keats - On First Looking into Chapman's Homer	793	(1)
Other Figures of Speech	794	(4)
John Keats - Bright Star	795	(2)
John Gay - Let Us Take the Road	797	(1)
Poems for Study	798	(20)
Jack Agueros - Sonnet for You, Familiar Famine	799	(1)
Robert Burns - A Red, Red Rose	800	(1)
John Donne - A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning	800	(2)
Abbie Huston Evans - The Iceberg Seven-Eighths Under	802	(1)
Thomas Hardy - The Convergence of the Twain	802	(2)
Joy Harjo - Remember	804	(1)
Langston Hughes - Harlem	805	(1)
John Keats - To Autumn	806	(1)
Maurice Kenny - Legacy	807	(1)
Jane Kenyon - Let Evening Come	808	(1)
Henry King - Sic Vita	809	(1)
Judith Minty - Conjoined	810	(1)
Marge Piercy - A Work of Artifice	811	(1)
Sylvia Plath - Metaphors	812	(1)
Muriel Rukeyser - Looking at Each Other	812	(1)
William Shakespeare - Sonnet 18: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?	813	(1)
William Shakespeare - Sonnet 30: When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought	814	(1)
Elizabeth Tudor, Queen Elizabeth I - On Monsieur's Departure	815	(1)
Mona Van Duyn - Earth Tremors Felt in Missouri	815	(1)
Walt Whitman - Facing West from California's Shores	816	(1)
William Wordsworth - London, 1802	817	(1)
Sir Thomas Wyatt - I Find No Peace	818	(1)
Writing About Figures of Speech	818	(3)
Illustrative Student Paragraph: Wordsworth's Use of Overstatement in ``London, 1802''	821	(1)
Illustrative Student Essay: Personification in Hardy's ``The Convergence of the Twain''	822	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Figures of Speech in Poetry	826	(2)
Tone: The Creation of Attitude in Poetry	828	(40)
Tone, Choice, and Response	829	(1)
Cornelius Whur - The First-Rate Wife	829	(1)
Tone and the Need for Control	830	(2)
Wilfred Owen - Dulce et Decorum Est	830	(2)
Tone and Common Grounds of Assent	832	(1)
Tone and Irony	832	(4)
Thomas Hardy - The Workbox	834	(2)
Tone and Satire	836	(1)
Alexander Pope - Epigram from the French	836	(1)
Alexander Pope - Epigram, Engraved on the Collar of a Dog Which I Gave to His Royal Highness	837	(1)
Poems for Study	837	(24)
William Blake - On Another's Sorrow	838	(1)
Jimmy Carter - I Wanted to Share My Father's World	839	(1)
Lucille Clifton - homage to my hips	840	(1)
Billy Collins - The Names	841	(1)
E. E. Cummings - she being Brand /-new	842	(2)
Bart Edelman - Trouble	844	(1)
Mari Evans - I Am a Black Woman	845	(1)
Seamus Heaney - Mid-Term Break	846	(1)
William Ernest Henley - When You Are Old	847	(1)
Langston Hughes - Theme for English B	847	(2)
X. J. Kennedy - John While Swimming in the Ocean	849	(1)
Abraham Lincoln - My Childhood's Home	849	(1)
Sharon Olds - The Planned Child	850	(1)
Robert Pinsky - Dying	851	(1)
Alexander Pope - From Epilogue to the Satires, Dialogue I, lines 131--72	852	(2)
Salvatore Quasimodo - Auschwitz	854	(1)
Anne Ridler - Nothing Is Lost	855	(1)
Theodore Roethke - My Papa's Waltz	856	(1)
Jonathan Swift - A Description of the Morning	857	(1)
David Wagoner - My Physics Teacher	858	(1)
C. K. Williams - Dimensions	859	(1)
William Butler Yeats - When You Are Old	860	(1)
Writing About Tone in Poetry	861	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: The Confident Tone of ``Theme for English B'' by Langston Hughes	863	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Tone in Poetry	866	(2)
Prosody: Sound, Rhythm, and Rhyme in Poetry	868	(55)
Important Definitions for Studying Prosody	868	(2)
Segments: Individually Meaningful Sounds	870	(1)
Poetic Rhythm	871	(1)
The Major Metrical Feet	872	(3)
Substitution	875	(1)
Accentual, Strong-Stress, and ``Sprung'' Rhythms	876	(1)
The Caesura: The Pause Creating Variety and Natural Rhythms in Poetry	876	(2)
Segmental Poetic Devices	878	(1)
Rhyme: The Duplication and Similarity of Sounds	879	(1)
Rhyme and Meter	880	(3)
Rhyme Schemes	883	(1)
Poems for Study	884	(28)
Gwendolyn Brooks - We Real Cool	884	(1)
Robert Browning - Porphyria's Lover	885	(2)
Emily Dickinson - To Hear an Oriole Sing	887	(1)
John Donne - The Sun Rising	888	(1)
T. S. Eliot - Macavity: The Mystery Cat	889	(1)
Ralph Waldo Emerson - Concord Hymn	890	(1)
Isabella Gardner - At a Summer Hotel	891	(1)
Robert Herrick - Upon Julia's Voice	892	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins - God's Grandeur	892	(1)
Langston Hughes - Let America Be America Again	893	(2)
John Hall Ingham - George Washington	895	(1)
Philip Levine - A Theory of Prosody	896	(1)
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - The Sound of the Sea	897	(1)
Herman Melville - Shiloh: A Requiem	897	(1)
Ogden Nash - Very Like a Whale	898	(2)
Edgar Allan Poe - Annabel Lee	900	(1)
Edgar Allan Poe - The Bells	901	(3)
Alexander Pope - From An Essay on Man, Epistle I, lines 17--90	904	(2)
Wyatt Prunty - March	906	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson - Miniver Cheevy	906	(2)
Percy Bysshe Shelley - Ode to the West Wind	908	(2)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson - From Idylls of the King: The Passing of Arthur, lines 344--93	910	(1)
David Wagoner - March for a One-Man Band	911	(1)
Writing About Prosody	912	(4)
Illustrative Student Essay: Rhyme, Rhythm, and Sound in Browning's ``Porphyria's Lover''	916	(5)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Rhythm and Rhyme in Poetry	921	(2)
Form: The Shape of the Poem	923	(44)
Closed-Form Poetry	923	(8)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson - The Eagle	925	(4)
Anonymous - Spun in High, Dark Clouds	929	(1)
William Shakespeare - Sonnet 116: Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds	930	(1)
Open-Form Poetry	931	(2)
Walt Whitman - Reconciliation	932	(1)
Visual and Concrete Poetry	933	(2)
George Herbert - Easter Wings	934	(1)
Poems for Study	935	(25)
Elizabeth Bishop - One Art	936	(1)
Billy Collins - Sonnet	937	(1)
E. E. Cummings - Buffalo Bill's Defunct	938	(1)
John Dryden - To the Memory of Mr. Oldham	938	(1)
Carolyn Forche - The Colonel	939	(1)
Robert Frost - Desert Places	940	(1)
Allen Ginsberg - A Supermarket in California	941	(1)
Nikki Giovanni - Nikki-Rosa	942	(1)
Robert Hass - Museum	943	(1)
George Herbert - Virtue	944	(1)
William Heyen - Mantle	945	(1)
John Hollander - Swan and Shadow	946	(1)
John Keats - Ode to a Nightingale	947	(2)
Claude McKay - In Bondage	949	(1)
John Milton - On His Blindness (When I Consider How My Light Is Spent)	950	(1)
Dudley Randall - Ballad of Birmingham	951	(1)
Theodore Roethke - The Waking	952	(1)
George William Russell (``Æ'') - Continuity	953	(1)
William Shakespeare - Sonnet 73: That Time of Year Thou May'st in Me Behold	954	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley - Ozymandias	955	(1)
May Swenson - Women	956	(1)
Dylan Thomas - Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night	957	(1)
Jean Toomer - Reapers	957	(1)
Charles Harper Webb - The Shape of History	958	(1)
Phyllis Webb - Poetics Against the Angel of Death	959	(1)
William Carlos Williams - The Dance	960	(1)
Writing About Form in Poetry	960	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: Form and Meaning in George Herbert's ``Virtue''	962	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Poetic Form	966	(1)
Symbolism and Allusion: Windows to Wide Expanses of Meaning	967	(40)
Symbolism and Meanings	967	(3)
Virginia Scott - Snow	969	(1)
The Function of Symbolism in Poetry	970	(2)
Allusions and Meaning	972	(1)
Studying for Symbols and Allusions	973	(1)
Poems for Study	974	(26)
Emily Bronte - No Coward Soul Is Mine	975	(1)
Amy Clampitt - Beach Glass	976	(2)
Arthur Hugh Clough - Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth	978	(1)
Peter Davison - Delphi	979	(1)
John Donne - The Canonization	980	(1)
Stephen Dunn - Hawk	981	(1)
Isabella Gardner - Collage of Echoes	982	(1)
Louise Gluck - Celestial Music	983	(1)
Jorie Graham - The Geese	984	(1)
Thomas Hardy - In Time of ``The Breaking of Nations''	985	(1)
George Herbert - The Collar	986	(1)
Josephine Jacobsen - Tears	987	(2)
Robinson Jeffers - The Purse-Seine	989	(1)
John Keats - La Belle Dame Sans Merci: A Ballad	990	(2)
X. J. Kennedy - Old Men Pitching Horseshoes	992	(1)
Ted Kooser - Year's End	993	(1)
David Lehman - Venice Is Sinking	993	(1)
Andrew Marvell - To His Coy Mistress	994	(2)
Mary Oliver - Wild Geese	996	(1)
Judith Viorst - A Wedding Sonnet for the Next Generation	996	(1)
Walt Whitman - A Noiseless Patient Spider	997	(1)
Richard Wilbur - Year's End	998	(1)
William Butler Yeats - The Second Coming	999	(1)
Writing About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry	1000	(3)
Illustrative Student Essay: Symbolism and Allusion in Yeats's ``The Second Coming''	1003	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Symbolism and Allusion in Poetry	1006	(1)
Myths: Systems of Symbolic Allusion in Poetry	1007	(40)
Mythology as an Explanation of How Things Are	1007	(3)
Mythology and Literature	1010	(5)
William Butler Yeats - Leda and the Swan	1012	(1)
Mona Van Duyn - Leda	1013	(2)
Six Poems Related to the Myth of Odysseus	1015	(1)
Poems for Study	1015	(6)
Louise Gluck - Penelope's Song	1015	(1)
W. S. Merwin - Odysseus	1016	(1)
Dorothy Parker - Penelope	1017	(1)
Linda Pastan - The Suitor	1018	(1)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson - Ulysses	1018	(2)
Peter Ulisse - Odyssey: 20 Years Later	1020	(1)
Six Poems Related to the Myth of Icarus	1021	(1)
Poems for Study	1022	(5)
Brian Aldiss - Flight 063	1022	(1)
W. H. Auden - Musee des Beaux Arts	1023	(1)
Edward Field - Icarus	1024	(1)
Muriel Rukeyser - Waiting for Icarus	1025	(1)
Anne Sexton - To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph	1025	(1)
William Carlos Williams - Landscape with the Fall of Icarus	1026	(1)
Four Poems Related to the Myth of Orpheus	1027	(1)
Poems for Study	1028	(5)
Edward Hirsch - The Swimmers	1028	(1)
Rainer Maria Rilke - The Sonnets to Orpheus: I.19	1029	(1)
Mark Strand - Orpheus Alone	1030	(1)
Ellen Bryant Voigt - Song and Story	1031	(2)
Three Poems Related to the Myth of the Phoenix	1033	(1)
Poems for Study	1033	(3)
Amy Clampitt - Berceuse	1033	(1)
Denise Levertov - Hunting the Phoenix	1034	(1)
May Sarton - The Phoenix Again	1035	(1)
Two Poems Related to the Myth of Oedipus	1036	(1)
Poems for Study	1036	(2)
Muriel Rukeyser - Myth	1037	(1)
John Updike - On the Way to Delphi	1037	(1)
Two Poems Related to the Myth of Pan	1038	(1)
Poems for Study	1038	(2)
E. E. Cummings - in Just	1039	(1)
John Chipman Farrar - Song for a Forgotten Shrine to Pan	1040	(1)
Writing About Myths in Poetry	1040	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: Myth and Meaning in Dorothy Parker's ``Penelope''	1042	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Myths in Poetry	1045	(2)
Meaning: Idea and Theme in Poetry	1047	(112)
Meaning, Power, and Poetic Thought	1047	(2)
Issues in Determining the Meaning of Poems	1049	(1)
Meaning and Poetic Techniques	1050	(4)
Judith Viorst - True Love	1053	(1)
Poems for Study	1054	(69)
Robert Creeley - ``Do you think . . .''	1055	(1)
Carl Dennis - The God Who Loves You	1056	(1)
John Dryden - A Song for St. Cecilia's Day	1057	(2)
Donald Hall - Whip-poor-will	1059	(1)
Robert Herrick - To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time	1060	(1)
Langston Hughes - The Negro Speaks of Rivers	1061	(1)
Ben Jonson - To Celia	1062	(1)
Donald Justice - On the Death of Friends in Childhood	1062	(1)
John Keats - Ode on a Grecian Urn	1063	(2)
Philip Larkin - Next, Please	1065	(50)
The Bustle in a House (J1078, F1108)	1115	(1)
The Heart Is the Capital of the Mind (J1354, F1381)	1115	(1)
I Cannot Live with You (J640, F706)	1115	(1)
I Died for Beauty -- but Was Scarce (J449, F448)	1116	(1)
I Dwell in Possibility (F466, J657)	1117	(1)
I Felt a Funeral in My Brain (J280, F340)	1117	(1)
I Heard a Fly Buzz -- When I Died (J465, F591)	1117	(1)
I Like to See It Lap the Miles (J585, F383)	1118	(1)
I'm Nobody! Who Are You? (J288, F260)	1118	(1)
I Never Lost as Much but Twice (J49, F39)	1119	(1)
I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed (J214, F207)	1119	(1)
Much Madness Is Divinest Sense (J435, F620)	1119	(1)
My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close (J1732, F1773)	1120	(1)
My Triumph Lasted Till the Drums (J1227, F1212)	1120	(1)
One Need Not Be a Chamber -- To Be Haunted (J670, F407)	1120	(1)
Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers (J216, F124)	1121	(1)
Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church (J324, F236)	1121	(1)
The Soul Selects Her Own Society (J303, F409)	1121	(1)
Success Is Counted Sweetest (J67, F112)	1122	(1)
Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant (J1129, F1263)	1122	(1)
There's a Certain Slant of Light (J258, F320)	1122
To Hear an Oriole Sing (J526, F402) (in Chapter 19)	887	(236)
Wild Nights -- Wild Nights! (J249, F269)	1123	(1)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Dickinson's Poems	1123	(20)
From ``The Flower, the Bee, and the Spider''	1123	(3)
From ``Orthodox Modernisms''	1126	(5)
From ``The Landscape of the Spirit''	1131	(3)
From ``The American Plain Style''	1134	(2)
From ``The Histrionic Imagination''	1136	(2)
From ``The Gothic Mode: `Tis so appalling -- it exhilarates --' ``	1138	(5)
Robert Frost (1874--1963)	1143	(5)
Life and Work	1143	(3)
Poetic Characteristics	1146	(1)
Poetic Subjects	1147	(1)
Bibliographic Sources	1147	(1)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Robert Frost	1148	(1)
Eighteen Poems by Robert Frost (in Chronological Order)	1148	(2)
A Line-Storm Song (1913)	1149	(1)
The Tuft of Flowers (1913)	1150	(1)
Mending Wall (1914)	1151	(1)
Birches (1915)	1152	(1)
The Road Not Taken (1915)	1153	(1)
``Out, Out---'' (1916)	1153	(1)
The Oven Bird (1916)	1154	(1)
Fire and Ice (1920)	1154
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923) (in Chapter 13)	672	(483)
Misgiving (1923)	1155	(1)
Nothing Gold Can Stay (1923)	1155	(1)
Acquainted with the Night (1928)	1155
Desert Places (1936) (in Chapter 20)	940	(216)
Design (1936)	1156	(1)
The Silken Tent (1936)	1156	(1)
The Gift Outright (1941)	1156	(1)
A Considerable Speck (1942)	1157	(1)
Take Something Like a Star (1943)	1158	(1)
One Hundred Twenty-Three Poems for Additional Enjoyment and Study	1159	(97)
Maya Angelou - My Arkansas	1162	(1)
Anonymous - Barbara Allan	1163	(1)
Anonymous (Navajo) - Healing Prayer from the Beautyway Chant	1164	(1)
Anonymous - Lord Randal	1164	(1)
Anonymous - The Three Ravens	1165	(1)
Margaret Atwood - Variation on the Word Sleep	1166	(1)
W. H. Auden - The Unknown Citizen	1167	(1)
Wendell Berry - Another Descent	1168	(1)
Louise Bogan - Women	1168	(1)
Arna Bontemps - A Black Man Talks of Reaping	1169	(1)
Anne Bradstreet - To My Dear and Loving Husband	1169	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks - Primer for Blacks	1170	(1)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning - Sonnets from the Portuguese: Number 43, How Do I Love Thee?	1171	(1)
Robert Browning - Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister	1172	(2)
William Cullen Bryant - To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe	1174	(1)
George Gordon, Lord Byron - The Destruction of Sennacherib	1174	(1)
Lucille Clifton - this morning (for the girls of eastern high school)	1175	(1)
Lucille Clifton - the poet	1176	(1)
Leonard Cohen - ``The killers that run . . .''	1176	(1)
Billy Collins - Days	1177	(1)
Frances Cornford - From a Letter to America on a Visit to Sussex: Spring 1942	1177	(1)
Stephen Crane - Do Not Weep, Maiden, for War Is Kind	1178	(1)
E. E. Cummings - if there are any heavens	1179	(1)
James Dickey - Kudzu	1179	(2)
James Dickey - The Lifeguard	1181	(2)
James Dickey - The Performance	1183	(1)
John Donne - The Good Morrow	1184	(1)
John Donne - Holy Sonnet 10: Death Be Not Proud	1185	(1)
John Donne - A Hymn to God the Father	1185	(1)
Paul Laurence Dunbar - Sympathy	1186	(1)
T. S. Eliot - The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	1186	(4)
James Emanuel - The Negro	1190	(1)
Lynn Emanuel - Like God	1190	(1)
Chief Dan George - The Beauty of the Trees	1191	(1)
Nikki Giovanni - Woman	1192	(1)
Marilyn Hacker - Sonnet Ending with a Film Subtitle	1192	(1)
John Haines - Little Cosmic Dust Poem	1193	(1)
Donald Hall - Scenic View	1193	(1)
Daniel Halpern - Snapshot of Hue	1194	(1)
Daniel Halpern - Summer in the Middle Class	1194	(1)
H. S. (Sam) Hamod - Leaves	1195	(1)
Frances E. W. Harper - She's Free!	1196	(1)
Michael S. Harper - Called	1197	(1)
Robert Hass - Spring Rain	1198	(1)
Robert Hayden - Those Winter Sundays	1198	(1)
George Herbert - Love (III)	1199	(1)
William Heyen - The Hair: Jacob Korman's Story	1199	(1)
A. D. Hope - Advice to Young Ladies	1200	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins - Pied Beauty	1201	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins - The Windhover	1201	(1)
Carolina Hospital - Dear Tia	1202	(1)
Julia Ward Howe - Battle Hymn of the Republic	1202	(1)
Langston Hughes - Negro	1203	(1)
Robinson Jeffers - The Answer	1204	(1)
Galway Kinnell - After Making Love We Hear Footsteps	1204	(1)
Irving Layton - Rhine Boat Trip	1205	(1)
Li-Young Lee - A Final Thing	1205	(2)
Alan P. Lightman - In Computers	1207	(1)
Liz Lochhead - The Choosing	1207	(1)
Audre Lorde - Every Traveler Has One Vermont Poem	1208	(1)
Amy Lowell - Patterns	1209	(2)
Heather McHugh - Lines	1211	(1)
Claude McKay - The White City	1212	(1)
W. S. Merwin - Listen	1212	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay - What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why	1213	(1)
N. Scott Momaday - The Bear	1213	(1)
Lisel Mueller - Alive Together	1214	(1)
Howard Nemerov - Life Cycle of Common Man	1215	(1)
Jim Northrup - wahbegan	1216	(1)
Mary Oliver - Ghosts	1217	(1)
Simon Ortiz - A Story of How a Wall Stands	1218	(1)
Linda Pastan - Marks	1219	(1)
Marge Piercy - The Secretary Chant	1219	(1)
Marge Piercy - Will We Work Together?	1220	(1)
Sylvia Plath - Mirror	1221	(1)
Edgar Allan Poe - The Raven	1221	(3)
Katha Pollitt - Archaeology	1224	(1)
John Crowe Ransom - Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter	1225	(1)
John Raven - Assailant	1225	(1)
Adrienne Rich - Diving into the Wreck	1226	(2)
Alberto Rios - The Vietnam Wall	1228	(1)
Theodore Roethke - The Light Comes Brighter	1229	(1)
Luis Omar Salinas - In a Farmhouse	1229	(1)
Sonia Sanchez - rite on: white america	1230	(1)
Carl Sandburg - Chicago	1231	(1)
Siegfried Sassoon - Dreamers	1231	(1)
Gjertrud Schnackenberg - The Paperweight	1232	(1)
Alan Seeger - I Have a Rendezvous with Death	1232	(1)
Brenda Serotte - My Mother's Face	1233	(1)
William Shakespeare - Fear No More the Heat o' the Sun	1234	(1)
William Shakespeare - Sonnet 29: When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes	1234	(1)
William Shakespeare - Sonnet 146: Poor Soul, the Center of My Sinful Earth	1235	(1)
Karl Shapiro - Auto Wreck	1235	(1)
Leslie Marmon Silko - Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer	1236	(1)
Dave Smith - Bluejays	1237	(1)
Stevie Smith - Not Waving but Drowning	1237	(1)
W. D. Snodgrass - These Trees Stand . . .	1238	(1)
Gary Soto - Oranges	1238	(2)
Gary Soto - Kearney Park	1240	(1)
William Stafford - Traveling Through the Dark	1240	(1)
Gerald Stern - Burying an Animal on the Way to New York	1241	(1)
Wallace Stevens - The Emperor of Ice-Cream	1241	(1)
May Swenson - Question	1242	(1)
Dylan Thomas - A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London	1242	(1)
Daniel Tobin - My Uncle's Watch	1243	(1)
Chase Twichell - Blurry Cow	1244	(1)
John Updike - Perfection Wasted	1244	(1)
Tino Villanueva - Day-Long Day	1245	(1)
Shelly Wagner - The Boxes	1246	(1)
Alice Walker - Revolutionary Petunias	1247	(1)
Edmund Waller - Go, Lovely Rose	1248	(1)
Robert Penn Warren - Heart of Autumn	1248	(1)
Bruce Weigl - Song of Napalm	1249	(1)
Phillis Wheatley - On Being Brought from Africa to America	1250	(1)
Walt Whitman - Beat! Beat! Drums!	1250	(1)
Walt Whitman - Dirge for Two Veterans	1251	(1)
Walt Whitman - Full of Life Now	1252	(1)
Walt Whitman - I Hear America Singing	1252	(1)
John Greenleaf Whittier - The Bartholdi Statue	1252	(1)
Richard Wilbur - April 5, 1974	1253	(1)
William Carlos Williams - The Red Wheelbarrow	1254	(1)
William Butler Yeats - The Wild Swans at Coole	1254	(1)
Paul Zimmer - The Day Zimmer Lost Religion	1255	(1)
Writing About Literature with the Aid of Research: Writing Research Essays on Poetry: Using Extra Resources for Understanding	1256	(9)
Topics to Discover in Research	1256	(2)
Illustrative Student Research Essay: ``Beat! Beat! Drums!'' and ``I Hear America Singing'': Two Whitman Poems Spanning the Civil War	1258	(7)
READING AND WRITING ABOUT DRAMA
The Dramatic Vision: An Overview	1265	(81)
Drama as Literature	1265	(7)
Performance: The Unique Aspect of Drama	1272	(4)
Drama from Ancient Times to Our Own: Tragedy, Comedy, and Additional Forms	1276	(6)
Anonymous - The Visit to the Sepulcher (Visitatio Sepulchri)	1278	(4)
Reading Plays	1282	(1)
Plays for Study	1283	(54)
Edward Albee - The Sandbox	1283	(7)
Susan Glaspell - Trifles	1290	(11)
Betty Keller - Tea Party	1301	(5)
Eugene O'Neill - Before Breakfast	1306	(7)
The ``Wakefield Master'' ~ The Second Shepherds' Play	1313	(24)
Writing About the Elements of Drama	1337	(4)
Illustrative Student Essay: Eugene O'Neill's Use of Negative Descriptions and Stage Directions in Before Breakfast as a Means of Revealing Character	1341	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About the Elements of Drama	1344	(2)
The Tragic Vision: Affirmation Through Loss	1346	(233)
The Origins of Tragedy	1347	(2)
The Ancient Competitions in Tragedy	1349	(2)
Aristotle and the Nature of Tragedy	1351	(5)
Irony in Tragedy	1356	(1)
The Ancient Athenian Audience and Theater	1357	(3)
Ancient Greek Tragic Actors and Their Costumes	1360	(1)
Performance and the Formal Organization of Greek Tragedy	1360	(2)
Plays for Study	1362	(37)
Sophocles - Oedipus the King	1362	(37)
Renaissance Drama and Shakespeare's Theater	1399	(105)
William Shakespeare - The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark	1403	(101)
Tragedy from Shakespeare to Arthur Miller	1504	(66)
Arthur Miller - Death of a Salesman	1505	(65)
Writing About Tragedy	1570	(1)
An Essay About a Problem	1570	(3)
Illustrative Student Essay: The Problem of Hamlet's Apparent Delay	1573	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Tragedy	1577	(2)
The Comic Vision: Restoring the Balance	1579	(117)
The Origins of Comedy	1579	(3)
Comedy from Roman Times to the Renaissance	1582	(1)
The Patterns, Characters, and Language of Comedy	1583	(2)
Types of Comedy	1585	(2)
Plays for Study	1587	(55)
William Shakespeare - A Midsummer Night's Dream	1588	(54)
The Theater of Moliere	1642	(20)
Moliere (Jean Baptiste Poquelin) - Love Is the Doctor (L'Amour Medecin)	1644	(18)
Comedy from Moliere to the Present	1662	(26)
Anton Chekhov - The Bear, A Joke in One Act	1663	(10)
Beth Henley - Am I Blue	1673	(15)
Writing About Comedy	1688	(3)
Illustrative Student Essay: Setting as Symbol and Comic Structure in A Midsummer Night's Dream	1691	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Comedy	1694	(2)
Visions of Dramatic Reality and Nonreality: Varying the Idea of Drama as Imitation	1696	(147)
Realism and Nonrealism in Drama	1696	(3)
Elements of Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama	1699	(2)
Plays for Study	1701	(135)
Langston Hughes - Mulatto	1702	(24)
Tennessee Williams - The Glass Menagerie	1726	(48)
Lorraine Hansberry - A Raisin in the Sun	1774	(62)
Writing About Realistic and Nonrealistic Drama	1836	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay: Realism and Nonrealism in Tom's Triple Role in The Glass Menagerie	1838	(3)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Dramatic Reality and Nonreality	1841	(2)
Dramatic Vision and the Motion Picture Camera: Drama on the Silver Screen, Television Set, and Computer Monitor	1843	(24)
A Thumbnail History of Film	1843	(1)
Stage Plays and Film	1844	(2)
The Aesthetics of Film	1846	(1)
The Techniques of Film	1846	(5)
Two Film Scenes for Study	1851	(10)
Orson Welles and Herman J. Mankiewicz - Shot 71 of the Shooting Script of Citizen Kane	1851	(4)
Arthur Laurents - A Scene from The Turning Point	1855	(6)
Writing About Film	1861	(1)
Illustrative Student Essay: Welles's Citizen Kane: Whittling a Giant Down to Size	1862	(4)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Film	1866	(1)
A Career in Drama: Henrik Ibsen	1867	(128)
Ibsen's Life and Early Work	1867	(1)
Ibsen's Prose Plays	1868	(1)
Two of Ibsen's Most Significant Realistic Prose Plays	1869	(1)
Ibsen and the ``Well-Made Play''	1870	(1)
Ibsen's Timeliness and Dramatic Power	1871	(1)
Bibliographic Studies	1872	(1)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Ibsen	1873	(1)
Two Plays by Henrik Ibsen (in Chronological Order)	1873	(103)
A Dollhouse (Et Dukkehjem) (1879)	1873	(49)
An Enemy of the People (En Folkefiende) (1882)	1922	(54)
Edited Selections from Criticism of Ibsen's Drama	1976	(19)
Freedom, Truth, and Society---Rhetoric and Reality	1977	(4)
The Story Behind An Enemy of the People	1981	(4)
Ibsen's Feminist Characters	1985	(4)
From ``A Marxist Approach to A Doll House''	1989	(2)
The Character of Dr. Stockmann in An Enemy of the People	1991	(4)
Writing About Literature with the Aid of Research: Writing Research Essays on Drama: Using Extra Resources for Understanding	1995	(16)
Topics to Discover in Research	1995	(2)
Illustrative Student Research Essay: The Ghost in Hamlet	1997	(14)
SPECIAL WRITING TOPICS ABOUT LITERATURE
Critical Approaches Important in the Study of Literature	2011	(23)
Moral/Intellectual	2012	(2)
Topical/Historical	2014	(2)
New Critical/Formalist	2016	(2)
Structuralist	2018	(3)
Feminist Criticism/Gender Studies/Queer Theory	2021	(2)
Economic Determinist/Marxist	2023	(2)
Psychological/Psychoanalytic	2025	(2)
Archetypal/Symbolic/Mythic	2027	(2)
Deconstructionist	2029	(2)
Reader-Response	2031	(3)
Comparison-Contrast and Extended Comparison-Contrast: Learning by Seeing Literary Works Together	2034	(17)
Guidelines for the Comparison-Contrast Method	2035	(3)
The Extended Comparison-Contrast Essay	2038	(1)
Writing a Comparison-Contrast Essay	2039	(2)
Illustrative Student Essay (Two Works): The Treatment of Responses to War in Amy Lowell's ``Patterns'' and Wilfred Owen's ``Anthem for Doomed Youth''	2041	(4)
Illustrative Student Essay (Extended Comparison-Contrast): Literary Treatments of the Conflicts Between Private and Public Life	2045	(5)
Special Topics for Writing and Argument About Comparison and Contrast	2050	(1)
Writing Examinations on Literature	2051	(11)
Answer the Questions That Are Asked	2051	(2)
Systematic Preparation	2053	(3)
Two Basic Types of Questions About Literature	2056	(6)
Appendix A: MLA Recommendations for Documenting Sources	2062	(6)
Appendix B: Brief Biographies of the Poets in Part III	2068	(37)
A Glossary of Important Literary Terms	2105	(26)
Credits	2131	(10)
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines	2141