Literature and Its Writers: A Compact Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama

by Charters; Charters

• ISBN13: 9780312445744
• ISBN10: 0312445741
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-08-07
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

Literature is a conversation -- between writers and other writers, and writers and readers. In their introduction to literature anthology, Ann Charters, editor of the bestsellingThe Story and Its Writer, and Samuel Charters, a much-published poet and novelist, bring students into this conversation through a distinctive set of features, including an abundance of writer commentaries that model how to read and write about literature (and a minimum of intrusive editorial apparatus that may constrain how to think about it). In the fourth edition ofLiterature and Its Writers, Ann and Samuel Charters open the conversation even further, by expanding the range of writers they include and presenting innovative new kinds of conversations about literature for students to enter.

Author Biography

Ann Charters (Ph.D., Columbia University) is a professor of English at the University of Connecticut and has taught courses in the short story for over 30 years. A preeminent authority on the Beat writers, Charters has written a critically acclaimed biography of Jack Kerouac; compiled Beats & Company, a collection of her own photographs of Beat writers; and edited the best-selling Portable Beat Reader. Her most recent books are The Kerouac Reader; Selected Letters of Jack Kerouac, 1957-1969; Beat Down to Your Soul; and The Story and Its Writer, Seventh Edition, available in full and compact versions.

Samuel Charters has taught creative writing and published widely in a variety of genres, including 11 books of poetry, 4 novels, a book of criticism on contemporary American poetry, a biography (coauthored with Ann Charters) of the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky, and translations of the poetry of Tomas Transtromer and Edith Sodergran. An ethnomusicologist, he produces blues and jazz recordings and has published many books about music, among them a history of New Orleans jazz and a study of bluesman Robert Johnson.

Table of Contents

Preface for Instructors	v
Introduction: Connecting with Literature	xlv
STUDENT ESSAY Raymond Carver's Creative Writing 101	xlvi
Part One FICTION	1	(750)
1. What Is a Short Story?	3	(5)
Grace Paley, Samuel	3	(5)
COMMENTARY: Edgar Allan Poe,	682
2. The Elements of Fiction: A Storyteller's Means	8	(11)
Plot	8	(3)
Character	11	(1)
Setting	12	(1)
Point of View	13	(2)
Voice and Style	15	(1)
Theme	16	(3)
COMMENTARIES:
Anton Chekhov,	594	(73)
Flannery O'Connor,	667	(27)
David S. Reynolds,	694
3. The Art of the Short Story: Reading, Thinking, and Writing about Short Fiction	19	(7)
Reading Short Fiction	20	(1)
Guidelines for Reading Short Fiction	21	(1)
Critical Thinking about Short Fiction	22	(1)
Writing about Short Fiction	23	(3)
COMMENTARIES:
Ralph Ellison,	596	(5)
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar,	601	(15)
J. Hillis Miller,	616	(1115)
RELATED SECTION: Part Four: Writing about Literature,	1731
4. Stories and Storytellers	26	(553)
Chinua Achebe
Civil Peace	27	(4)
Sherman Alexie
The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven	31	(6)
COMMENTARY: Sherman Alexie, Superman and Me,	579
Isabel Allende
An Act of Vengeance	37	(6)
COMMENTARY: Isabel Allende, Short Stories by Latin American Women,	582
Margaret Atwood
Happy Endings	43	(3)
James Baldwin
Sonny's Blues	46	(24)
COMMENTARY: James Baldwin, Autobiographical Notes,	583
Toni Cade Bambara
The Lesson	70	(6)
CONNECTION: ZZ Packer, Brownies,	473
Russell Banks
Black Man and White Woman in Dark Green Rowboat	76	(6)
CONNECTION: Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants,	209
T. Coraghessan Boyle
Greasy Lake	82	(8)
Raymond Carver
Cathedral	90	(12)
COMMENTARIES:
Raymond Carver, On Writing,	587	(3)
Raymond Carver, Creative Writing 101,	590
Anton Chekhov
The Lady with the Pet Dog	102	(13)
CONNECTION: Joyce Carol Oates, The Lady with the Pet Dog,	391	(203)
COMMENTARY: Anton Chekhov, Technique in Writing the Short Story,	594
Kate Chopin
Désirée's Baby	115	(1)
The Story of an Hour	119	(2)
COMMENTARY: Kate Chopin, How I Stumbled upon Maupassant,	595
Junot Diaz
How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie	121	(4)
Ralph Ellison
Battle Royal	125	(12)
COMMENTARY: Ralph Ellison, The Influence of Folklore on Battle Royal,	596
Louise Erdrich
The Red Convertible	137	(7)
William Faulkner
A Rose for Emily	144	(8)
COMMENTARY: William Faulkner, The Meaning of A Rose for Emily,	598
Gabriel Garcia Márquez
A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings	152	(5)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
The Yellow Wallpaper	157	(13)
COMMENTARIES:
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, A Feminist Reading of Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper,	601	(2)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Undergoing the Care for Nervous Prostration,	603
Susan Glaspell
A Jury of Her Peers	170	(17)
CONNECTION: Susan Glaspell, Trifles,	1410	(271)
COMMENTARY: Leonard Mustazza, Generic Translation and Thematic Shift in Glaspell's Trifles and A Jury of Her Peers,	1681
Nadine Gordimer
Some Are Born to Sweet Delight	187	(11)
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Young Goodman Brown	198	(11)
COMMENTARIES:
Herman Melville, Blackness in Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown,	614	(68)
Edgar Allan Poe, The Importance of the Single Effect in a Prose Tale,	682
Ernest Hemingway
Hills Like White Elephants	209	(4)
CONNECTION: Russell Banks, Black Man and White Woman in Dark Green Rowboat,	76	(137)
Zora Neale Hurston
Sweat	213	(9)
COMMENTARIES:
Zora Neale Hurston, How It Feels to Be Colored Me,	605	(29)
Alice Walker, Zora Neale Hurston: A Cautionary Tale and a Partisan View,	634
Shirley Jackson
The Lottery	222	(8)
COMMENTARY: Shirley Jackson, The Morning of June 28, 1948, and The Lottery,	608
James Joyce
Araby	230	(5)
Franz Kafka
A Hunger Artist	235	(1)
The Metamorphosis	241	(34)
CONNECTION: R. Crumb and David Zane Mairowitz, A Hunger Artist,	710
CONVERSATIONS:
Gustav Janouch, Kafka's View of The Metamorphosis,	641	(1)
John Updike, Kafka and The Metamorphosis,	642	(3)
Ann Charters, Translating Kafka,	645	(4)
R. Crumb, Gregor and Grete,	649	(1)
Peter Kuper, Gregor and His Family,	650	(2)
Mikhail Baryshnikov as Gregor,	652
Jamaica Kincaid
Girl	275	(2)
COMMENTARY: Jamaica Kincaid, On Girl,	611
Jhumpa Lahiri
When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine	277	(12)
D.H. Lawrence
The Rocking-Horse Winner	289	(12)
COMMENTARY: D.H. Lawrence, On The Fall of the House of Usher and The Cask of Amontillado,	685
Jack London
To Build a Fire	301	(12)
CONNECTION: Haruki Murakami, Landscape with Flatiron,	379	(233)
COMMENTARY: Jack London, Letter to the Editor on To Build a Fire,	612
Guy de Maupassant
The Necklace	313	(7)
COMMENTARY: Kate Chopin, How I Stumbled upon Maupassant,	595
Herman Melville
Bartleby, the Scrivener	320	(27)
COMMENTARIES:
Herman Melville, Blackness in Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown,	614	(2)
J. Hillis Miller, Who Is He? Melville's Bartleby the Scrivener,	616
Steven Millhauser
Cat 'n' Mouse	347	(10)
CONVERSATION: Graphic Storytelling,	704
Nicholasa Mohr
Tell the Truth	357	(5)
Lorrie Moore
How to Become a Writer	362	(6)
Alice Munro
The Turkey Season	368	(11)
Haruki Murakami
Landscape with Flatiron	379	(12)
CONNECTION: Jack London, To Build a Fire,	301	(90)
Joyce Carol Oates
The Lady with the Pet Dog	391	(1)
Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?	404	(13)
CONNECTION: Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet Dog,	102	(551)
CONVERSATIONS: Joyce Carol Oates, Smooth Talk: Short Story into Film,	653
Don Moser, The Pied Piper of Tucson,	657	(4)
Matthew C. Brennan, Plotting against Chekhov: Joyce Carol Oates and The Lady with the Dog,	661
Tim O'Brien
The Things They Carried	417	(14)
COMMENTARY: Bobbie Ann Mason, On Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried,	613
Flannery O'Connor
Good Country People	431	(1)
A Good Man Is Hard to Find	445	(12)
CONVERSATIONS:
Flannery O'Connor, From Letters, 1954-55,	664	(3)
Flannery O'Connor, Writing Short Stories,	667	(5)
Flannery O'Connor, The Element of Suspense in A Good Man Is Hard to Find,	672	(2)
Sally Fitzgerald, Southern Sources of A Good Man Is Hard to Find,	674	(1)
Robert H. Brinkmeyer Jr., Flannery O'Connor and Her Readers,	675
Frank O'Connor
Guests of the Nation	457	(10)
Tillie Olsen
I Stand Here Ironing	467	(6)
ZZ Packer
Brownies	473	(17)
CONNECTION: Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson,	70	(420)
Edgar Allan Poe
The Cask of Amontillado	490	(1)
The Fall of the House of Usher	495	(14)
CONVERSATIONS:
Edgar Allan Poe, The Importance of the Single Effect in a Prose Tale,	682	(3)
D.H. Lawrence, On The Fall of the House of Usher and The Cask of Amontillado,	685	(3)
Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, A New Critical Reading of The Fall of the House of Usher,	688	(3)
J. Gerald Kennedy, On The Fall of the House of Usher,	691	(3)
David S. Reynolds, Poe's Art of Transformation in The Cask of Amontillado,	694	(4)
Joan Dayan, Amorous Bondage: Poe, Ladies, and Slaves,	698
Alifa Rifaat
Distant View of a Minaret	509	(3)
Leslie Marmon Silko
Yellow Woman	512	(8)
COMMENTARY: Leslie Marmon Silko, Language and Literature from a Pueblo Indian Perspective,	621
John Steinbeck
The Chrysanthemums	520	(8)
Susan Straight
Mines	528	(10)
Amy Tan
Two Kinds	538	(9)
COMMENTARY: Amy Tan, In the Canon, for All the Wrong Reasons,	626
John Updike
A & P	547	(6)
COMMENTARY: John Updike, Kafka and The Metamorphosis,	642
Helena Maria Viramontes
The Moths	553	(5)
COMMENTARY: Carlos Fuentes, Mexico, the United States, and the Multicultural Future,	599
Alice Walker
Everyday Use	558	(7)
COMMENTARIES:
Cheryl B. Torsney, Everyday Use: My Sojourn at Parchman Farm,	630	(4)
Alice Walker, Zora Neale Hurston: A Cautionary Tale and a Partisan View,	634
Eudora Welty
A Worn Path	565	(7)
COMMENTARY: Eudora Welty, Is Phoenix Jackson's Grandson Really Dead?,	636
William Carlos Williams
The Use of Force	572	(3)
Tobias Wolff
Say Yes	575	(4)
5. Commentaries on Stories and Storytellers	579	(60)
Sherman Alexie
Superman and Me	579	(3)
Isabel Allende
Short Stories by Latin American Women	582	(1)
James Baldwin
Autobiographical Notes	583	(4)
Raymond Carver
On Writing	587	(1)
Creative Writing 101	590	(4)
Anton Chekhov
Technique in Writing the Short Story	594	(1)
Kate Chopin
How I Stumbled upon Maupassant	595	(1)
Ralph Ellison
The Influence of Folklore on Battle Royal	596	(2)
William Faulkner
The Meaning of A Rose for Emily	598	(1)
Carlos Fuentes
Mexico, the United States, and the Multicultural Future	599	(2)
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar
A Feminist Reading of Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper	601	(2)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Undergoing the Cure for Nervous Prostration	603	(2)
Zora Neale Hurston
How It Feels to Be Colored Me	605	(3)
Shirley Jackson
The Morning of June 28, 1948, and The Lottery	608	(1)
Jamaica Kincaid On Girl	611	(1)
Jack London
Letter to the Editor on To Build a Fire	612	(1)
Bobbie Ann Mason
On Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried	613	(1)
Herman Melville
Blackness in Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown	614	(2)
J. Hillis Miller
Who Is He? Melville's Bartleby, the Scrivener	616	(5)
Leslie Marmon Silko
Language and Literature from a Pueblo Indian Perspective	621	(5)
Amy Tan
In the Canon, for All the Wrong Reasons	626	(4)
Cheryl B. Torsney
Everyday Use: My Sojourn at Parchman Farm	630	(4)
Alice Walker
Zora Neale Hurston: A Cautionary Tale and a Partisan View	634	(2)
Eudora Welty
Is Phoenix Jackson's Grandson Really Dead?	636	(3)
6. Conversations on Stories and Storytellers	639	(112)
CONVERSATIONS ON INTENTION AND MEANING IN FRANZ KAFKA'S THE METAMORPHOSIS	639	(2)
Gustav Janouch
Kafka's View of The Metamorphosis	641	(1)
John Updike
Kafka and The Metamorphosis	642	(3)
Ann Charters
Translating Kafka	645	(4)
R. Crumb
Gregor and Grete	649	(1)
Peter Kuper
Gregor and His Family	650	(2)
Mikhail Baryshnikov as Gregor	652	(1)
CONVERSATIONS ON REVISIONS OF JOYCE CAROL OATES	652	(1)
Joyce Carol Oates
Smooth Talk: Short Story into Film	653	(4)
Don Moser
The Pied Piper of Tucson: He Cruised in a Golden Car, Looking for the Action	657	(4)
Matthew C. Brennan
Plotting against Chekhov: Joyce Carol Oates and The Lady with the Dog	661	(3)
CONVERSATIONS ON FLANNERY O'CONNOR'S SOURCES, IDEAS, AND TECHNIQUES	663	(1)
Flannery O'Connor
From Letters, 1954-55	664	(1)
Writing Short Stories	667	(1)
The Element of Suspense in A Good Man Is Hard to Find	672	(2)
Sally Fitzgerald
Southern Sources of A Good Man Is Hard to Find	674	(1)
Robert H. Brinkmeyer Jr.
Flannery O'Connor and Her Readers	675	(7)
CRITICAL CONVERSATIONS ON EDGAR ALLAN POE'S STORIES	680	(2)
Edgar Allan Poe
The Importance of the Single Effect in a Prose Tale	682	(3)
D.H. Lawrence
On The Fall of the House of Usher and The Cask of Amontillado	685	(3)
Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren
A New Critical Reading of The Fall of the House of Usher	688	(3)
J. Gerald Kennedy
On The Fall of the House of Usher	691	(3)
David S. Reynolds
Poe's Art of Transformation in The Cask of Amontillado	694	(4)
Joan Dayan
Amorous Bondage: Poe, Ladies, and Slaves	698	(8)
CONVERSATIONS ON GRAPHIC STORYTELLING	704	(2)
Scott McCloud
From Understanding Comics	706	(1)
Will Eisner
From Hamlet on a Rooftop	707	(3)
R. Crumb and David Zane Mairowitz
Kafka—A Hunger Artist	710	(10)
Art Spiegelman
From Maus	720	(2)
Marjane Satrapi
From Persepolis	722	(2)
Gilbert Hernandez
The Mystery Wen	724	(6)
Jiro Taniguchi
From The Walking Man	730	(8)
Lynda Barry
Two Questions	738	(13)
Part Two POETRY	751	(416)
7. What Is a Poem?	753	(9)
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica	754	(1)
Marianne Moore, Poetry	755	(2)
Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity	757	(1)
Lorine Niedecker, Poet's Work	758	(1)
Nita Penfold, My Poems	759	(1)
Alice Walker, I Said to Poetry	759	(2)
Ted Kooser, Selecting a Reader	761	(1)
COMMENTARY: Louise Glück,	1097
8. The Elements of Poetry: A Poet's Means	762	(18)
Emily Dickinson, A word is dead	762	(1)
Words and Their Sound	762	(15)
Alliteration and Assonance	762	(1)
Walt Whitman, A Farm Picture	763	(1)
Onomatopoeia	763	(1)
Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!	764	(1)
Rhyme	764	(1)
A.E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now	765	(1)
Dana Gioia, Summer Storm	765	(1)
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning	766	(2)
Marianne Moore, What Are Years?	768	(1)
Poems for Further Reading	769	(1)
Sir Thomas Wyatt, They Flee from Me	769	(1)
Ben Jonson, On My First Son	770	(1)
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time	770	(1)
Christina Rossetti, Song	771	(1)
Dorothy Parker, Indian Summer	771	(1)
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz	771	(1)
Song and Rhyme	772	(1)
Lou Reed, Chelsea Girls	772	(1)
Rhythm	773	(1)
Accent and Meter	774	(3)
Blank Verse	777	(1)
The Pattern Poem	777	(1)
Maxine Kumin, 400-Meter Freestyle	777	(1)
George Herbert, Easter Wings	779	(1)
9. The Elements of Poetry: A Poet's Meanings	780	(1)
Tone	780	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy	781	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory	782	(1)
Jane Kenyon, My Mother	783	(1)
Words and Their Meaning	783	(1)
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky	783	(20)
Denotative and Connotative Meaning	784	(1)
Diction	785	(1)
Syntax	786	(1)
Imagery	787	(1)
John Keats, To Autumn	788	(1)
Elizabeth Bishop, The Bight	789	(2)
Simile and Metaphor	791	(2)
Oliver de la Paz, Manong Jose, While Cleaning His Last Window before Coffee, Sees Fidelito and Is Pleased Though Wary	793	(1)
Lucille Clifton, the earth is a living thing	793	(1)
Galway Kinnell, The Road Between Here and There	794	(1)
Carl Sandburg, Fog	795	(1)
Figurative and Literal Language	795	(1)
Symbol	795	(1)
Figures of Speech	796	(1)
Rolf Aggestam, Lightning Bolt	796	(1)
Poems for Further Reading	797	(1)
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress	797	(2)
William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud	799	(1)
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty	799	(1)
Emily Brontë, If grief for grief	800	(1)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses	800	(326)
COMMENTARIES:
Percy Bysshe Shelley,	1126	(3)
William Wordsworth,	1129
10. The Types of Poetry: A Poet's Forms	803	(12)
Types of Verse	803	(1)
Elinor Wylie, Village Mystery	804	(1)
Narrative Poetry	805	(6)
The Ballad	805	(1)
Barbara Allan	805	(1)
Ballads for Further Reading	806	(1)
The Three Ravens	806	(1)
Lord Randall	807	(1)
Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham	808	(1)
Robert Duncan, The Ballad of Mrs Noah	809	(2)
Lyric Poetry	811	(1)
H.D., Mid-day	811	(1)
e.e. cummings, O sweet spontaneous	812	(1)
Carolyn Kizer, For Jan, in Bar Maria	813	(1)
Li-Young Lee, Eating Alone	814	(1)
Lorna Dee Cervantes, The Body as Braille	814	(1)
Hilda Morley, I Remember	815	(21)
The Ode	815	(1)
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn	816	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind	817	(2)
The Elegy	819	(1)
Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard	820	(4)
Margaret Gibson, October Elegy	824	(1)
The Sonnet	825	(1)
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold	826	(1)
Sonnets for Further Reading	826	(1)
Francesco Petrarca, Love's Inconsistency	827	(1)
John Donne, Death, be not proud	827	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias	828	(1)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee?	828	(1)
Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel	829	(1)
Rita Dove, Sonnet in Primary Colors	829	(1)
Mona Van Duyn, Sonnet for Minimalists	830	(1)
Billy Collins, American Sonnet	830	(1)
The Epigram and the Aphorism	831	(1)
Dorothy Parker, News Item	831	(1)
Dorothy Parker, From A Pig's-Eye View of Literature	831	(1)
Wendy Cope, Two Cures for Love	832	(1)
The Limerick	833	(1)
Dylan Thomas, The last time I slept with the Queen	833	(1)
Wendy Cope, The fine English poet, John Donne	833	(1)
J. Walker, On T.S. Eliot's Prufrock	834	(1)
Richard Leighton Green, Apropos Coleridge's Kubla Khan	834	(1)
A. Cinna, On Hamlet	834	(254)
COMMENTARIES:
Rita Dove,	1088	(17)
Erica Jong,	1105
11. The Types of Poetry: Other Poetic Forms	835	(14)
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina	836	(1)
Judith Barrington, Villanelles for a Drowned Parent, VI	837	(1)
Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night	838	(1)
Open Form	839	(1)
Galway Kinnell, The Man Splitting Wood in the Daybreak	839	(1)
The Prose Poem	840	(1)
Lisa Asagi, April 22	840	(1)
Marcia Southwick, A Star Is Born in the Eagle Nebula	841	(1)
Robert Hass, A Story about the Body	842	(1)
Haiku	842	(1)
Matsuo Basho, A crow is perched	843	(1)
Matsuo Basho, Ripening barley	843	(1)
Matsuo Basho, Day by day	843	(1)
Matsuo Basho, Having no talent	843	(1)
Taniguchi Buson, The sea in springtime	843	(1)
Kobayashi Issa, Children imitating cormorants	844	(1)
Masaoka Shiki, The ocean freshly green	844	(1)
Richard Wright, I would like a bell	844	(1)
Richard Wright, A freezing morning	844	(1)
Richard Wright, A soft wind at dawn	844	(1)
Richard Wright, An empty sickbed	844	(1)
Imagism	844	(1)
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro	845	(1)
T.E. Hulme, Images	845	(1)
H.D., Oread	846	(1)
Charles Reznikoff, About an excavation	846	(1)
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow	847	(1)
Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird	847	(2)
Dramatic Poetry	849	(11)
The Dramatic Monologue	849	(1)
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess	850	(1)
Poems for the Ear	851	(1)
Allen Ginsberg, America	852	(2)
Poems for Further Reading	854	(1)
Nick Carbó American Adobo	854	(1)
Marisa de los Santos, Because I Love You,	855	(1)
Naomi Shihab Nye, Making a Fist	856	(1)
Margaret Atwood, Siren Song	857	(1)
Wislawa Szymborska, True Love	858	(263)
COMMENTARIES:
Marge Piercy,	1121	(1)
Ezra Pound,	1121
12. Poet to Poet	859	(10)
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer	860	(1)
Quotation	861	(2)
Paraphrase	863	(1)
Imitation	864	(1)
Parody	864	(1)
Leigh Hunt, Jenny kiss'd Me	864	(1)
T.S. Kerrigan, Elvis Kissed Me	865	(1)
Allusion	865	(1)
Address and Tribute	866	(1)
Ezra Pound, A Pact	866	(1)
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California	866	(1)
Charles Wright, Portrait of the Artist with Li Po	867	(1)
Maxine Kumin, Mother of Everyone	868	(1)
Galway Kinnell, Oatmeal	869	(5)
COMMENTARIES:
Marilyn Chin,	1086	(3)
T.S. Eliot,	1089
13. The Art of the Poem: Reading, Thinking, and Writing about Poetry	872	(114)
Reading Poetry	874	(1)
Anonymous, Western wind	874	(1)
e.e. cummings, since feeling is first	875	(2)
Guidelines for Reading Poetry	876	(1)
Critical Thinking about Poetry	877	(1)
Linda Pastan, To a Daughter Leaving Home	878	(2)
Writing about Poetry	880	(2)
RELATED SECTION: Part Four, Writing about Literature,	1731
14. Poets Speaking Out: Poems about Politics, Society, and the Environment	882	(69)
Poetry of Protest and Social Concern	882	(1)
Ana Castillo, A Christmas Gift for the President of the United States, Chicano Poets, and a Marxist or Two I've Known in My Time	883	(1)
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It	884	(1)
Frank O'Hara, The Day Lady Died	886	(1)
Denise Levertov, Mid-American Tragedy	887	(1)
Miller Williams, Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS	887	(1)
Carolyn Forche, The Colonel	888	(1)
Anna Akhmatova, Instead of a Preface	889	(1)
Faces of War	889	(1)
Stephen Crane, War Is Kind	889	(1)
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed	890	(1)
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est	891	(1)
Stephen Vincent Benet, 1935	892	(1)
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner	892	(1)
Howard Nemerov, The War in the Air	892	(1)
Ed Webster, From San Joaquin Valley Poems: 1969	893	(1)
Black Consciousness, Black Voices	894	(1)
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America	894	(1)
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sympathy	895	(1)
James Weldon Johnson, Sunset in the Tropics	895	(1)
Etheridge Knight, The Idea of Ancestry	896	(1)
Allen Polite, Song	897	(1)
Amiri Baraka, Legacy	898	(1)
Audre Lorde, Hanging Fire	898	(1)
Lucille Clifton, to ms. ann	899	(1)
Women's Consciousness, Women's Voices	900	(1)
Mina Loy, One O'Clock at Night	900	(1)
Louise Gluck, First Memory	901	(1)
Sharon Olds, His Costume	901	(1)
Alicia Suskin Ostriker, The Change	902	(1)
Elizabeth Seydel Morgan, Every Fact Is a Field	903	(1)
Marilyn Chin, How I Got That Name	904	(1)
Adrienne Su, The English Canon	906	(1)
The Living Earth	907	(1)
Primo Levi, Almanac	907	(1)
Jim Harrison, Northern Michigan	908	(1)
Samuel Charters, Hopi Corn at Walpi Mesa	908	(1)
W.S. Merwin, Birds Waking	909	(1)
Gary Snyder, Ripples on the Surface	910	(1)
15. Conversations on Modern Traditions in Poetry	911	(1)
Poets of the Harlem Renaissance	911	(1)
Alain Locke, From The New Negro	913	(1)
Langston Hughes, From The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain	914	(1)
James Weldon Johnson, The Creation	915	(1)
Angelina Weld Grimké, The Black Finger	917	(1)
Angelina Weld Grimké, Tenebris	918	(1)
Claude McKay, If We Must Die	918	(1)
Claude McKay, The Lynching	919	(1)
Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers	919	(1)
Jean Toomer, Lyrics from Cane	919	(1)
Countee Cullen, From Heritage	921	(1)
Countee Cullen, Incident	922	(1)
Arna Bontemps, A Black Man Talks of Reaping	923	(1)
Sterling A. Brown, Frankie and Johnny	923	(1)
The Beat Poets	924	(1)
John Clellon Holmes, From This Is The Beat Generation	925	(1)
Allen Ginsberg, From Kaddish	927	(1)
Gregory Corso, I am 25	928	(1)
Bob Kaufman, From Jail Poems	929	(1)
Lawrence Ferlinghetti, The World Is a Beautiful Place	930	(1)
Diane di Prima, From More or Less Love Poems	931	(1)
Diane di Prima, Revolutionary Letter #57	933	(1)
Amiri Baraka, From Wise, Why's, Y's	934	(1)
Richard Brautigan, It's Raining in Love	934	(1)
Gary Snyder, What Have I Learned	935	(1)
The Confessional Poets	936	(1)
Robert Lowell, My own poems seemed like prehistoric monsters	939	(1)
W.D. Snodgrass, From Heart's Needle	939	(1)
W.D. Snodgrass, Mementos, 1	941	(1)
Robert Lowell, Man and Wife	942	(1)
Sylvia Plath, Letter in November	943	(1)
Anne Sexton, Unknown Girl in the Maternity Ward	944	(1)
Philip Levine, Belle Isle, 1949	945	(1)
Sharon Olds, Beyond Harm	946	(1)
Diane Ackerman, Skirts and Bangs	946	(1)
Charles Wright, The Other Side of the River	947	(1)
Kathleen Norris, On the Northwest Hiawatha	949	(1)
16. Poems and Poets	950	(1)
Matthew Arnold
Dover Beach	951	(1)
COMMENTARY: Anthony Hecht,	1101
W.H. Auden
Musée des Beaux Arts	952	(1)
Stop All the Clocks	953	(1)
Refugee Blues	953	(2)
Elizabeth Bishop
The Fish	955	(1)
One Art	957	(1)
COMMENTARY: Brett C. Millier,	1113
William Blake
From Songs of Innocence: Introduction	958	(1)
The Lamb	958	(1)
Holy Thursday	959	(1)
The Little Boy Lost	959	(1)
The Little Boy Found	960	(1)
From Songs of Experience: Introduction	960	(1)
The Sick Rose	960	(1)
The Tyger	961	(1)
London	961	(1)
A Poison Tree	962	(1)
The Garden of Love	962	(1)
Anne Bradstreet
To My Dear and Loving Husband	963	(1)
Before the Birth of One of Her Children	963	(1)
In Memory of My Dear Grand-Child Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August, 1665, Being a Year and a Half Old	964	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks
We Real Cool	965	(1)
The Mother	966	(1)
The Bean Eaters	966	(2)
COMMENTARY: Robert Hayden,	1098
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream	968	(1)
Frost at Midnight	969	(2)
CONNECTION: Richard Leighton Green, Apropos Coleridge's Kubla Khan,	834	(137)
Billy Collins
Tuesday, June 4th, 1991	971	(1)
Memento Mori	973	(1)
By a Swimming Pool Outside Siracusa	973	(2)
e.e. cummings
somewhere i have never travelled	975	(1)
Buffalo Bill 's	975	(1)
in Just-	976	(5)
Emily Dickinson
You love me-you are sure-	981	(1)
I'm "wife"-I've finished that—	981	(1)
I taste a liquor never brewed-	981	(1)
Wild Nights-Wild Nights!	982	(1)
"Hope" is the thing with feathers-	982	(1)
There's a certain Slant of light,	983	(1)
I'm Nobody! Who are you?	983	(1)
After great pain, a formal feeling comes-	983	(1)
Much Madness is divinest Sense—	984	(1)
I died for Beauty—but was scarce	984	(1)
I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-	984	(1)
Because I could not stop for Death-	985	(1)
A narrow Fellow in the Grass	985	(1)
I never saw a Moor-	986	(1)
CONVERSATIONS:
Thomas Wentworth Higginson,	1135	(7)
Thomas H. Johnson,	1142	(1)
Thomas Bailey Aldrich,	1143	(2)
Richard Wilbur,	1145	(2)
Linda Gregg,	1147
John Donne
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning	987	(1)
The Good-Morrow	988	(1)
Batter my heart, three-personed God	988	(2)
CONNECTION: Wendy Cope, The fine English poet, John Donne,	833	(157)
Rita Dove
Singsong	990	(1)
Maple Valley Branch Library, 1967	990	(1)
The Pond, Porch-View: Six P.M., Early Spring	991	(2)
COMMENTARY: Rita Dove,	1088
T.S. Eliot
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	993	(4)
CONNECTION: J. Walker, On T.S. Eliot's Prufrock,	834	(249)
COMMENTARIES:
Cleanth Brooks Jr. and Robert Penn Warren,	1083	(6)
T.S. Eliot,	1089
Martin Espada
Soliloquy at Gunpoint	997	(1)
Public School 190, Brooklyn 1963	997	(1)
Sleeping on the Bus	998	(1)
My Native Costume	999	(4)
Robert Frost
The Pasture	1003	(1)
Mending Wall	1003	(1)
The Death of the Hired Man	1004	(1)
Birches	1008	(1)
Fire and Ice	1009	(1)
To Earthward	1010	(1)
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening	1010	(1)
The Road Not Taken	1011	(1)
After Apple-Picking	1011	(2)
CONVERSATIONS:
Rose C. Feld,	1151	(3)
Robert Frost,	1154	(2)
Robert Lowell,	1156	(1)
Joseph Brodsky,	1157	(1)
Philip L. Gerber,	1158
Marilyn Hacker
Crépuscule Provencal	1013	(1)
Sonnet	1014	(1)
Conte	1014	(1)
From Geographer	1015	(1)
Robert Hayden
Those Winter Sundays	1016	(1)
A Letter from Phillis Wheatley	1017	(1)
Night, Death, Mississippi	1018	(1)
COMMENTARY: Robert Hayden,	1098
Seamus Heaney
Digging	1019	(1)
The Harvest Bow	1020	(4)
Langston Hughes
Mother to Son	1024	(1)
I, Too	1025	(1)
Bound No'th Blues	1025	(1)
Song for a Dark Girl	1026	(1)
House in the World	1026	(1)
Florida Road Workers	1026	(1)
Merry-Go-Round	1027	(1)
Down Where I Am	1027	(1)
Theme for English B	1028	(1)
Dream Deferred	1029	(1)
COMMENTARY: Robert Hayden,	1098	(64)
CONVERSATIONS:
Langston Hughes,	1162	(1)
Jessie Fauset,	1163	(2)
Arnold Rampersad,	1165	(1)
Kevin Young,	1165
John Keats
Ode to a Nightingale	1030	(1)
When I have fears	1032	(2)
COMMENTARY: Philip Levine,	1107
Robert Lowell
Skunk Hour	1034	(1)
For the Union Dead	1035	(1)
Epilogue	1037	(1)
COMMENTARY: Robert Lowell,	1109
Marianne Moore
The Fish	1038	(1)
In the Public Garden	1039	(3)
COMMENTARY: Marianne Moore,	1114
Sharon Olds
The Elder Sister	1042	(1)
Summer Solstice, New York City	1042	(1)
Sex without Love	1043	(1)
COMMENTARY: Sharon Olds,	1116
Marge Piercy
The woman in the ordinary	1044	(1)
In which she begs (like everybody else) that love may last	1045	(1)
It ain't heavy, it's my purse	1045	(2)
COMMENTARY: Marge Piercy,	1121
Sylvia Plath
Morning Song	1047	(1)
Daddy	1047	(1)
Event	1050	(1)
COMMENTARY: Robert Lowell,	1111
Adrienne Rich
Aunt Jennifer's Tigers	1051	(1)
Diving into the Wreck	1051	(1)
To the Days	1054	(1)
Anne Sexton
The Starry Night	1055	(1)
For My Lover, Returning to His Wife	1056	(1)
William Shakespeare
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?	1057	(1)
When to the sessions of sweet silent thought	1058	(1)
Let me not to the marriage of true minds	1058	(1)
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun	1058	(1)
COMMENTARY: Erica Jong,	1105
Gary Soto
Mexicans Begin Jogging	1059	(1)
Teaching English from an Old Composition Book	1060	(1)
Waiting at the Curb: Lynwood, California, 1967	1061	(2)
Walt Whitman
From Song of Myself, 1, 6, 50-52	1063	(3)
COMMENTARY: Ezra Pound,	1124
William Carlos Williams
Spring and All	1066	(1)
This Is Just to Say	1067	(1)
The Widow's Lament in Springtime	1067	(2)
William Wordsworth
Ode: Intimations of Immortality	1069	(1)
The world is too much with us	1074	(1)
COMMENTARY: William Wordsworth,	1129
James Wright Evening	1075	(1)
A Blessing	1076	(1)
Milkweed	1077	(1)
Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm in Pine Island, Minnesota	1077	(1)
William Butler Yeats
The Lake Isle of Innisfree	1078	(1)
When You Are Old	1079	(1)
The Second Coming	1079	(1)
17. Commentaries on Poetry and Poets	1080	(1)
Charles Bernstein
The Difficult Poem	1080	(3)
Cleanth Brooks Jr. and Robert Penn Warren
On Eliot's The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	1083	(3)
Marilyn Chin
On the Canon	1086	(1)
Robertson Davies
Reading to Hear	1087	(1)
Rita Dove
An Intact World	1088	(1)
T.S. Eliot
From Tradition and the Individual Talent	1089	(3)
Allen Ginsberg
On His Poetic Craft	1092	(5)
Louise Gluck
Poems Are Autobiography	1097	(1)
Robert Hayden
On Negro Poetry	1098	(3)
Anthony Hecht
The Dover Bitch (poem)	1101	(1)
Frieda Hughes
From the Foreword to Sylvia Plath's Ariel, The Restored Edition	1102	(3)
Erica Jong
Devouring Time: Shakespeare's Sonnets	1105	(2)
Philip Levine
From Keats in Detroit	1107	(2)
Robert Lowell
An Explication of Skunk Hour	1109	(1)
Foreword to Plath's Ariel	1111	(2)
Brett C. Millier
On Elizabeth Bishop's One Art	1113	(1)
Marianne Moore
Some Answers to Questions Posed by Howard Nemerov	1114	(2)
Sharon Olds
From the Salon Interview	1116	(2)
Carl Phillips
Boon and Burden: Identity in Contemporary American Poetry	1118	(3)
Marge Piercy
Imagery Can't Really Be Taught	1121	(1)
Ezra Pound
On the Principles of Imagism	1121	(1)
What I Feel about Walt Whitman	1124	(2)
Percy Bysshe Shelley
From A Defence of Poetry	1126	(3)
William Wordsworth
From the Introduction to Lyrical Ballads	1129	(4)
18. Conversations on Three Poets	1133	(1)
INTERPRETING EMILY DICKINSON	1134	(1)
Thomas Wentworth Higginson
Emily Dickinson's Letters	1135	(7)
Thomas H. Johnson
The Text of Emily Dickinson's Poetry	1142	(1)
Thomas Bailey Aldrich
In Re Emily Dickinson	1143	(2)
Richard Wilbur
On Emily Dickinson	1145	(2)
Linda Gregg
Not Understanding Emily Dickinson	1147	(3)
ROBERT FROST'S POETICS	1150	(1)
Rose C. Feld
An Interview with Robert Frost	1151	(3)
Robert Frost
The Figure a Poem Makes	1154	(2)
Robert Lowell
On Robert Frost (poem)	1156	(1)
Joseph Brodsky
On Grief and Reason	1157	(1)
Philip L. Gerber
On Frost's After Apple-Picking	1158	(3)
LANGSTON HUGHES AND HIS LEGACY	1161	(1)
Langston Hughes
A Toast to Harlem	1162	(1)
Jessie Fauset
Meeting Langston Hughes	1163	(2)
Arnold Rampersad
Langston Hughes as Folk Poet	1165	(1)
Kevin Young
Langston Hughes	1165	(2)
Part Three DRAMA	1167	(1)
19. What Is a Play?	1169	(562)
COMMENTARY: Aristotle,	1650
20. The Elements of Drama: A Playwright's Means	1174	(15)
Anton Chekhov, A Monologue	1174	(2)
Wendy Wasserstein, Tender Offer	1176	(6)
Plot	1182	(2)
Characterization	1184	(1)
Dialogue	1185	(2)
Staging	1187	(1)
Theme	1188	(1)
Willy Russell, From Educating Rita	1189	(4)
COMMENTARY: Leonard Mustazza,	1681
21. The Art of the Play: Reading, Thinking, and Writing about Drama	1193	(5)
Reading Drama	1193	(1)
Guidelines for Reading Drama	1195	(1)
Critical Thinking about Drama	1195	(3)
Writing about Drama	1198	(5)
COMMENTARIES:
Francis Fergusson,	1657	(24)
Leonard Mustazza,	1681	(10)
Helge Normann Nilsen,	1691	(5)
Joan Templeton,	1696	(17)
Geoffrey Bullough,	1713
22. Plays and Playwrights	1200	(3)
Sophocles
Oedipus the King	1203	(49)
COMMENTARIES:
Aristotle,	1650	(7)
Francis Fergusson,	1657	(8)
Sigmund Freud,	1665
William Shakespeare
Hamlet, Prince of Denmark	1252	(105)
CONVERSATIONS:
Geoffrey Bullough,	1713	(2)
H.D.F. Kitto,	1715	(2)
John Keats,	1717	(1)
Virginia Woolf,	1718	(1)
Stephen Greenblatt,	1719	(2)
Tom Stoppard,	1721	(2)
Sir John Gielgud,	1723	(2)
(Performance Photos),	1725	(2)
John Lahr,	1727
Henrik Ibsen
A Doll House	1357	(53)
COMMENTARIES:
Henrik Ibsen,	1674	(21)
George Bernard Shaw,	1695	(1)
Joan Templeton,	1696	(2)
Liv Ullmann,	1698
Susan Glaspell
Trifles	1410	(12)
CONNECTION: Susan Glaspell, A Jury of Her Peers,	170	(1511)
COMMENTARY: Leonard Mustazza,	1681
Tennessee Williams
The Glass Menagerie	1422	(49)
COMMENTARIES:
Benjamin Nelson,	1688	(14)
Tennessee Williams, 1700,	1702
Arthur Miller
Death of a Salesman	1471	(70)
COMMENTARIES:
Arthur Miller, 1675,	1679	(12)
Helge Normann Nilsen,	1691
Lorraine Hansberry
A Raisin in the Sun	1541	(68)
COMMENTARY: Lorraine Hansberry, 1667,	1672
Nilo Cruz
Anna in the Tropics	1609	(41)
COMMENTARY: Christine Dolen,	1656
23. Commentaries on Plays and Playwrights	1650
Aristotle
On the Elements and General Principles of Tragedy	1650	(6)
Christine Dolen
Review of Anna in the Tropics	1656	(1)
Francis Fergusson
Oedipus, Myth and Play	1657	(8)
Sigmund Freud
The Oedipus Complex	1665	(2)
Lorraine Hansberry
An Author's Reflections: Willy Loman, Walter Younger, and He Who Must Live	1667	(1)
My Shakespearean Experience	1672	(2)
Henrik Ibsen
Notes for A Doll House	1674	(1)
Arthur Miller
On Death of a Salesman as an American Tragedy	1675	(1)
From the Paris Review Interview	1679	(2)
Leonard Mustazza
Generic Translation and Thematic Shift in Glaspell's Trifles and A Jury of Her Peers	1681	(7)
Benjamin Nelson
Problems in The Glass Menagerie	1688	(3)
Helge Normann Nilsen
Marxism and the Early Plays of Arthur Miller	1691	(4)
George Bernard Shaw
On A Doll House	1695	(1)
Joan Templeton
Is A Doll House a Feminist Text?	1696	(2)
Liv Ullmann
On Performing Nora in Ibsen's A Doll House	1698	(2)
Tennessee Williams
Production Notes to The Glass Menagerie	1700	(1)
Portrait of a Girl in Glass	1702	(8)
24. Conversations on Plays and Playwrights	1710	(3)
CONVERSATIONS ON HAMLET AS TEXT AND PERFORMANCE	1711	(2)
Geoffrey Bullough
Sources of Shakespeare's Hamlet	1713	(2)
H.D.F. Kitto
Hamlet and the Oedipus	1715	(2)
John Keats
From a Letter to George and Thomas Keats, 21 December 1817	1717	(1)
Virginia Woolf
What If Shakespeare Had Had a Sister?	1718	(1)
Stephen Greenblatt
On the Ghost in Hamlet	1719	(2)
Tom Stoppard
Dogg's Hamlet: The Encore	1721	(2)
Sir John Gielgud
On Playing Hamlet	1723	(1)
Photographs of Hamlet in Performance	1725	(2)
John Lahr
Review of Hamlet	1727	(4)
Part Four WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE	1731	(1)
25. Critical Perspectives and Literary Theory	1733	(69)
Formalist Criticism	1734	(1)
Biographical Criticism	1734	(1)
Psychological Criticism	1735	(1)
Mythological Criticism	1736	(1)
Historical Criticism	1736	(1)
Sociological Criticism	1737	(1)
Reader-Response Criticism	1738	(1)
Poststructuralist and Deconstructionist Criticism	1739	(1)
Gender Criticism	1739	(1)
Cultural Criticism	1740	(1)
Selected Bibliography	1740	(3)
26. Developing Your Ideas in an Essay	1743	(1)
Keeping a Journal or Notebook to Record Your Initial Responses to the Text	1744	(2)
Using the Commentaries to Ask New Questions about What You Have Read	1746	(1)
Generating Ideas by Brainstorming, Freewriting, and Listing	1746	(3)
Organizing Your Notes into a Preliminary Thesis Sentence and Outline	1749	(2)
Writing the Rough Draft	1751	(2)
Revising Your Essay	1753	(2)
SAMPLE REVISED DRAFT The Voice of the Storyteller in Eudora Welty's A Worn Path	1754	(1)
Making a Final Check of Your Finished Essay	1755	(1)
Peer Review	1756	(1)
Common Problems in Writing about Literature	1756	(3)
Guidelines for Writing an Essay about Literature	1759	(3)
27. Basic Types of Literary Papers	1762	(1)
Explication	1762	(2)
STUDENT ESSAY: An Interpretation of Langston Hughes's The Negro Speaks of Rivers	1763	(1)
Analysis	1764	(3)
STUDENT ESSAY: Nature and Neighbors in Robert Frost's Mending Wall	1765	(2)
Comparison and Contrast	1767	(4)
STUDENT ESSAY: On the Differences between Susan Glaspell's Trifles and A Jury of Her Peers	1767	(4)
Writing about the Context of Literature	1771	(2)
28. Writing Research Papers	1773	(1)
Three Keys to Literary Research	1773	(1)
Finding and Focusing a Topic	1773	(1)
Assigned Topics	1774	(1)
Choosing Your Own Topic	1774	(1)
Finding and Using Sources	1775	(1)
Library Research	1776	(1)
Using the Web for Research	1777	(1)
Evaluating Print and Online Sources	1778	(1)
Your Working Bibliography	1779	(3)
Working with Sources and Taking Notes	1782	(2)
Drafting Your Research Paper	1784	(1)
Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting	1785	(3)
Documenting Your Sources	1788	(1)
MLA Format	1789	(1)
In-Text or Parenthetical Citations	1789	(1)
List of Works Cited	1790	(1)
Footnotes and Endnotes	1793	(1)
Revising Your Research Paper	1794	(8)
STUDENT RESEARCH PAPER: Jennifer Silva, Emily Dickinson and Religion	1796	(6)
Glossary of Literary Terms	1802	(33)
Index of First Lines	1835	(6)
Index of Authors and Titles	1841