Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing Compact

by Kirszner, Laurie G.; Mandell, Stephen R.

• ISBN13: 9781413022827
• ISBN10: 1413022820
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-03-13
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This compact edition retains all the features that have made the full edition so successful in a smaller, affordable volume: The first compact three-genre introduction to literature text to address the changing canon is now the first to include a guide for writing about literature-with handbook coverage of critical thinking, argument, and the writing process. Combining the broadest selection of literature available with time-proven and class-tested instruction, the sixth edition remains the most responsive introduction to literature text available.

Table of Contents

Authors Represented by Multiple Works	xxxvii
Preface	xliii
PART 1 A GUIDE TO WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE	1	(134)
1 UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE	3	(14)
Imaginative Literature	3	(2)
Conventional Themes	5	(1)
The Literary Canon	6	(3)
Luisa Valenzuela, All about Suicide	7	(1)
Wole Soyinka, Telephone Conversation	8	(1)
Interpreting Literature	9	(2)
Evaluating Literature	11	(3)
The Function of Literary Criticism	14	(3)
Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism	15	(2)
2 READING AND WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE	17	(26)
Reading Literature	17	(4)
Previewing	17	(1)
Highlighting	18	(1)
Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols	19	(1)
Maya Angelou, My Arkansas	19	(2)
Annotating	20	(1)
Writing about Literature	21	(22)
Planning an Essay	22	(6)
Drafting an Essay	28	(1)
Revising and Editing an Essay	29	(14)
Checklist: Using Sources	34	(1)
Checklist: Conventions of Writing about Literature	35	(1)
Exercise: Two Student Papers	36	(1)
Student Paper: Initiation into Adulthood	37	(3)
Student Paper: Hard Choices	40	(3)
3 WRITING SPECIAL KINDS OF PAPERS	43	(35)
Writing a Comparison-Contrast	43	(8)
Checklist: Writing a Comparison-Contrast	44	(1)
Comparing Two Fictional Characters	45	(5)
Student Paper: The Dangerous Consequences of Societal Limbo	45	(5)
Suggested Topics for Comparison-Contrast Papers	50	(1)
Writing an Explication	51	(7)
Checklist: Writing an Explication	51	(1)
Explicating a Poem	51	(6)
Student Paper: A Lingering Doubt	52	(5)
Suggested Topics for Explication Papers	57	(1)
Writing a Character Analysis	58	(5)
Checklist: Writing a Character Analysis	58	(1)
Analyzing a Character in a Play	59	(4)
Student Paper: Linda Loman: Breaking the Mold	59	(4)
Suggested Topics for Character Analysis Papers	63	(1)
Writing about a Work's Historical Context	63	(8)
Checklist: Writing about a Work's Historical Context	64	(1)
Setting a Literary Work in Its Historical Context	64	(6)
Student Paper: Dreaming of Home	65	(5)
Suggested Topics for Historical Context Papers	70	(1)
4 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT YOUR WRITING	71	(3)
Distinguishing Fact from Opinion	71	(2)
Evaluating Supporting Evidence	73	(1)
Detecting Bias in Your Writing	73	(1)
Understanding Logic	74	(4)
Inductive Reasoning	74	(1)
Deductive Reasoning	75	(1)
Toulmin Logic	76	(1)
Recognizing Logical Fallacies	76	(2)
5 WRITING LITERARY ARGUMENTS	78	(16)
Planning a Literary Argument	78	(3)
Choosing a Debatable Topic	78	(1)
Developing an Argumentative Thesis	79	(1)
Checklist: Developing an Argumentative Thesis	79	(1)
Defining Your Terms	80	(1)
Considering Your Audience	80	(1)
Refuting Opposing Arguments	81	(1)
Using Evidence Effectively	81	(3)
Supporting Your Literary Argument	81	(1)
Establishing Credibility	82	(1)
Being Fair	83	(1)
Using Visuals as Evidence	84	(1)
Organizing a Literary Argument	84	(10)
Writing a Literary Argument	85	(10)
Student Paper: The Politics of "Everyday Use"	86	(8)
6 WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER	94	(15)
Choosing a Topic	94	(1)
Doing Exploratory Research	94	(1)
Narrowing Your Topic	95	(1)
Doing Focused Research	95	(3)
Library Research	95	(1)
Internet Research	96	(2)
Taking Notes	98	(1)
Integrating Sources	99	(1)
Drafting a Thesis Statement	100	(1)
Making an Outline	100	(1)
Drafting Your Paper	101	(1)
Sample Research Paper with MLA Documentation	102	(7)
Student Paper: And Again She Makes the Journey: Character and Act in Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path"	102	(7)
7 DOCUMENTING SOURCES AND AVOIDING PLAGIARISM	109	(17)
Avoiding Plagiarism	109	(3)
Document All Material That Requires Documentation	110	(1)
Enclose Borrowed Words in Quotation Marks	110	(1)
Do Not Imitate a Source's Syntax and Phrasing	111	(1)
Differentiate Your Words from Those of Your Source	111	(1)
Checklist: Plagiarism and Internet Sources	112	(1)
Documenting Sources	112	(14)
Parenthetical References in the Text	112	(4)
Checklist: Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References	113	(3)
The Works-Cited List	116	(9)
Content Notes	125	(1)
8 WRITING ESSAY EXAMS ABOUT LITERATURE	126	(9)
Planning an Essay Exam Answer	126	(3)
Review Your Material	126	(1)
Consider Your Audience and Purpose	127	(1)
Read through the Entire Exam	127	(1)
Read Each Question Carefully	127	(2)
Brainstorm to Find Ideas	129	(1)
Shaping an Essay Exam Answer	129	(1)
State Your Thesis	129	(1)
Make a Scratch Outline	130	(1)
Drafting and Revising an Essay Exam Answer	130	(7)
Sample Student Essay Exam Answer	131	(4)
PART 2 FICTION	135	(520)
9 UNDERSTANDING FICTION	137	(12)
Origins of Modern Fiction	137	(5)
The History of the Novel	138	(4)
The History of the Short Story	142	(1)
Defining the Short Story	142	(1)
Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants	143	(4)
Recognizing Kinds of Fiction	147	(2)
10 FICTION SAMPLER: THE SHORT-SHORT	149	(1)
Gary Gildner, Sleepy Time Gal	150	(2)
Jonathan Safran Foer, A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease	152	(5)
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings	157	(3)
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl	160	(1)
Amanda Holzer, Love and Other Catastrophes: A Mix Tape	161	(1)
Monica Ware, Mislaid Plans	162	(2)
11 READING AND WRITING ABOUT FICTION	164	(1)
Reading Fiction	164	(1)
Active Reading	165	(1)
Alberto Alvaro Rios, The Secret Lion	165	(6)
Writing about Fiction	171	(18)
Planning an Essay	171	(4)
Drafting an Essay	175	(4)
Student Paper: Symbols in "The Secret Lion" (First Draft)	176	(3)
Revising and Editing an Essay	179	(26)
Student Paper: Symbols in "The Secret Lion" (Second Draft)	180	(4)
Student Paper: "The Secret Lion": Everything Changes (Final Draft)	184	(5)
12 PLOT	189	(3)
Conflict	189	(1)
Stages of Plot	190	(1)
Order and Sequence	191	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Plot	192	(1)
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour	192	(3)
Naguib Mahfouz, Half a Day	195	(4)
Stephen Dobyns, Kansas	199	(6)
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily	205	(11)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Plot	213	(3)
13 CHARACTER	216	(22)
Round and Flat Characters	216	(1)
Dynamic and Static Characters	217	(1)
Motivation	218	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Character	218	(1)
John Updike, A&P	219	(6)
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill	225	(5)
Gish Jen, The Water Faucet Vision	230	(8)
Charles Baxter, Gryphon	238	(14)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Character	250	(1)
14 SETTING	251	(31)
Historical Setting	252	(1)
Geographical Setting	252	(1)
Physical Setting	253	(2)
Checklist: Writing about Setting	254	(1)
Kate Chopin, The Storm	255	(5)
Sherman J. Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona	260	(10)
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal	270	(12)
Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing	282	(9)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Setting	290	(1)
15 POINT OF VIEW	291	(1)
First-Person Narrators	291	(3)
Unreliable Narrators	292	(2)
Third-Person Narrators	294	(2)
Omniscient Narrators	294	(1)
Limited Omniscient Narrators	295	(1)
Objective Narrators	295	(1)
Selecting an Appropriate Point of View	296	(4)
Checklist: Selecting an Appropriate Point of View: Review	299	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Point of View	300	(1)
Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man	300	(11)
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado	311	(7)
William Faulkner, Barn Burning	318	(14)
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, The Disappearance	332	(9)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Point of View	340	(1)
16 STYLE, TONE, AND LANGUAGE	341	(38)
Style and Tone	341	(1)
The Uses of Language	341	(2)
Formal and Informal Diction	343	(2)
Imagery	345	(1)
Figures of Speech	345	(2)
Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language	346	(1)
James Joyce, Araby	347	(6)
Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find	353	(13)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper	366	(13)
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried	379	(15)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Style, Tone, and Language	393	(1)
17 SYMBOL, ALLEGORY, AND MYTH	394	(1)
Symbol	394	(2)
Literary Symbols	395	(1)
Recognizing Symbols	395	(1)
Allegory	396	(2)
Myth	398	(2)
Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, and Myth	399	(1)
Jorge Luis Borges, The Book of Sand	400	(4)
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery	404	(8)
Alice Walker, Everyday Use	412	(8)
Raymond Carver, Cathedral	420	(12)
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown	432	(13)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Symbol, Allegory, and Myth	443	(1)
18 THEME	444	(37)
Interpreting Themes	445	(1)
Identifying Themes	446	(2)
Checklist: Writing about Theme	448	(1)
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path	448	(8)
David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season	456	(12)
D.H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner	468	(13)
Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables	481	(15)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Theme	492	(2)
19 FICTION IN FILM	494	(50)
Fiction in Film: John Updike's "A&P"	496	(2)
Fiction in Film: Tillie Olsen's "I Stand Here Ironing"	498	(2)
Fiction in Film: Alice Walker's "Everyday Use"	500	(2)
Fiction in Film: Raymond Carver's "Cathedral"	502	(2)
Fiction in Film: Eudora Welty's "A Worn Path"	504	(2)
20 JOYCE CAROL OATES'S "WHERE ARE YOU GOING, WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN?": A CASEBOOK FOR READING, RESEARCH, AND WRITING	506	(3)
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?	509	(13)
Joyce Carol Oates, When Characters from the Page Are Made Flesh on the Screen	522	(4)
Gretchen Schulz and R.J.R. Rockwood, from In Fairyland, without a Map: Connie's Exploration Inward in Joyce Carol Oates's "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?"	526	(4)
Mike Tierce and John Michael Crafton, from Connie's Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend	530	(3)
Bob Dylan, It's All Over Now, Baby Blue	533	(1)
Laura Kalpakian, from a review of Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?: Selected Early Stories	534	(3)
Don Moser, from The Pied Piper of Tucson	537	(5)
Anonymous, The Pied Piper of Hamelin	542	(2)
Charles Perrault, Little Red Riding Hood	544	(10)
Topics for Further Research	545	(122)
Student Paper: Mesmerizing Men and Vulnerable Teens: Power Relationships in "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" and "Teenage Wasteland"	547	(7)
21 FICTION FOR FURTHER READING	554	(128)
James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues	554	(22)
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson	576	(6)
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake	582	(7)
Louise Erdrich, The Red Convertible	589	(7)
Gabriel Garcia Márquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings	596	(5)
James Joyce, Eveline	601	(4)
Franz Kafka, A Hunger Artist	605	(6)
Flannery O'Connor, Everything That Rises Must Converge	611	(11)
Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart	622	(3)
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall	625	(7)
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums	632	(8)
Amy Tan, Two Kinds	640	(8)
Anne Tyler, Teenage Wasteland	648	(7)
PART 3 POETRY	655	(1)
22 UNDERSTANDING POETRY	657	(366)
Marianne Moore, Poetry	657	(1)
Nikki Giovanni, Poetry	658	(1)
Origins of Modern Poetry	659	(5)
Defining Poetry	664	(1)
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold	665	(1)
Louis Zukofsky, I walk in the old street	665	(1)
E.E. Cummings, I(a	666	(1)
Recognizing Kinds of Poetry	667	(4)
Narrative Poetry	667	(1)
Lyric Poetry	667	(2)
23 POETRY SAMPLER: VISUAL POETRY	669	(7)
George Herbert, Easter Wings	671	(1)
May Swenson, Women	672	(1)
Greg Williamson, Group Photo with Winter Trees	672	(1)
Charles Bernstein, this poem intentionally left blank	673	(1)
Ian Hamilton Finlay, Acrobats	673	(1)
Reed Altemus and Jim Leftwich, Flake upper phase	674	(1)
Bob Grumman, Mathemaku No. 10	675	(1)
24 READING AND WRITING ABOUT POETRY	676	(1)
Reading Poetry	676	(1)
Active Reading	677	(1)
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays	677	(1)
Seamus Heaney, Digging	678	(1)
Writing about Poetry	679	(18)
Planning an Essay	679	(3)
Drafting an Essay	682	(5)
Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (First Draft)	683	(4)
Revising and Editing an Essay	687	(15)
Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (Second Draft)	688	(4)
Student Paper: Digging for Memories (Final Draft)	692	(5)
25 VOICE	697	(27)
Emily Dickinson, I'm nobody! Who are you?	697	(1)
The Speaker in the Poem	697	(1)
Louise Glück, Gretel in Darkness	698	(2)
Leonard Adamé, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum	700	(1)
Langston Hughes, Negro	701	(1)
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess	702	(3)
FURTHER READING: The Speaker in the Poem	705	(1)
Leslie Marmon Silko, Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer	705	(3)
Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note 706 Pat Mora, Veiled	708	(1)
The Tone of the Poem	709	(1)
Robert Frost, Fire and Ice	709	(1)
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed	710	(1)
Amy Lowell, Patterns	711	(3)
FURTHER READING: The Tone of the Poem	714	(1)
Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World	714	(1)
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us	715	(1)
Claude McKay, The White City	716	(1)
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time	717	(1)
Deborah Garrison, Please Fire Me	718	(1)
Irony	719	(1)
Robert Browning, Porphyria's Lover	719	(2)
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias	721	(1)
Ariel Dorfman, Hope	722	(2)
FURTHER READING: Irony	724	(1)
W.H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen	724	(1)
Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham	725	(4)
Checklist: Writing about Voice	726	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Voice	727	(2)
26 WORD CHOICE, WORD ORDER	729	(3)
Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words	729	(1)
Word Choice	730	(1)
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer	731	(1)
William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone	732	(2)
FURTHER READING: Word Choice	734	(1)
James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio	734	(1)
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin	735	(2)
E.E. Cummings, in Just	737	(1)
Robert Pinsky, ABC	738	(1)
Levels of Diction	739	(1)
Margaret Atwood, The City Planners	739	(2)
Jim Sagel, Baca Grande	741	(2)
FURTHER READING: Levels of Diction	743	(1)
Wanda Coleman, Sears Life	743	(1)
Mark Halliday, The Value of Education	744	(1)
Charles Bukowski, Dog Fight	745	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool	746	(1)
Word Order	747	(1)
Edmund Spenser, One day I wrote her name upon the strand	748	(1)
E.E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town	749	(1)
FURTHER READING: Word Order	750	(1)
A.E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young	750	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Word Choice and Word Order	751	(2)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Word Choice, Word Order	752	(1)
27 IMAGERY	753	(5)
Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter	753	(2)
William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow	755	(1)
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro	756	(1)
Gary Snyder, Some Good Things to Be Said for the Iron Age	756	(1)
Suzanne E. Berger, The Meal	757	(1)
William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure	758	(2)
FURTHER READING: Imagery	760	(1)
Michael Chitwood, Division	760	(1)
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay	760	(1)
Kobayashi Issa, Haiku	761	(1)
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun	762	(1)
Octavio Paz, Daybreak	763	(1)
Octavio Paz, Nightfall	763	(3)
Checklist: Writing about Imagery	764	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Imagery	765	(1)
28 FIGURES OF SPEECH	766	(3)
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?	766	(1)
Simile, Metaphor, and Personification	767	(1)
Langston Hughes, Harlem	767	(1)
Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity	768	(1)
Audre Lorde, Rooming houses are old women	769	(2)
FURTHER READING: Simile, Metaphor, and Personification	771	(1)
Robert Burns, Oh, my love is like a red, red rose	771	(1)
N. Scott Momaday, Simile	771	(1)
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors	772	(1)
John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player	773	(1)
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner	774	(1)
Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant	775	(1)
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning	776	(2)
Hyperbole and Understatement	778	(1)
Sylvia Plath, Daddy	778	(3)
David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling	781	(1)
FURTHER READING: Hyperbole and Understatement	782	(1)
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband	782	(1)
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress	783	(2)
Robert Frost, "Out, Out—"	785	(1)
Donald Hall, My Son, My Executioner	786	(1)
Margaret Atwood, you fit into me	787	(1)
Metonymy and Synecdoche	787	(1)
Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars	788	(1)
FURTHER READING: Metonymy and Synecdoche	788	(1)
Thomas Lux, Henry Clay's Mouth	788	(1)
Apostrophe	789	(1)
Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa.	790	(1)
FURTHER READING: Apostrophe	791	(1)
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California	791	(3)
Checklist: Writing about Figures of Speech	792	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Figures of Speech	793	(1)
29 SOUND	794	(5)
Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice	794	(1)
Rhythm	794	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud	795	(1)
Meter	796	(3)
Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles	799	(3)
FURTHER READING: Rhythm and Meter	802	(1)
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers	802	(1)
Etheridge Knight, For Malcolm, a Year After	803	(1)
Frank O'Hara, To the Poem	804	(1)
Alliteration and Assonance	805	(1)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle	806	(1)
N. Scott Momaday, Comparatives	806	(1)
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder	807	(1)
Rhyme	808	(1)
Ogden Nash, The Lama	809	(1)
Richard Wilbur, A Sketch	809	(2)
FURTHER READING: Alliteration, Assonance, and Rhyme	811	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty	811	(1)
W.H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening	812	(2)
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating	814	(1)
Robert Francis, Pitcher	815	(1)
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky	816	(3)
Checklist: Writing about Sound	817	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Sound	818	(1)
30 FORM	819	(2)
John Keats, On the Sonnet	819	(1)
Billy Collins, Sonnet	819	(2)
Closed Form	821	(3)
Blank Verse	821	(1)
Stanza	822	(1)
The Sonnet	823	(1)
William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes	824	(1)
FURTHER READING: The Sonnet	824	(1)
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer	824	(2)
Gwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle	826	(1)
The Sestina	826	(1)
Alberto Alvaro Rios, Nani	827	(1)
FURTHER READING: The Sestina	828	(1)
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina	828	(1)
The Villanelle	829	(1)
Theodore Roethke, The Waking	829	(2)
The Epigram	830	(1)
FURTHER READING: The Epigram	831	(1)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram?	831	(1)
William Blake, Her Whole Life Is an Epigram	831	(1)
Martin Espada, Why I Went to College	831	(1)
Haiku	832	(1)
FURTHER READING: Haiku	832	(1)
Matsuo Basho, Four Haiku	832	(1)
Carolyn Kizer, After Basho	833	(1)
José Juan Tablada, Haiku	833	(1)
Jack Kerouac, American Haiku	834	(1)
Open Form	835	(1)
Carl Sandburg, Chicago	836	(1)
E.E. Cummings, the sky was candy	837	(1)
FURTHER READING: Open Form	838	(1)
Walt Whitman, from "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking"	838	(1)
Diane Wakoski, Sleep	839	(1)
Robert Hayden, Monet's "Waterlilies"	840	(2)
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All	842	(1)
Carolyn Forché The Colonel	843	(4)
Checklist: Writing about Form	844	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Form	845	(2)
31 SYMBOL, ALLEGORY, ALLUSION, MYTH	847	(4)
William Blake, The Sick Rose	847	(1)
Symbol	847	(1)
Robert Frost, For Once, Then, Something	848	(1)
Jim Simmerman, Child's Grave, Hale County, Alabama	849	(2)
Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes be in Sicily	851	(1)
FURTHER READING: Symbol	851	(1)
Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven	851	(4)
Allegory	855	(1)
Christina Rossetti, Uphill	855	(1)
FURTHER READING: Allegory	856	(1)
Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck	856	(3)
Allusion	859	(1)
Wok Soyinka, Future Plans	859	(1)
William Meredith, Dreams of Suicide	860	(1)
FURTHER READING: Allusion	861	(1)
Maxine Kumin, Where Any of Us	861	(1)
Myth	862	(1)
Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel	863	(1)
FURTHER READING: Myth	864	(1)
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan	864	(1)
Derek Walcott, Sea Grapes	865	(1)
W.H. Auden, Museé des Beaux Arts	866	(2)
T.S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi	868	(4)
Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth	870	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth	871	(1)
32 DISCOVERING THEMES IN POETRY	872	(55)
Poems about Parents	872	(1)
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz	873	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay, The courage that my mother had	874	(1)
Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty-Second Year	874	(1)
Judith Ortiz Cofer, My Father in the Navy: A Childhood Memory	875	(1)
Mitsuye Yamada, The Night Before Good-bye	875	(1)
Wanda Coleman, Dear Mama	876	(1)
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night	877	(1)
Poems about Nature	878	(1)
William Wordsworth, I wandered lonely as a cloud	878	(1)
Christina Rossetti, Summer	879	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover	880	(1)
Robert Frost, Birches	880	(2)
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark	882	(1)
Joy Harjo, Morning Song	882	(1)
Poems about Love	883	(1)
Robert Browning, Meeting at Night	883	(1)
Robert Browning, Parting at Morning	884	(1)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee?	884	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed	884	(1)
Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex Situation	885	(1)
Poems of War	885	(1)
Rupert Brooke, The Soldier	886	(1)
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est	887	(1)
William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death	888	(1)
Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead	888	(2)
Denise Levertov, What Were They Like?	890	(1)
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It	891	(1)
Carl Phillips, On the Notion of Tenderness in Wartime	892	(1)
Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning	892	(2)
33 THE POETRY OF LANGSTON HUGHES: A CASEBOOK FOR READING, RESEARCH, AND WRITING	894	(5)
Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers	899	(1)
Langston Hughes, Mother to Son	899	(1)
Langston Hughes, Dream Variations	900	(1)
Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues	900	(1)
Langston Hughes, I, Too	901	(1)
Langston Hughes, Song for a Dark Girl	902	(1)
Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord	902	(1)
Langston Hughes, Theme for English B	903	(1)
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie	904	(1)
Langston Hughes, Birmingham Sunday (September 15, 1963)	905	(2)
Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight	907	(1)
Langston Hughes, Un-American Investigators	908	(1)
Langston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me	909	(1)
Langston Hughes, from The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain	910	(2)
Langston Hughes, To Negro Writers	912	(2)
Langston Hughes, from My Adventures as a Social Poet	914	(3)
Arnold Rampersad, from The Origins of Poetry in Langston Hughes	917	(4)
Herman Beavers, from Dead Rocks and Sleeping Men: Aurality in the Aesthetic of Langston Hughes	921	(2)
Steven C. Tracy from "Midnight Ruffles of Cat-Gut Lace": The Boogie Poems of Langston Hughes	923	(1)
Karen Jackson Ford, from Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes's Aesthetics of Simplicity	924	(3)
George B. Hutchinson, from Langston Hughes and the 'Other' Whitman	927	(8)
Topics for Further Research	928	(97)
Student Paper: Challenging the Father/ Challenging the Self: Langston Hughes's "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"	929	(6)
34 POETRY FOR FURTHER READING	935	(154)
Elizabeth Alexander, Apollo	935	(1)
Sherman J. Alexie, Defending Walt Whitman	936	(1)
Maya Angelou, Africa	937	(1)
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan	938	(1)
Anonymous, Go Down Moses	939	(1)
Anonymous, Western Wind	940	(1)
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach	940	(1)
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish	941	(2)
William Blake, The Lamb	943	(1)
William Blake, To see a World in a Grain of Sand	944	(1)
William Blake, The Tyger	944	(1)
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book	945	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks, Medgar Evers	945	(1)
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty	946	(1)
Thomas Campion, There is a garden in her face	946	(1)
Geoffrey Chaucer, from The Canterbury Tales	947	(2)
Lucille Clifton, Praise Song	949	(1)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan	949	(2)
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry	951	(1)
Hart Crane, To Brooklyn Bridge	951	(1)
E.E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill's	952	(1)
E.E. Cummings, next to of course god america i	953	(1)
Emily Dickinson, After great pain, a formal feeling comes	953	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death	954	(1)
Emily Dickinson, "Faith" is a fine invention	954	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I dwell in Possibility	955	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I heard a Fly buzz—when I died	955	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Success is counted sweetest	956	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant	956	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Wild Nights—Wild Nights!	956	(1)
John Donne, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God	957	(1)
John Donne, Death Be Not Proud	957	(1)
John Donne, The Flea	957	(1)
Rita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays	958	(1)
Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask	959	(1)
Stephen Dunn, Waiting with Two Members of a Motorcycle Gang for My Child to Be Born	959	(1)
T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	960	(4)
James A. Emanuel, Emmett Till	964	(1)
Louise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways	964	(1)
Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night	965	(1)
Robert Frost, Design	966	(1)
Robert Frost, Mending Wall	966	(1)
Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken	967	(1)
Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening	968	(1)
Federico Garcia Lorca, Arbolé Arbolé...	968	(2)
Nikki Giovanni, Nikki-Rosa	970	(1)
H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), Helen	971	(1)
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain	971	(2)
Seamus Heaney, Mid-Term Break	973	(1)
Edward Hirsch, Fast Break	973	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur	974	(1)
Ha Jin, Ways of Talking	975	(1)
Mary Karr, A Blessing from My Sixteen Years' Son	975	(2)
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad	977	(1)
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn	978	(2)
John Keats, When I Have Fears	980	(1)
Aron Keesbury, On the Robbery across the Street	980	(1)
Yusef Komunyakaa, Ignis Fatuus	981	(1)
Ted Kooser, Selecting a Reader	982	(1)
Philip Larkin, Aubade	982	(2)
Li-Young Lee, The Gift	984	(1)
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica	985	(1)
Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love	985	(1)
Claude McKay, If We Must Die	986	(1)
James Merrill, Page from the Koran	987	(1)
W.S. Merwin, To My Brother	987	(1)
Pablo Neruda, The United Fruit Co.	988	(1)
Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys' Party	989	(1)
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Claims	990	(1)
Linda Pastan, Marks	990	(1)
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll	991	(1)
Robert Pinsky, Shirt	991	(2)
Sylvia Plath, Mirror	993	(1)
Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter	993	(1)
Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd	994	(1)
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts	995	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy	996	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory	997	(1)
Sonia Sanchez, right on: white america	997	(1)
Carl Sandburg, Fog	998	(1)
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds	998	(1)
William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments	999	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind	999	(2)
Charles Simic, Old Soldier	1001	(1)
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning	1002	(1)
Cathy Song, Lost Sister	1002	(2)
Gary Soto, Saturday at the Canal	1004	(1)
William Stafford, An Afternoon in the Stacks	1005	(1)
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar	1005	(1)
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream	1005	(1)
Mark Strand, 2032	1006	(1)
Virgil Suárez, La Florida	1006	(1)
Wislawa Szymborska, ABC	1007	(1)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses	1008	(1)
Mona Van Duyn, In Bed with a Book	1009	(1)
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America	1010	(1)
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider	1010	(1)
Walt Whitman, from "Song of Myself"	1011	(1)
Richard Wilbur, Man Running	1012	(1)
C.K. Williams, Doves	1013	(2)
William Carlos Williams, The Dance	1015	(1)
William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802	1015	(1)
William Wordsworth, London, 1802	1016	(1)
William Wordsworth, My heart leaps up when I behold	1016	(1)
William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper	1016	(1)
Charles Wright, In Praise of Han Shan	1017	(1)
William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop	1018	(1)
William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree	1018	(1)
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium	1019	(1)
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming	1020	(1)
Adam Zagajewski, Poetry Searches for Radiance	1020	(3)
PART 4 DRAMA	1023	(1)
35 UNDERSTANDING DRAMA	1025	(604)
Origins of Modern Drama	1025	(9)
The Ancient Greek Theater	1025	(2)
The Elizabethan Theater	1027	(4)
The Modern Theater	1031	(3)
Tragedy and Comedy	1034	(6)
Tragedy	1034	(3)
Comedy	1037	(3)
Defining Drama	1040	(1)
A Note on Translations	1040	(2)
Recognizing Kinds of Drama	1042	(1)
Anton Chekhov, The Brute	1043	(12)
36 DRAMA SAMPLER: TEN-MINUTE PLAYS	1055	(1)
Jane Martin, Beauty	1055	(5)
José Rivera, Tape	1060	(4)
Arlene Hutton, I Dream Before I Take the Stand	1064	(14)
Warren Leight, Nine Ten	1078	(6)
37 READING AND WRITING ABOUT DRAMA	1084	(1)
Reading Drama	1084	(2)
Active Reading	1085	(1)
Writing about Drama	1086	(18)
Planning an Essay	1086	(3)
Drafting an Essay	1089	(3)
Student Paper: The Women's Role in Trifles (First Draft)	1090	(2)
Revising and Editing an Essay	1092	(12)
Student Paper: Confinement and Rebellion in Trifles (Second Draft)	1093	(5)
Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles (Final Draft)	1098	(6)
38 PLOT	1104	(3)
Plot Structure	1104	(2)
Plot and Subplot	1105	(1)
Plot Development	1106	(2)
Flashbacks	1107	(1)
Foreshadowing	1107	(14)
Checklist: Writing about Plot	1107	(1)
Susan Glaspell, Trifles	1108	(13)
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House	1121	(57)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Plot	1176	(1)
39 CHARACTER	1177	(1)
Characters' Words	1178	(5)
Formal and Informal Language	1179	(1)
Plain and Elaborate Language	1180	(2)
Tone	1182	(1)
Irony	1182	(1)
Characters' Actions	1183	(1)
Stage Directions	1184	(1)
Actors' Interpretations	1185	(3)
Checklist: Writing about Character	1187	(1)
August Strindberg, The Stronger	1188	(5)
David Auburn, Proof	1193	(55)
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman	1248	(74)
William Shakespeare, Hamlet	1322	(104)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Character	1425	(1)
40 STAGING	1426	(2)
Stage Directions	1426	(2)
The Uses of Staging	1428	(3)
Costumes	1428	(1)
Props and Furnishings	1428	(1)
Scenery and Lighting	1429	(1)
Music and Sound Effects	1429	(2)
Checklist: Writing about Staging	1430	(1)
Sophocles, Oedipus the King	1431	(43)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Staging	1473	(1)
41 THEME	1474	(12)
Titles	1474	(1)
Conflicts	1475	(1)
Dialogue	1476	(1)
Characters	1476	(1)
Staging	1477	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Theme	1478	(1)
David Henry Hwang, Trying to Find Chinatown	1478	(8)
August Wilson, Fences	1486	(57)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Theme	1539	(1)
42 TENNESSEE WILLIAMS'S THE GLASS MENAGERIE: A CASEBOOK FOR READING, RESEARCH, AND WRITING	1540	(74)
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie	1543	(50)
Tennessee Williams, Author's Production Notes (Preface to the Published Edition)	1593	(2)
Jacqueline O'Connor, from Dramatizing Dementia: Madness in the Plays of Tennessee Williams	1595	(1)
Tennessee Williams, from Tennessee Williams: Memoirs	1596	(3)
Jean Evans, Interview 1945	1599	(4)
Thomas L.L. King, from Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie 1600 g r
Nancy Marie Patterson Tischler, from Student Companion to Tennessee Williams	1603	(2)
Roger B. Stein, from The Glass Menagerie Revisited: Catastrophe without Violence	1605	(2)
Tom Scanlan, from Family, Drama, and American Dreams	1607	(3)
James Fisher, from "The Angels of Fructification": Tennessee Williams, Tony Kushner, and Images of Homosexuality on the American Stage	1610	(4)
Tennessee Williams, Portrait of a Girl in Glass	1614	(16)
Topics for Further Research	1621	(9)
Student Paper: Laura's Gentleman Caller	1622	(7)
Appendix: Using Literary Criticism in Your Writing	1629	(1)
Formalism	1629
A Formalist Reading: Kate Chopin's "The Storm"	1630	(2)
FOR FURTHER READING: Formalism	1631	(1)
Reader-Response Criticism	1631	(1)
Reader-Response Readings: Kate Chopin's "The Storm"	1632	(4)
FOR FURTHER READING: Reader-Response Criticism	1633	(1)
Sociological Criticism	1634	(1)
Feminist Criticism	1635	(1)
A Feminist Reading: Tillie Olsen's "I Stand Here Ironing"	1636	(2)
FOR FURTHER READING: Feminist Criticism	1636	(1)
Marxist Criticism	1637	(1)
A Marxist Reading: Tillie Olsen's "I Stand Here Ironing"	1638	(2)
FOR FURTHER READING: Marxist Criticism	1638	(1)
New Historicism	1639	(1)
A New Historicist Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper"	1640	(3)
FOR FURTHER READING: New Historicist Criticism	1641	(1)
Psychoanalytic Criticism	1641	(2)
A Psychoanalytic Reading: Edgar Allan Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado"	1643	(2)
FOR FURTHER READING: Psychoanalytic Criticism	1644	(1)
Structuralism	1644	(1)
A Structuralist Reading: William Faulkner's "Barn Burning"	1645	(2)
FOR FURTHER READING: Structuralism	1646	(1)
Deconstruction	1646	(1)
A Deconstructionist Reading: Flannery O'Connor's "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"	1647
FOR FURTHER READING: Deconstruction	1648
Glossary of Literary Terms	G1
Credits	C1
Index of First Lines of Poetry	I1
Index of Authors and Titles	I5
Index of Literary Terms	I14