Literature and the Writing Process

by McMahan, Elizabeth; Day, Susan X.; Funk, Robert

• ISBN13: 9780130669063
• ISBN10: 0130669067
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Package
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For Composition Through Literature and Introduction to Literature courses. Blending a complete writing about literature text, a literature anthology, and a handbook into one, this unique text guides students through the allied processes of critical reading and writingillustrating the use of writing as a way of studying literature, and providing students with all the tools necessary to analyze literature on their own. The text promotes interactive learning by integrating writing instruction with the study of literature.

Table of Contents

Conents by Genre	xxiv
Thematic Contents	xxix
Preface	xxxv
Part I Composing: An Overview	1	(54)
The Prewriting Process	3	(14)
Reading for Writing	3	(4)
James Joyce, ``Eveline''	4	(3)
Who Are My Readers?	7	(1)
Analyze the Audience	7	(1)
Prewriting Exercise	7	(1)
Why Am I Writing?	8	(1)
Reasons for Writing	8	(1)
Prewriting Exercise	8	(1)
What Ideas Should I Use?	9	(4)
Thinking Critically	9	(1)
Self-Questioning	9	(1)
Directed Freewriting	10	(1)
Problem Solving	11	(1)
Clustering	11	(1)
Directed Freewriting	12	(1)
What Point Should I Make?	13	(1)
Relate a Part to the Whole	13	(1)
How Do I Find the Theme?	13	(4)
Clustering	14	(1)
Stating the Thesis	15	(2)
The Writing Process	17	(15)
How Should I Organize My Ideas?	17	(1)
The Basic Approach: Devising a Plan	17	(2)
Ordering the Ideas	18	(1)
How Do I Argue an Interpretation?	19	(1)
Checklist for Arguing an Interpretation	20	(1)
Developing with Details	20	(1)
Questions for Consideration	21	(1)
Maintaining a Critical Focus	21	(1)
Distinguishing Critical Comments from Plot Details	21	(1)
How Should I Begin?	22	(1)
Postpone If Nothing Comes	22	(1)
Write an Appealing Opening	22	(1)
State the Thesis	23	(1)
How Should I End?	23	(1)
Relate the Discussion to Theme	23	(1)
Postpone or Write Ahead	24	(1)
Write an Emphatic Final Sentence	24	(1)
Composing the First Draft	24	(2)
Pausing to Rescan	25	(1)
Quoting from Your Sources	25	(1)
Sample Student Paper: First Draft	26	(4)
Suggestions for Writing	30	(1)
Ideas for Writing	31	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	31	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	31	(1)
The Rewriting Process	32	(23)
What Is Revision?	32	(1)
Getting Feedback: Peer Review	33	(2)
Revising in Peer Groups	33	(1)
Peer Evaluation Checklist for Revision	34	(1)
What Should I Add or Take Out?	35	(3)
Outlining After the First Draft	35	(1)
Making the Outline	35	(1)
Checking the Outline	35	(1)
Sample After-Writing Outline	36	(1)
Examining the Sample Outline	37	(1)
Outlining Exercise	37	(1)
What Should I Rearrange?	38	(1)
Does It Flow?	39	(1)
What Is Editing?	40	(1)
Which Sentences Should I Combine?	40	(3)
Transitional Terms for All Occasions	41	(1)
Revising Checklist	41	(1)
Combining for Conciseness	42	(1)
Sentence Combining Exercise	42	(1)
Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety	43	(1)
Varying the Pattern	43	(1)
Exercise on Style	44	(1)
Which Words Should I Change?	44	(4)
Check Your Verbs	45	(1)
Exercise on Word Choice	45	(1)
Use Active Voice Most of the Time	46	(1)
Use Passive Voice If Appropriate	46	(1)
Exercise on Passive Voice	46	(1)
Feel the Words	47	(1)
Attend toTone	47	(1)
Use Formal Language	48	(1)
What Is Proofreading?	48	(2)
Try Reading It Backward	48	(1)
Look for Your Typical Errors	49	(1)
Read the Paper Aloud	49	(1)
Find a Friend to Help	49	(1)
Proofreading Checklist	50	(1)
Sample Student Paper: Final Draft	50	(5)
Part II Writing About Short Fiction	55	(93)
How Do I Read Short Fiction?	57	(6)
Notice the Structure	57	(1)
Subplots	58	(1)
Consider Point of View and Setting	58	(1)
Study the Characters	59	(1)
Foils	60	(1)
Look for Specialized Literary Techniques	60	(1)
Examine the Title	61	(1)
Continue Questioning to Discover Theme	61	(2)
Critical Questions for Reading the Short Story	62	(1)
Writing About Structure	63	(12)
What Is Structure?	63	(1)
How Do I Discover Structure?	64	(1)
Looking at Structure	64	(7)
Alice Walker, ``Everyday Use''	65	(6)
Prewriting	71	(1)
Finding Patterns	71	(1)
Writing	71	(1)
Grouping Details	71	(1)
Relating Details to Theme	72	(1)
Ideas for Writing	72	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	72	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	72	(1)
Rewriting	73	(2)
Integrating Quotations Gracefully	73	(1)
Exercise on Integrating Quotations	73	(2)
Writing About Imagery and Symbolism	75	(23)
What Are Images?	75	(1)
What Are Symbols?	76	(1)
Archetypal Symbols	76	(1)
Phallic and Yonic Symbols	76	(1)
How Will I Recognize Symbols?	77	(1)
Reference Works on Symbols	77	(1)
Looking at Images and Symbols	77	(7)
Shirley Jackson, ``The Lottery''	78	(6)
Prewriting	84	(1)
Interpreting Symbols	84	(1)
Writing	84	(1)
Producing a Workable Thesis	85	(1)
Exercise on Thesis Statements	85	(1)
Ideas for Writing	85	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	85	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	86	(1)
Rewriting	86	(1)
Sharpening the Introduction	86	(1)
Sample Student Paper	87	(11)
Writing About Point of View	98	(13)
What Is Point of View?	98	(2)
Describing Point of View	99	(1)
Shifting and Unreliable Narrators	99	(1)
Looking at Point of View	100	(8)
Ring Lardner, ``Haircut''	101	(7)
Prewriting	108	(1)
Identifying Point of View	108	(1)
Writing	108	(1)
Relating Point of View to Theme	108	(1)
Ideas for Writing	108	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	108	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	109	(1)
Rewriting	109	(2)
Sharpening the Conclusion	109	(2)
Writing About Setting and Atmosphere	111	(17)
What Are Setting and Atmosphere?	111	(1)
Looking at Setting and Atmosphere	112	(11)
Tobias Wolff, ``Hunters in the Snow''	113	(10)
Prewriting	123	(1)
Prewriting Exercise	123	(1)
Writing	124	(1)
Discovering an Organization	124	(1)
Ideas for Writing	124	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	124	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	125	(1)
Rewriting: Organization and Style	125	(3)
Checking Your Organization	125	(1)
Improving the Style: Balanced Sentences	125	(1)
Sentence Modeling Exercise	126	(2)
Writing About Theme	128	(20)
What Is Theme?	128	(1)
Looking at Theme	129	(14)
Flannery O'Connor, ``Good Country People''	130	(13)
Prewriting	143	(1)
Figuring Out the Theme	143	(1)
Stating the Theme	143	(1)
Writing	144	(1)
Choosing Supporting Details	144	(1)
Ideas for Writing	145	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	145	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	145	(1)
Rewriting	145	(1)
Achieving Coherence	145	(1)
Checking for Coherence	146	(1)
Editing: Improving Connections	146	(2)
Repeat Words and Synonyms	146	(1)
Try Parallel Structure	147	(1)
A Casebook on Joyce Carol Oates's ``Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?''	148	(16)
``Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?''	148	(11)
Joyce Carol Oates
The Story's Origins	159	(2)
Three Critical Interpretations	161	(3)
Topics for Discussion and Writing	163	(1)
Anthology of Short Fiction	164	(263)
Nathaniel Hawthrone (1804--1864)
Young Goodman Brown	164	(9)
Edgar Allan Poe (1809--1849)
The Cask of Amontillado	173	(5)
Kate Chopin (1851--1904)
Desiree's Baby	178	(3)
The Story of an Hour	181	(3)
Mary E. Wilkins Freeman (1852--1930)
The Revolt of ``Mother''	184	(11)
Edith Wharton (1862--1937)
Roman Fever	195	(9)
Willa Cather (1873--1947)
Paul's Case	204	(13)
Sherwood Anderson (1876--1941)
Hands	217	(4)
James Joyce (1882--1941)
Eveline (in Chapter 1) Araby	221	(4)
Ring Lardner (1885--1933)
Haircut (in Chapter 7)
D.H. Lawrence (1885--1930)
The Rocking-Horse Winner	225	(11)
Katherine Anne Porter (1890--1980)
The Jilting of Granny Weatherall	236	(6)
William Faulkner (1897--1962)
A Rose for Emily	242	(6)
Ernest Hemingway (1899--1961)
Hills Like White Elephants	248	(4)
Zora Neale Hurston (ca. 1901--1960)
The Gilded Six-Bits	252	(8)
John Steinbeck (1902--1968)
The Chrysanthemums	260	(7)
Frank O'Connor (1903--1966)
My Oedipus Complex	267	(8)
Richard Wright (1908--1960)
The Man Who Was Almost a Man	275	(9)
Ann Petry (1908--1997)
Like a Winding Sheet	284	(7)
Eudora Welty (1909-- )
A Worn Path	291	(6)
John Cheever (1912--1982)
The Swimmer	297	(8)
Tillie Olsen (1913-- )
I Stand Here Ironing	305	(6)
Shirley Jackson (1919--1965)
The Lottery (in Chapter 6)
Hisaye Yamamoto (1921-- )
Seventeen Syllables	311	(9)
Flannery O'Connor (1925--1964)
Good Country People (in Chapter 9)
A Good Man Is Hard to Find	320	(11)
Chinua Achebe (1930-- )
Dead Men's Path	331	(3)
Alice Munro (1931-- )
Boys and Girls	334	(10)
John Updike (1932-- )
A & P	344	(5)
Bessie Head (1937--1986)
Life	349	(7)
Raymond Carver (1938--1988)
What We Talk About When We Talk About Love	356	(8)
Toni Cade Bambara (1939--1995)
The Lesson	364	(6)
Bharati Mukherjee (1940-- )
The Management of Grief	370	(11)
Isabel Allende (1942-- )
The Judge's Wife	381	(6)
Alice Walker (1944-- )
Everyday Use (in Chapter 5)
Tobias Wolff (1945-- )
Hunters in the Snow (in Chapter 8)
Tim O'Brien (1946-- )
The Things They Carried	387	(12)
Sandra Ciseros (1954-- )
Woman Hollering Creek	399	(8)
Louise Erdrich (1954-- )
The Red Convertible	407	(7)
Ha Jin (1956-- )
The Bridegroom	414	(13)
Part III Writing About Poetry	427	(32)
How Do I Read Poetry?	429	(4)
Get the Literal Meaning First: Paraphrase	429	(1)
Make Associations for Meaning	430	(3)
Critical Questions for Reading Poetry	432	(1)
Writing About Persona and Tone	433	(17)
Who Is Speaking?	433	(1)
What Is Tone?	434	(1)
Recognizing Verbal Irony	434	(1)
Describing Tone	434	(1)
Looking at Persona and Tone	435	(3)
Theodore Roethke, ``My Papa's Waltz''	435	(1)
Thomas Hardy, ``The Ruined Maid''	435	(1)
W. H. Auden, ``The Unknown Citizen''	436	(1)
Edmund Waller, ``Go, Lovely Rose''	437	(1)
Dorothy Parker, ``One Perfect Rose''	438	(1)
Prewriting	438	(4)
Asking Questions About the Speaker in ``My Papa's Waltz''	438	(1)
Devising a Thesis	439	(1)
Describing the Tone in ``The Ruined Maid''	440	(1)
Discovering a Thesis	440	(1)
Describing the Tone in ``The Unknown Citizen''	441	(1)
Discovering a Thesis	441	(1)
Discovering the Tone in ``Go, Lovely Rose''	442	(1)
Discovering the Tone in ``One Perfect Rose''	442	(1)
Writing	442	(1)
Explicating and Analyzing	442	(1)
Ideas for Writing	443	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	443	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	443	(1)
Editing	444	(1)
Quoting Poetry in Essays	444	(1)
Sample Student Paper	445	(5)
Analyzing the Student Essay	449	(1)
Writing About Poetic Language	450	(9)
What Do the Words Suggest?	450	(3)
Connotation and Denotation	450	(1)
Figures of Speech	450	(1)
Metaphor and Simile	451	(1)
Personification	452	(1)
Imagery	452	(1)
Symbol	452	(1)
Paradox	453	(1)
Oxymoron	453	(1)
Looking at Poetic Language	453	(3)
``A Noiseless Patient Spider''	453	(1)
Walt Whitman
``Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?''	454	(1)
William Shakespeare
H. D., ``Heat''	454	(1)
Hayden Carruth, ``In the Long Hall''	454	(1)
Donald Hall, ``My Son My Executioner''	455	(1)
Prewriting	456	(1)
Examining Poetic Language	456	(1)
Writing	456	(1)
Comparing and Contrasting	456	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	457	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	457	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	457	(1)
Rewriting: Style	457	(2)
Choosing Vivid, Descriptive Terms	457	(1)
Finding Lively Words	458	(1)
Exercise on Diction	458	(1)
A Casebook on Love Poetry	459	(32)
Sappho, ``With His Venom''	459	(1)
Anonymus ``Western Wind''	459	(1)
``A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning''	460	(1)
John Donne
``To His Coy Mistress''	461	(1)
Andrew Marvell
Lord Byron, ``When We Two Parted''	462	(1)
George Gordon
``Wild Nights---Wild Nights!''	463	(1)
Emily Dickinson
``What Lips My Lips Have Kissed''	463	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay
``Living in Sin''	464	(1)
Adrienne Rich
Topics for Discussion and Writing	464	(1)
Sample Student Paper	465	(8)
Comparison Exercise	465	(8)
Writing About Poetic Form	473	(18)
What Are the Forms of Poetry?	473	(4)
Rhythm and Rhyme	473	(1)
Rhythm and Meter in Poetry	474	(1)
Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance	475	(1)
Exercise on Poetic Form	475	(1)
Stanzas: Closed and Open Forms	475	(2)
Poetic Syntax	477	(1)
Looking at the Forms of Poetry	477	(4)
``We Real Cool''	477	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks
``Eight O'Clock''	478	(1)
A. E. Housman
``anyone lived in a pretty how town''	478	(1)
E. E. Cummings
``Telephone Conversation''	479	(1)
Wole Soyinka
``Twilight's Last Gleaming''	480	(1)
Arthur W. Monks
``Nuns Fret Not''	480	(1)
William Wordsworth
Prewriting	481	(2)
Experimenting with Poetic Forms	481	(2)
Writing	483	(1)
Relating Form to Meaning	483	(1)
Ideas for Writing	484	(2)
Ideas for Expressive Writing	484	(2)
Ideas for Critical Writing	486	(1)
Rewriting: Style	486	(2)
Finding the Exact Word	486	(2)
Sample Published Essay on Poetic Form	488	(3)
``The `Banked Fire' of Robert Hayden's `Those Winter Sundays'''	489	(2)
David Huddle
Anthology of Poetry	491	(94)
Thomas Wyatt (1503--1542)
They Flee from Me	491	(1)
William Shakespeare (1564--1616)
Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? (in Chapter 12)
When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes	492	(1)
Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds	492	(1)
That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold	493	(1)
My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun	493	(1)
John Donne (1572--1631)
The Flea	493	(1)
Death, Be Not Proud	494	(1)
Ben Jonson (1572--1637)
On My First Son	495	(1)
Edmund Waller (1606--1687)
Go, Lovely Rose (in Chapter 11)
Richard Lovelace (1618--1657)
To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars	495	(1)
William Blake (1757--1827)
The Lamb	495	(1)
The Tyger	496	(1)
The Sick Rose	497	(1)
London	497	(1)
William Wordsworth (1770--1850)
Nuns Fret Not (in Chapter 13)
The Worlds Is Too Much with Us	498	(1)
George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788--1824)
She Walks in Beauty	498	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792--1822)
Ozymandias	499	(1)
John Keats (1795--1821)
On First Looking into Chapman's Homer	499	(1)
Ode on a Grecian Urn	500	(1)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809--1892)
The Eagle
Walt Whitman (1819--1892)
When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer	501	(1)
One's-Self I Sing	502	(1)
A Noiseless Patient Spider (in Chapter 12)
Matthew Arnold (1822--1888)
Dover Beach	502	(1)
Emily Dickinson (1830--1886)
Success Is Counted Sweetest	503	(1)
I'm Nobody! Who Are You?	503	(1)
Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers	504	(1)
He Put the Belt Around My Life	504	(1)
Much Madness is Divinest Sense	504	(1)
Because I Could Not Stop for Death	505	(1)
Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church	505	(1)
Thomas Hardy (1840--1928)
Channel Firing	506	(1)
The Ruined Main (in Chapter 11)
Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889)
Pied Beauty	507	(1)
Spring and Fall	507	(1)
A. E. Housman (1859--1936)
To an Athlete Dying Young	508	(1)
Loveliest of Trees	509	(1)
Eight O'Clock (in Chapter 13)
William Butler Yeats (1865--1939)
The Second Coming	509	(1)
Sailing to Byzantium	510	(1)
Stephen Crane (1871--1900)
A Man Said to the Universe	511	(1)
War Is Kind	511	(1)
Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872--1906)
We Wear the Mask	512	(1)
Robert Frost (1874--1963)
Mending Wall	513	(1)
Birches	514	(1)
``Out, Out---''	515	(1)
Fire and Ice	516	(1)
Design	516	(1)
CarlSandburg (1878--1967)
Fog	517	(1)
Grass	517	(1)
Chicago	517	(1)
Wallace Stevens (1879--1955)
The Emperor of Ice Cream	518	(1)
Anecdote of the Jar	519	(1)
William Carlos Williams (1883--1963)
Danse Russe	519	(1)
The Red Wheelbarrow	520	(1)
D. H. Lawrence (1885--1930)
Piano	520	(1)
Snake	521	(2)
Ezra Pound (1885--1972)
In a Station of the Metro	523	(1)
The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter	523	(1)
H. D. [Hilda Doolittle] (1886--1961)
Heat (in Chapter 12)
T. S. Eliot (1888--1965)
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	524	(3)
Claude McKay (1890--1948)
America	527	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892--1950)
Oh, Oh, You Will Be Sorry for That Word!	528	(1)
First Fig	528	(1)
Dorothy Parker (1893--1967)
One Perfect Rose (in Chapter 11)
Wilfred Owen (1893--1918)
Dulce et Decorum Est	528	(1)
E. E. Cummings (1894--1962)
in just-	529	(1)
next to of course god america i	530	(1)
she being Brand	531	(1)
pity this busy monster, manunkind	532	(1)
anyone lived in a pretty how town (in Chapter 13)
Jean Toomer (1894--1967)
Reapers	532	(1)
Langston Hughes (1902--1967)
Daybreak in Alabama	533	(1)
Mother to Son	533	(1)
Harlem (A Dream Deferred)	534	(1)
Theme for English B	534	(1)
The Negro Speaks of Rivers	535	(1)
Stevie Smith (1902--1971)
Not Waving but Drowning	536	(1)
Countee Cullen (1903--1946)
Incident	536	(1)
Pablo Neruda (1904--1973)
The United Fruit Co.	537	(1)
Sweetness, Always	538	(1)
W. H. Auden (1907--1973)
Musee des Beaux Arts	539	(2)
Funeral Blues	541	(1)
The Unknown Citizen (in Chapter 11)
Theodore Roethke (1908--1963)
Dolor	541	(1)
I Knew a Woman	542	(1)
My Papa's Waltz (in Chapter 11)
Elizabeth Bishop (1911--1979)
One Art	542	(1)
May Sarton (1912--1995)
AIDS	543	(1)
Robert Hayden (1913--1980)
Those Winter Sundays	544	(1)
Randall Jarrell (1914--1965)
The Death of the Ball turret Gunner	544	(1)
Octavio Paz (1914--1998)
The Street	545	(1)
Dudley Randall (1914-- )
To the Mercy Killers	545	(1)
William Stafford (1914--1993)
Traveling Through the Dark	546	(1)
Dylan Thomas (1914-1953)
The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower	546	(1)
Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night	547	(1)
Fern Hill	548	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks (1917--2000)
Sadie and Maud	549	(1)
We Real Cool (in Chapter 13)
The Bean Eaters	550	(1)
Lawrence Ferlinghetti (1919-- )
Constantly Risking Absurdity	550	(1)
Howard Nemerov (1920--1991)
The Goose Fish	551	(1)
Hayden Carruth (1921-- )
In the Long Hall (in Chapter 12)
Richard Wilbur (1921-- )
Love Calls Us to the Things of This World	552	(1)
Philip Larkin (1922--1985)
Home Is So Sad	553	(1)
James Dickey (1923--1997)
The Leap	553	(2)
Denise Levertov (1923-1997)
O Taste and See	555	(1)
Wislawa Szymborska (1923-- )
End and Beginning	555	(2)
Lisel Mueller (1924-- )
Things	557	(1)
Maxine Kumin (1925-- )
Woodchucks	557	(1)
W. D. Snodgrass (1926- )
April Inventory	558	(2)
Allen Ginsberg (1926--1997)
A Supermarket in California	560	(1)
James Wright (1927--1980)
Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio	561	(1)
Donald Hall (1928-- )
My Son My Executioner (in Chapter 12)
Anne Sexton (1928--1974)
You All Know the Story of the Other Woman	561	(1)
Cinderella	562	(2)
Adrienne Rich (1929-- )
Aunt Jennifer's Tigers	564	(1)
Sylvia Plath (1932--1963)
Mirror	565	(1)
Metaphors	565	(1)
Daddy	566	(2)
John Updike (1932-- )
Ex-Basketball Player	568	(1)
Linda Pastan (1932-- )
Ethics	569	(1)
Imamu Amiri Baraka (1934-- )
Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note	569	(1)
Biography	570	(1)
Audre Lorde (1934--1992)
Hanging Fire	571	(1)
Wole Soyinka (1934-- )
Telephone Conversation (in Chapter 13)
Marge Piercy (1936-- )
Barbie Doll	572	(1)
The Woman in the Ordinary	573	(1)
Seamus Heaney (1939-- )
Digging	573	(1)
John Lennon (1940-1980) and Paul McCartney (1942-- )
Eleanor Rigby	574	(1)
Sharon Olds (1942-- )
The Death of Marilyn Monroe	575	(1)
Sex Without Love	576	(1)
Nikki Giovanni (1943-- )
Dreams	576	(1)
Louise Gluck (1943-- )
Life Is a Nice Place	577	(1)
Gina Valdes (1943-- )
My Mother Sews Blouses	578	(1)
Yusef Komunyakaa (1947-- )
Facing It	578	(1)
My Father's Love Letters	579	(1)
Rita Dove (1952-- )
Daystar	580	(1)
Jimmy Santiago Baca (1952-- )
There Are Black	581	(1)
Judith Ortiz Cofer (1952-- )
Latin Women Pray	582	(1)
Louise Erdrich (1954-- )
Indian Boarding School: The Runaways	582	(1)
Martin Espada (1957-- )
Coca-Cola and Coco Frio	583	(1)
Liberating a Pillar of Tortillas	584	(1)
Paired Poems for Comparison	585	(10)
Christopher Marlowe (1564--1593)
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love	585	(1)
Sir Walter Raleigh (ca. 1552--1618)
The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd	586	(1)
Robert Browning (1812--1889)
My Last Duchess	586	(2)
Gabriel Spera (1966-- )
My Ex-Husband	588	(1)
Thomas Hardy (1840--1928)
The Convergence of the Twain	589	(1)
David R. Slavitt (1935-- )
Titanic	590	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869--1935)
Richard Cory	591	(1)
Paul Simon (1942-- )
Richard Cory	592	(1)
Robert Frost (1874--1963)
The Road Not Taken	593	(1)
Blanche Farley (1937-- )
The Lover Not Taken	593	(2)
Part IV Writing About Drama	595	(105)
How Do I Read a Play?	597	(5)
Listen to the Lines	597	(1)
Visualize the Scene	598	(1)
Envision the Action	599	(1)
Drama on Film	600	(2)
Critical Questions for Reading Plays	601	(1)
Writing About Dramatic Structure	602	(50)
What Is Dramatic Structure?	602	(1)
Looking at Dramatic Structure?	603	(38)
Sophocles, Antigone	605	(36)
Prewriting	641	(1)
Analyzing Dramatic Structure	641	(1)
Writing	641	(2)
Discovering a Workable Argumentative Thesis	642	(1)
Quoting from a Play	643	(1)
Ideas for Writing	643	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	643	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	644	(1)
Rewriting	644	(1)
Avoiding Unclear Language	644	(1)
Sample Student Paper	645	(7)
Questions for Discussion	651	(1)
Writing About Character	652	(48)
What Is the Modern Hero?	652	(1)
The Classical Tragic Hero	652	(1)
The Modern Tragic Hero	653	(1)
Looking at the Modern Hero	653	(43)
The Glass Menagerie	654	(42)
Tennessee Williams
Prewriting	696	(1)
Analyzing the Characters	696	(1)
Writing	696	(1)
Choosing a Structure	697	(1)
Ideas for Writing	697	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	697	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	698	(1)
Rewriting	698	(2)
Developing Paragraphs Specifically	698	(1)
Exercise on Providing Quotations	699	(1)
A Casebook on The Glass Menagerie: Interpreting Amanda	700	(87)
Review of The Glass Menagerie	700	(1)
Burton Rasco
``Diverse, Unique Amanda''	701	(1)
Howard Taubman
``Tennessee Williams' Gallery of Feminine Characters''	701	(1)
Durant Da Ponte
``Entering The Glass Menagerie''	702	(1)
C. W. E. Bigsby
Responding to the Critics	703	(1)
Drama for Writing: The Research Paper	704	(83)
What Is Cultural Analysis?	704	(1)
Looking at Cultural Issues	705	(46)
M. Butterfly	706	(45)
David Henry Hwang
Using Library Sources in Your Writing	751	(1)
A Student Researcher's Process	751	(1)
Prewriting	752	(4)
Figure 17-1 Reading Notes	752	(1)
Finding a Thesis	753	(1)
Locating Sources	753	(1)
The Online Catalog	754	(1)
Indexes and Databases	754	(1)
Using the Internet	754	(1)
Reference Works in Print	755	(1)
Taking Notes	755	(1)
Guides to Criticism of Poetry, Drama, and Fiction	756	(1)
Writing	756	(4)
Developing a Plan	757	(1)
Writing Before Researching	757	(1)
Avoiding Plagiarism	758	(1)
Introducing Quotations	759	(1)
Ideas for Researched Writing	760	(2)
About Short Stories	760	(1)
About Poetry	761	(1)
About Drama	761	(1)
Rewriting	762	(1)
Citing Sources	762	(1)
Including Informational Notes	762	(1)
Editing	762	(1)
Checklist for Accurate Documentation	763	(1)
Sample Documented Papers by Students	763	(16)
Paper on Drama	763	(11)
Paper on a Short Story	774	(5)
Explanation of the MLA Documentation Style	779	(8)
Sample Entries for a Works Cited List	781	(4)
Citing Works in Electronic Form	785	(1)
Citing Sources from the Internet	786	(1)
Anthology of Drama	787	(300)
Sophocles (ca. 496--ca. 405 B.C.)
Antigone (in Chapter 15)
Oedipus the King	787	(43)
William Shakespeare (1564--1616)
Othello, the Moor of Venice	830	(86)
Henrik Ibsen (1828--1906)
A Doll's House	916	(51)
Anton Chekhov (1860--1904)
The Proposal	967	(10)
Susan Glaspell (1882--1948)
Trifles	977	(10)
Tennessee Williams (1911--1983)
The Glass Menagerie (in Chapter 16)
Lorraine Hansberry (1930--1965)
A Raisin in the Sun	987	(56)
Fernando Arrabal (1932-- )
Picnic on the Battlefield	1043	(10)
Luis Valdez (1940-- )
Los Vendidos	1053	(8)
David Ives (1950-- )
Sure Thing	1061	(8)
Harvey Fierstein (1954-- )
On Tidy Endings	1069	(18)
David Henry Hwang (1957-- )
M. Butterfly (in Chapter 17)
Part V The Editing Process	1087	(2)
A Handbook for Correcting Errors	1089	(33)
Proofreading	1089	(1)
Correcting Sentence Boundary Errors	1089	(6)
Examples of Phrases and Clauses	1090	(1)
Phrases and Clauses	1090	(1)
Fragments	1090	(1)
Kinds of Phrases	1091	(1)
Kinds of Clauses	1092	(2)
Comma Splices	1094	(1)
Run-On Sentences	1095	(1)
Clearing Up Confused Sentences	1096	(1)
Solving Faulty Predication Problems	1096	(1)
Fixing Subject-Verb Agreement Errors	1097	(2)
Fixing Pronoun Errors	1099	(4)
Correcting Shifts in Person	1103	(1)
Correcting Shifts in Tense	1104	(1)
Finding Modifier Mistakes	1105	(1)
Coping with Irregular Verbs	1106	(1)
Setting Verbs Right	1107	(1)
Writing in Active Voice	1107	(1)
Solving Punctuation Problems	1108	(2)
Using Necessary Commas Only	1110	(1)
Using Apostrophes	1111	(1)
Distinguishing Hyphens from Dashes	1112	(1)
Integrating Quotations Gracefully	1113	(1)
Quoting from a Story: Crediting Sources	1113	(1)
Quoting from a Poem	1114	(1)
Quoting from a Play	1115	(1)
Punctuating Quoted Material	1115	(4)
Writing Smooth Transitions	1119	(1)
Catching Careless Mistakes	1120	(2)
Appendix: Critical Approaches for Interpreting Literature	1122	(6)
Formalism	1123	(1)
Historical Approaches	1123	(1)
Biographical	1123	(1)
Cultural	1124	(1)
Marxist	1124	(1)
Psychological Approaches	1124	(1)
Mythological and Archetypal Approaches	1125	(1)
Gender Focus	1125	(1)
Reader Response	1126	(1)
Deconstruction	1126	(1)
Where Do You Stand?	1127	(1)
Glossary of Literary and Rhetorical Terms	1128	(10)
Biographical Notes	1138	(23)
Credits	1161	(5)
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poems	1166	(7)
Subject Index	1173

Excerpts

This text grew out of our long-standing interest in the possibilities of integrating the study of literature with the practice of composition. Many of our students have learned to write perceptively and well using literature as their subject matter, Great literature is always thought-provoking, always new. Why not utilize it in the pursuit of critical thinking and improved writing? Toward that end, we have combined an introduction to literature with instruction in writing. Literature and the Writing Process, Sixth Edition, presents literary selections as materials for students to read and write about, not as models for them to emulate. The text is designed to guide students through the allied processes of analytical reading and critical writing. To provide a wide range of options for writing, we have included responsive writing topics as well as critical writing topics in each chapter. The writing instruction, concurrent with the literacy study, follows the widely accepted order of beginning with larger questions of content and organization and proceeding to the particular matters, such as word choice, sentence structure, and manuscript form. On the difficult matters of devising a sound thesis and discovering theme in a literary work, we provide detailed guidance. In order to furnish a clear understanding of writing as process, we produce as illustrations throughout Part I the complete protocol that one of our students followed in preparing an essay; we include samples of her prewriting, drafting, postwriting outlining, revising, editing, and final draft. In Chapter 17 on researched writing, we have included a summary of the steps another student followed in preparing her research paper on a contemporary play. Her reading notes show how she arrived at a thesis for her documented paper, which also appears. Four additional student essays are included: one illustrating the incorporation of library resources in analyzing a short story; one offers an unusual response to a poem; and two demonstrate the revising process by showing annotated first drafts, followed by finished versions. In this revision we have further expanded the diversity of our literary selections. As always, we have been guided by the advice of our reviewers. New in this edition are three casebooks for study: the first, on Joyce Carol Oates's "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" (p. 148); the second, on love poetry through the ages (p. 459); and the third, on Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie (p. 700). Also new are guidelines for arguing an interpretation (p. 19), suggestions for using film and video when studying drama (p. 600), and a summary of current critical approaches to literature (p. 1122). We have also expanded the discussion of peer review in Chapter 3, rewritten Chapter 8 to focus on a short story by Tobias Wolff, and added a second table of contents showing the literary selections arranged by genre. Finally, a word about our Companion Website at www.prenhall.com/mcmahan providing free access to online study resources. It now includes author photos; study questions designed to enhance understanding; a writing-about-literature section offering prompts for setting up an outline; a number of author links for research; a time line for the literary selections providing historical, political, and cultural context; and a .major technological improvement: a navigational bar allowing users to go directly to an author's last name to find information rather than searching by chapter. A "Web Link" icon placed in the margins throughout the text alerts students that there are additional resources on the Website to support the instruction in the text. Another electronic feature that instructors will find valuable is www turnitin.com. This online service makes it easy for teachers to find out if students are copying their assignments fr