Literature and the Writing Process

by McMahan, Elizabeth; Day, Susan X.; Funk, Robert

• ISBN13: 9780131891029
• ISBN10: 0131891022
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

A literature anthology, rhetoric, and handbook in one. Every chapter of this anthology includes coverage of the writing process to help students write more successfully about literature. The process-oriented instruction shows students how to use writing as a way of studying literature and provides students with the tools to analyze literature on their own. New to this edition: bull; New photographs and images chosen to enhance understanding and appreciation of literature Expanded, updated discussion of researched writing (Chapter 17) Further instruction on the elements of argument and arguing an interpretation (Chapter 2) A new casebook on the poetry and prose of Langston Hughes

Table of Contents

Contents by Genre	xxvii
Thematic Contents	xxxiii
Preface	xxxix
Part I Composing: An Overview	1	(54)
The Prewriting Process	3	(14)
Reading for Writing	3	(4)
James Joyce, ``Eveline''	3	(4)
Who Are My Readers?	7	(1)
Analyze the Audience	7	(1)
Prewriting Exercise	7	(1)
Why Am I Writing?	8	(1)
Reasons for Writing	8	(1)
Prewriting Exercise	8	(1)
What Ideas Should I Use?	9	(1)
Reading and Thinking Critically	9	(1)
Discovering and Developing Ideas	10	(5)
Self-Questioning	10	(1)
Directed Freewriting	11	(1)
Figure 1-1 Directed Freewriting	12	(1)
Problem Solving	13	(1)
Clustering	13	(1)
Figure 1-2 Clustering	14	(1)
What Point Should I Make?	15	(1)
Relate a Part to the Whole	15	(1)
How Do I Find the Theme?	15	(2)
Stating the Thesis	16	(1)
The Writing Process	17	(15)
How Should I Organize My Ideas?	17	(1)
Arguing Your Interpretation	17	(4)
The Elements of Good Argument	17	(2)
Building an Effective Argument	19	(1)
Arranging the Ideas	20	(1)
Chart 2-1 Checklist for Arguing an Interpretation	20	(1)
Developing with Details	21	(1)
Questions for Consideration	21	(1)
Maintaining a Critical Focus	22	(1)
Distinguishing Critical Comments from Plot Details	22	(1)
How Should I Begin?	22	(2)
Postpone If Nothing Comes	23	(1)
Write an Appealing Opening	23	(1)
State the Thesis	23	(1)
How Should I End?	24	(1)
Relate the Discussion to Theme	24	(1)
Postpone or Write Ahead	24	(1)
Write an Emphatic Final Sentence	24	(1)
Composing the First Draft	25	(1)
Pausing to Rescan	25	(1)
Quoting from Your Sources	25	(1)
Sample Student Paper: First Draft	26	(4)
Suggestions for Writing	30	(1)
Ideas for Writing	31	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	31	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	31	(1)
The Rewriting Process	32	(23)
What Is Revision?	32	(1)
Getting Feedback: Peer Review	33	(2)
Revising in Peer Groups	33	(1)
Chart 3-1 Peer Evaluation Checklist for Revision	34	(1)
What Should I Add or Take Out?	35	(3)
Outlining After the First Draft	35	(1)
Making the Outline	35	(1)
Checking the Outline	35	(1)
Sample After-Writing Outline	36	(1)
Examining the Sample Outline	37	(1)
Outlining Exercise	37	(1)
What Should I Rearrange?	38	(1)
Does It Flow?	39	(1)
What Is Editing?	40	(1)
What Sentences Should I Combine?	40	(3)
Chart 3-2 Transitional Terms for All Occasions	41	(1)
Chart 3-3 Revising Checklist	41	(1)
Combining for Conciseness	41	(1)
Sentence Combining Exercise	42	(1)
Rearranging for Emphasis and Variety	43	(1)
Varying the Pattern	43	(1)
Exercise on Style	44	(1)
Which Words Should I Change?	44	(4)
Check Your Verbs	44	(1)
Exercise on Word Choice	45	(1)
Use Active Voice Most of the Time	45	(1)
Use Passive If Appropriate	46	(1)
Exercise on Passive Voice	46	(1)
Feel the Words	46	(1)
Attend to Tone	47	(1)
Use Formal Language	47	(1)
What Is Proofreading?	48	(1)
Try Reading It Backward	48	(1)
Look for Your Typical Errors	48	(1)
Chart 3-4 Proofreading Checklist	49	(1)
Read the Paper Aloud	49	(1)
Find a Friend to Help	49	(1)
Sample Student Paper: Final Draft	49	(6)
Part II Writing About Short Fiction	55	(97)
How Do I Read Short Fiction?	57	(6)
Notice the Structure	57	(1)
Subplots	58	(1)
Consider Point of View and Setting	58	(1)
Study the Characters	59	(1)
Foils	59	(1)
Look for Specialized Literary Techniques	60	(1)
Examine the Title	60	(1)
Investigate the Author's Life and Times	61	(1)
Continue Questioning to Discover Theme	61	(2)
Chart 4-1 Critical Questions for Reading the Short Story	61	(2)
Writing About Structure	63	(18)
What Is Structure?	63	(1)
How Do I Discover Structure?	64	(1)
Looking at Structure	64	(12)
Tim O'Brien, ``The Things They Carried''	64	(12)
Prewriting	76	(1)
Finding Patterns	76	(1)
Writing	77	(1)
Grouping Details	77	(1)
Relating Details to Theme	78	(1)
Ideas for Writing	78	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	78	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	78	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	79	(1)
Rewriting	79	(2)
Integrating Quotations Gracefully	79	(1)
Exercise on Integrating Quotations	80	(1)
Writing About Imagery and Symbolism	81	(23)
What Are Images?	81	(1)
What Are Symbols?	82	(1)
Archetypal Symbols	82	(1)
Phallic and Yonic Symbols	82	(1)
How Will I Recognize Symbols?	83	(1)
Reference Works on Symbols	83	(1)
Looking at Images and Symbols	83	(6)
Shirley Jackson, ``The Lottery''	83	(6)
Prewriting	89	(1)
Interpreting Symbols	89	(1)
Writing	90	(1)
Producing a Workable Thesis	90	(1)
Exercise on Thesis Statements	90	(1)
Ideas for Writing	91	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	91	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	91	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	92	(1)
Rewriting	92	(1)
Sharpening the Introduction	92	(1)
Sample Student Papers: Second and Final Drafts	93	(11)
Writing About Point of View	104	(12)
What Is Point of View?	104	(2)
Describing Point of View	105	(1)
Looking at Point of View	106	(6)
Alice Walker, ``Everyday Use''	106	(6)
Prewriting	112	(1)
Analyzing Point of View	113	(1)
Writing	113	(1)
Relating Point of View to Theme	113	(1)
Ideas for Writing	114	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	114	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	114	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	114	(1)
Rewriting	115	(1)
Sharpening the Conclusion	115	(1)
Writing About Setting and Atmosphere	116	(17)
What Are Setting and Atmosphere?	116	(1)
Looking at Setting and Atmosphere	117	(10)
Tobias Wolff, ``Hunters in the Snow''	117	(10)
Prewriting	127	(1)
Prewriting Exercise	127	(1)
Writing	128	(1)
Discovering an Organization	128	(1)
Ideas for Writing	129	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	129	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	129	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	129	(1)
Rewriting: Organization and Style	130	(3)
Checking Your Organization	130	(1)
Improving the Style: Balanced Sentences	130	(1)
Sentence Modeling Exercise	131	(2)
Writing About Theme	133	(19)
What Is Theme?	133	(1)
Looking at Theme	134	(13)
Flannery O'Connor, ``Good Country People''	134	(13)
Prewriting	147	(1)
Figuring Out Theme	147	(1)
Stating the Theme	147	(1)
Writing	148	(1)
Choosing Supporting Details	148	(1)
Ideas for Writing	149	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	149	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	149	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	149	(1)
Rewriting	150	(1)
Achieving Coherence	150	(1)
Checking for Coherence	150	(1)
Editing: Improving Connections	150	(2)
Repeat Words and Synonyms	150	(1)
Try Parallel Structure	151	(1)
CASEBOOK Joyce Carol Oates's ``Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?''	152	(17)
Joyce Carol Oates (1938-- ), ``Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?''	152	(12)
The Story's Origins	164	(1)
Four Critical Interpretations	165	(4)
Topics for Discussion and Writing	167	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	168	(1)
Anthology of Short Fiction	169	(224)
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804--1864)
``The Birthmark''	169	(10)
Edgar Allan Poe (1809--1849)
``The Cask of Amontillado''	179	(5)
Kate Chopin (1851--1904)
``Desiree's Baby''	184	(4)
``The Story of an Hour''	188	(2)
Edith Wharton (1862--1937)
``Roman Fever''	190	(9)
Willa Cather (1873--1947)
``Paul's Case''	199	(13)
Sherwood Anderson (1876--1941)
``Hands''	212	(4)
James Joyce (1882--1941)
``Araby''	216	(4)
D. H. Lawrence (1885--1930)
``The Rocking-Horse Winner''	220	(10)
Katherine Anne Porter (1890--1980)
``The Jilting of Granny Weatherall''	230	(7)
Zora Neale Hurston (c. 1891--1960)
``The Gilded Six-Bits''	237	(8)
William Faulkner (1897--1962)
``A Rose for Emily''	245	(6)
Ernest Hemingway (1899--1961)
``Hills Like White Elephants''	251	(4)
John Steinbeck (1902--1968)
``The Chrysanthemums''	255	(7)
Frank O'Connor (1903--1966)
``My Oedipus Complex''	262	(8)
Richard Wright (1908--1960)
``The Man Who Was Almost a Man''	270	(8)
Ann Petry (1908--1997)
``Like a Winding Sheet''	278	(6)
Eudora Welty (1909--2001)
``A Worn Path''	284	(6)
Irwin Shaw (1913--1984)
``The Girls in Their Summer Dresses''	290	(4)
Tillie Olsen (1913-- )
``I Stand Here Ironing''	294	(6)
Hisaye Yamamoto (1921-- )
``Seventeen Syllables''	300	(8)
Flannery O'Connor (1925--1964)
``A Good Man Is Hard to Find''	308	(10)
Ursula K. Le Guin (1929-- )
``The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas''	318	(5)
Chinua Achebe (1930-- )
``Dead Men's Path''	323	(2)
Alice Munro (1931-- )
``An Ounce of Cure''	325	(8)
John Updike (1932-- )
``A & P''	333	(4)
Raymond Carver (1938--1988)
``What We Talk About When We Talk About Love''	337	(8)
Toni Cade Bambara (1939--1995)
``The Lesson''	345	(6)
Bharati Mukherjee (1940-- )
``A Father''	351	(7)
Isabel Allende (1942-- )
``The Judge's Wife''	358	(5)
Sandra Cisneros (1954-- )
``Geraldo No Last Name''	363	(1)
Louise Erdrich (1954-- )
``The Red Convertible''	364	(7)
Ha Jin (1956-- )
``The Bridegroom''	371	(13)
Sherman Alexie (1966-- )
``This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona''	384	(9)
Part III Writing About Poetry	393	(33)
How Do I Read Poetry?	395	(4)
Get the Literal Meaning First: Paraphrase	395	(1)
Make Associations for Meaning	396	(3)
Chart 10-1 Critical Questions for Reading Poetry	397	(2)
Writing About Persona and Tone	399	(17)
Who Is Speaking?	399	(1)
What Is Tone?	400	(1)
Recognizing Verbal Irony	400	(1)
Describing Tone	400	(1)
Looking at Persona and Tone	401	(3)
``My Papa's Waltz''	401	(1)
Theodore Roethke
``The Ruined Maid''	401	(1)
Thomas Hardy
``The Unknown Citizen''	402	(1)
W. H. Auden
``Go, Lovely Rose''	403	(1)
Edmund Waller
``One Perfect Rose''	404	(1)
Dorothy Parker
Prewriting	404	(4)
Asking Questions About the Speaker in ``My Papa's Waltz''	404	(1)
Devising a Thesis	405	(1)
Describing the Tone in ``The Ruined Maid''	406	(1)
Discovering a Thesis	406	(1)
Describing the Tone in ``The Unknown Citizen''	407	(1)
Discovering a Thesis	407	(1)
Discovering the Tone in ``Go, Lovely Rise''	408	(1)
Discovering the Tone in ``One Perfect Rise''	408	(1)
Writing	408	(1)
Explicating and Analyzing	408	(1)
Ideas for Writing	409	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	409	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	410	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	410	(1)
Editing	410	(2)
Quoting Poetry in Essays	411	(1)
Sample Student Paper: Poetry	412	(4)
Analyzing the Student Essay	415	(1)
Writing About Poetic Language	416	(10)
What Do the Words Suggest?	416	(3)
Connotation and Denotation	416	(1)
Figures of Speech	416	(1)
Metaphor and Simile	417	(1)
Personification	418	(1)
Imagery	418	(1)
Symbol	418	(1)
Paradox	418	(1)
Oxymoron	419	(1)
Looking at Poetic Language	419	(3)
Walt Whitman, ``A Noiseless Patient Spider''	419	(1)
William Shakespeare, ``Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?''	420	(1)
H. D., ``Heat''	420	(1)
Hayden Carruth, ``In the Long Hall''	421	(1)
Donald Hall, ``My Son My Executioner''	421	(1)
Prewriting	422	(1)
Examining Poetic Language	422	(1)
Writing	422	(1)
Comparing and Contrasting	423	(1)
Ideas for Writing	423	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	423	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	423	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	424	(1)
Rewriting: Style	424	(2)
Choosing Vivid, Descriptive Terms	424	(1)
Finding Lively Words	425	(1)
Exercise on Diction	425	(1)
CASEBOOK Love Poetry	426	(33)
Sappho (ca. 612--ca. 580 B.C.), ``With His Venom''	426	(1)
Anonymous, ``Western Wind''	426	(1)
John Donne (1572--1631), ``A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning''	427	(1)
Andrew Marvell (1621--1678), ``To His Coy Mistress''	428	(1)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806--1861), ``How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways?''	429	(1)
Emily Dickinson (1830--1886), ``Wild Nights---Wild Nights!''	429	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892--1950), ``What Lips My Lips Have Kissed''	430	(1)
Adrienne Rich (1929-- ), ``Living in Sin''	430	(1)
Sharon Olds (1942-- ), ``Topography''	431	(1)
Topics for Discussion and Writing	432	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	432	(1)
Sample Student Papers: Second and Final Drafts	433	(8)
Comparison Exercise	433	(8)
Writing About Poetic Form	441	(18)
What Are the Forms of Poetry?	441	(4)
Rhythm and Rhyme	441	(1)
Chart 13-1 Rhythm and Meter in Poetry	442	(1)
Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance	443	(1)
Exercise on Poetic Form	443	(1)
Stanzas: Closed and Open Form	443	(1)
Poetic Syntax	444	(1)
Looking at the Forms of Poetry	445	(4)
``We Real Cool''	445	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks
``Eight O'Clock''	445	(1)
A. E. Housman
``anyone lived in a pretty how town''	446	(1)
E. E. Cummings
``Telephone Conversation''	447	(1)
Wole Soyinka
``Nuns Fret Not''	448	(1)
William Wordsworth
``Sonnet''	448	(1)
Billy Collins
Prewriting	449	(2)
Experimenting with Poetic Forms	449	(2)
Writing	451	(1)
Relating Form to Meaning	451	(1)
Ideas for Writing	452	(2)
Ideas for Expressive Writing	452	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	453	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	454	(1)
Rewriting: Style	454	(2)
Finding the Exact Word	454	(1)
Exercises on Diction	454	(2)
Sample Published Essay on Poetic Form: David Huddle, ``The `Banked Fire' of Robert Hayden's `Those Winter Sundays'''	456	(2)
Dorthi Charles (1963-- )
``Concrete Cat''	458	(1)
CASEBOOK The Poetry and Prose of Langston Hughes	459	(98)
Langston Hughes: A Brief Biography	459	(2)
Poetry	461	(6)
``The Negro Speaks of Rivers''	461	(1)
``Mother to Son''	462	(1)
``The Weary Blues''	462	(1)
``Saturday Night''	463	(1)
``Trumpet Player''	464	(1)
``Harlem (A Dream Deferred)''	465	(1)
``Theme for English B''	465	(1)
Considering the Poems	466	(1)
Prose	467	(7)
``Salvation''	467	(1)
``On the Road''	468	(3)
``Thank You, M'am''	471	(3)
Considering the Prose	474	(1)
Critial Commentaries	474	(5)
``Hughes and the Black Controversy''	474	(1)
Onwuchekwa Jemie
``A Poet for the People''	474	(1)
Margaret Larkin
``Forerunner and Ambassador''	475	(1)
Richard Wright
``Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes's Aesthetics of Simplicity''	476	(1)
Karen Jackson Ford
``Jazz and Langston Hughes's Poetry''	477	(1)
Peter Townsend
``Harlem Rent Parties''	478	(1)
Langston Hughes
Ideas for Writing About Langston Hughes	479	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	479	(1)
Anthology of Poetry
Thomas Wyatt (1503--1542)
``They Flee from Me''	480	(1)
William Shakespeare (1564--1616)
``When in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes''	480	(1)
``Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds''	481	(1)
``That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold''	481	(1)
``My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun''	482	(1)
John Donne (1572--1631)
``Death, Be Not Proud''	482	(1)
Ben Jonson (1572--1637)
``On My First Son''	482	(1)
Richard Lovelace (1618--1657)
``To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars''	483	(1)
William Blake (1757--1827)
``The Lamb''	483	(1)
``The Tyger''	484	(1)
``The Sick Rose''	485	(1)
``London''	486	(1)
William Wordsworth (1770--1850)
``The World Is Too Much with Us''	486	(1)
George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)
``She Walks in Beauty''	487	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792--1822)
``Ozymandias''	487	(1)
John Keats (1795--1821)
``On First Looking into Chapman's Homer''	488	(1)
``Ode on a Grecian Urn''	488	(1)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809--1892)
``The Eagle''	489	(1)
Walt Whitman (1819--1892)
``When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer''	490	(1)
``One's-Self I Sing''	490	(1)
Matthew Arnold (1822--1888)
``Dover Beach''	490	(1)
Emily Dickinson (1830--1886)
``Success Is Counted Sweetest''	491	(1)
``I'm Nobody! Who Are You?''	492	(1)
``Safe in Their Alabaster Chambers''	492	(1)
``He Put the Belt Around My Life''	492	(1)
``Much Madness Is Divinest Sense''	493	(1)
``Because I Could Not Stop for Death''	493	(1)
``Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church''	494	(1)
Thomas Hardy (1840--1928)
``Channel Firing''	494	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844--1889)
``Pied Beauty''	495	(1)
``Spring and Fall''	495	(1)
A. E. Housman (1859--1936)
``To an Athlete Dying Young''	496	(1)
``Loveliest of Trees''	497	(1)
William Butler Yeats (1865--1939)
``The Second Coming''	497	(1)
Stephen Crane (1871--1900)
``A Man Said to the Universe''	498	(1)
``War Is Kind''	498	(1)
Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872--1906)
``We Wear the Mask''	499	(1)
Robert Frost (1874--1963)
``Mending Wall''	499	(1)
``Birches''	500	(2)
``'Out, Out---'''	502	(1)
``Fire and Ice''	502	(1)
``Design''	503	(1)
Carl Sandburg (1878--1967)
``Fog''	503	(1)
``Grass''	503	(1)
``Chicago''	504	(1)
Wallace Stevens (1879--1955)
``The Emperor of Ice Cream''	505	(1)
``Anecdote of the Jar''	505	(1)
William Carlos Williams (1883--1963)
``Danse Russe''	505	(1)
``The Red Wheelbarrow''	506	(1)
D. H. Lawrence (1885--1930)
``Piano''	506	(1)
``Snake''	507	(2)
T. S. Eliot (1888--1965)
``The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock''	509	(3)
Claude McKay (1890--1948)
``America''	512	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892--1950)
``Oh, Oh, You Will Be Sorry for That Word''	512	(1)
``First Fig''	513	(1)
Wilfred Owen (1893--1918)
``Dulce et Decorum Est''	513	(1)
E. E. Cummings (1894--1962)
``in Just-''	514	(1)
``next to of course god america i''	515	(1)
``she being Brand''	515	(1)
``pity this busy monster, manunkind''	516	(1)
Jean Toomer (1894--1967)
``Reapers''	516	(1)
Stevie Smith (1902--1971)
``Not Waving But Drowning''	517	(1)
Countee Cullen (1903--1946)
``Incident''	517	(1)
Pablo Neruda (1904--1973)
``The United Fruit Co.''	518	(1)
``Sweetness, Always''	519	(1)
W. H. Auden (1907--1973)
``Funeral Blues''	520	(1)
Theodore Roethke (1908--1963)
``Dolor''	521	(1)
``I Knew a Woman''	521	(1)
Elizabeth Bishop (1911--1979)
``One Art''	522	(1)
May Sarton (1912--1995)
``AIDS''	522	(1)
Robert Hayden (1913--1980)
``Those Winter Sundays''	523	(1)
Karl Shapiro (1913--2000)
``Auto Wreck''	524	(1)
Randall Jarrell (1914--1965)
``The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner''	525	(1)
Octavio Paz (1914--1998)
``The Street''	525	(1)
Dudley Randall (1914--2000)
``To the Mercy Killers''	525	(1)
Dylan Thomas (1914--1953)
``The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower''	526	(1)
``Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night''	527	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks (1917--2000)
``Sadie and Maud''	527	(1)
``The Bean Eaters''	528	(1)
Howard Nemerov (1920--1991)
``The Goose Fish''	528	(1)
Richard Wilbur (1921-- )
``Love Calls Us to the Things of This World''	529	(1)
Philip Larkin (1922--1985)
``Home Is So Sad''	530	(1)
James Dickey (1923--1997)
``The Leap''	530	(2)
Wislawa Szymborska (1923-- )
``End and Beginning''	532	(1)
Lisel Mueller (1924-- )
``Things''	533	(1)
Maxine Kumin (1925-- )
``Woodchucks''	533	(1)
Allen Ginsberg (1926--1997)
``A Supermarket in California''	534	(1)
James Wright (1927--1980)
``Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio''	535	(1)
Anne Sexton (1928--1974)
``You All Know the Story of the Other Woman''	535	(1)
Adrienne Rich (1929-- )
``Aunt Jennifer's Tigers''	536	(1)
Adrian Henri (1932--2000)
``Any Prince to Any Princess''	536	(2)
Sylvia Plath (1932--1963)
``Mirror''	538	(1)
``Daddy''	538	(2)
John Updike (1932-- )
``Ex-Basketball Player''	540	(1)
Linda Pastan (1932-- )
``Ethics''	541	(1)
``Marks''	542	(1)
Imamu Amiri Baraka (1934-- )
``Biography''	542	(1)
Audre Lorde (1934--1992)
``Hanging Fire''	543	(1)
Marge Piercy (1936-- )
``Barbie Doll''	544	(1)
``The Woman in the Ordinary''	544	(1)
Seamus Heaney (1939-- )
``Digging''	545	(1)
John Lennon (1940--1980) and Paul McCartney (1942-- )
``Eleanor Rigby''	546	(1)
Sharon Olds (1942-- )
``The Death of Marilyn Monroe''	547	(1)
``Sex Without Love''	547	(1)
Nikki Giovanni (1943-- )
``Dreams''	548	(1)
Gina Valdes (1943-- )
``My Mother Sews Blouses''	549	(1)
Yusef Komunyakaa (1947-- )
``Facing It''	549	(1)
``My Father's Love Letters''	550	(1)
Rita Dove (1952-- )
``Daystar''	551	(1)
Alberto Rios (1952-- )
``In Second Grade Miss Lee I Promised Never to Forget You and I Never Did''	552	(1)
Jimmy Santiago Baca (1952-- )
``There Are Black''	553	(1)
Judith Ortiz Cofer (1952-- )
``Latin Women Pray''	554	(1)
Cornelius Eady (1954-- )
``The Supremes''	554	(1)
Louise Erdrich (1954-- )
``Indian Boarding School: The Runaways''	555	(1)
Martin Espada (1957-- )
``Coca-Cola and Coco Frio''	556	(1)
``Liberating a Pillar of Tortillas''	556	(1)
Paired Poems for Comparison	557	(11)
Christopher Marlowe (1564--1593)
``The Passionate Shepherd to His Love''	558	(1)
Sir Walter Raleigh (1552?--1618)
``The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd''	558	(1)
Robert Browning (1812--1889)
``My Last Duchess''	559	(1)
Gabriel Spera (1966-- )
``My Ex-Husband''	560	(2)
Thomas Hardy (1840--1928)
``The Convergence of the Twain''	562	(1)
David R. Slavitt (1935-- )
``Titanic''	563	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869--1935)
``Richard Cory''	564	(1)
Paul Simon (1942-- )
``Richard Cory''	564	(1)
Robert Frost (1874--1963)
``The Road Not Taken''	565	(1)
Blanche Farley (1937-- )
``The Lover Not Taken''	566	(1)
William Stafford (1914--1993)
``Traveling Through the Dark''	566	(1)
Mary Oliver (1935-- )
``The Black Snake''	567	(1)
Poets' Profiles	568	(15)
Part IV Writing About Drama	583	(103)
How Do I Read a Play?	585	(5)
Listen to the Lines	585	(1)
Visualize the Scene	586	(1)
Envision the Action	587	(1)
Drama on Film	588	(2)
Chart 14-1 Critical Questions for Reading Plays	589	(1)
Writing About Dramatic Structure	590	(49)
What Is Dramatic Structure?	590	(1)
Looking at Dramatic Structure	591	(36)
Sophocles, Antigone	592	(35)
Prewriting	627	(1)
Analyzing Dramatic Structure	627	(1)
Writing	628	(2)
Discovering a Workable Argumentative Thesis	628	(1)
Quoting from a Play	629	(1)
Ideas for Writing	630	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	630	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	630	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	631	(1)
Rewriting	631	(1)
Avoiding Unclear Language	631	(1)
Sample Student Paper: Drama	632	(7)
Questions for Discussion	638	(1)
Writing About Character	639	(47)
What Is the Modern Hero?	639	(1)
The Classical Tragic Hero	639	(1)
The Modern Tragic Hero	640	(1)
Looking at the Modern Hero	640	(42)
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie	640	(42)
Prewriting	682	(1)
Analyzing the Characters	682	(1)
Writing	682	(1)
Choosing a Structure	683	(1)
Ideas for Writing	683	(1)
Ideas for Responsive Writing	683	(1)
Ideas for Critical Writing	684	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	684	(1)
Rewriting	684	(2)
Developing Paragraphs Specifically	685	(1)
Exercise on Providing Quotations	685	(1)
CASEBOOK The Glass Menagerie: Interpreting Amanda	686	(90)
Review of The Glass Menagerie	687	(1)
Burton Rasco
``Diverse, Unique Amanda''	687	(1)
Howard Taubman
``Tennessee Williams' Gallery of Feminine Characters''	688	(1)
Durant Da Ponte
``Entering The Glass Menagerie''	688	(1)
C.W.E. Bigsby
``Amanda''	689	(3)
Marc Robinson
Responding to the Critics	691	(1)
For Further Reading and Research	691	(1)
Drama for Writing: The Research Paper	692	(84)
What Is Cultural Analysis?	692	(46)
Looking at Cultural Issues	693	(1)
David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly	693	(45)
Using Library Sources in Your Writing	738	(1)
A Student Researcher's Process	738	(1)
Prewriting	739	(8)
Finding a Thesis	739	(1)
Figure 17-1 Reading Notes	740	(1)
Locating Sources	741	(1)
The Online Catalog	741	(1)
Indexes and Databases	742	(1)
Using the Internet	742	(1)
Chart 17-1 Internet Sources for Literature	743	(2)
Evaluating Online Sources	745	(1)
Reference Works in Print	745	(1)
Chart 17-2 Selected Reference Works in Literature	746	(1)
Taking Notes	747	(1)
Writing	747	(3)
Developing a Plan	747	(1)
Writing Before Researching	748	(1)
Avoiding Plagiarism	749	(1)
Introducing Quotations	750	(1)
Ideas for Researched Writing	750	(2)
About Short Stories	750	(1)
About Poetry	751	(1)
About Drama	752	(1)
Rewriting	752	(1)
Citing Sources	752	(1)
Including Informational Notes	753	(1)
Editing	753	(1)
Chart 17-3 Checklist for Accurate Documentation	754
Sample Documented Students Papers	753	(2)
Paper on Drama: Final Draft	755	(9)
Paper on a Short Story: Final Draft	764	(4)
Explanation of the MLA Documentation Style	768	(8)
Sample Entries for a Works Cited List	770	(4)
Citing Electronic Publications	774	(2)
Anthology of Drama	776	(283)
Sophocles (ca. 496 -- ca. 405 B.C.)
Oedipus the King	776	(42)
William Shakespeare (1564--1616)
Othello, the Moor of Venice	818	(86)
Henrik Ibsen (1828--1906)
A Doll's House	904	(50)
Susan Glaspell (1882--1948)
Trifles	954	(10)
Edward Albee (1928-- )
The Sandbox	964	(4)
Lorraine Hansberry (1930--1965)
A Raisin in the Sun	968	(54)
Luis Valdez (1940-- )
Los Vendidos	1022	(8)
David Ives (1950-- )
Sure Thing	1030	(7)
Wendy Wasserstein (1950-- )
Tender Offer	1037	(6)
Harvey Fierstein (1954-- )
On Tidy Endings	1043	(16)
Part V The Editing Process	1059	(2)
A Handbook for Correcting Errors	1061	(29)
Proofreading	1061	(1)
Correcting Sentence Boundary Errors	1061	(5)
Phrases and Clauses	1061	(1)
Fragments	1061	(1)
Chart A Examples of Phrases and Clauses	1062	(1)
Chart B Kinds of Phrases	1063	(1)
Chart C Kinds of Clauses	1064	(1)
Comma Splices	1065	(1)
Run-On Sentences	1066	(1)
Clearing Up Confused Sentences	1067	(1)
Solving Faulty Predication Problems	1067	(1)
Fixing Subject-Verb Agreement Errors	1068	(2)
Fixing Pronoun Errors	1070	(3)
Correcting Shifts in Person	1073	(1)
Correcting Shifts in Tense	1074	(1)
Finding Modifier Mistakes	1075	(1)
Coping with Irregular Verbs	1076	(1)
Getting Verbs Right	1076	(1)
Writing in Active Voice	1077	(1)
Solving Punctuation Problems	1077	(2)
Using Necessary Commas Only	1079	(1)
Using Apostrophes	1080	(2)
Distinguishing Hyphens from Dashes	1082	(1)
Integrating Quotations Gracefully	1082	(1)
Quoting from a Story: Crediting Sources	1082	(1)
Quoting from a Poem	1083	(1)
Quoting from a Play	1084	(1)
Punctuating Quoted Material	1084	(3)
Writing Smooth Transitions	1087	(1)
Catching Careless Mistakes	1088	(2)
Appendix: Critical Approaches for Interpreting Literature	1090	(6)
Formalism	1090	(1)
Historical Approaches	1091	(1)
Biographical	1091	(1)
Cultural	1091	(1)
Marxist	1092	(1)
Psychological Approaches	1092	(1)
Mythological and Archetypal Approaches	1093	(1)
Gender Focus	1093	(1)
Reader Response	1094	(1)
Deconstruction	1094	(1)
Where Do You Stand?	1095	(1)
Glossary of Literary and Rhetorical Terms	1096	(10)
Credits	1106	(5)
Index of Authors, Titles, and First Lines of Poetry	1111	(8)
Subject Index	1119

Excerpts

This book grew out of our long-standing interest in the possibilities of integrating the study of literature with the practice of composition. Many of our students have learned to write perceptively and well using literature as their subject matter. Great literature is always thought-provoking, always new. Why not utilize it to sharpen critical thinking and improve writing skills? Toward that end, we have combined an introduction to literature anthology with detailed instruction in the writing process. Our Purpose Literature and the Writing Process,Seventh Edition, presents literary selections as materials for students to read, analyze, and write about, not as models for them to emulate. The text is designed to guide students through the allied processes of active reading and critical writing. In order to provide a wide range of options for writing, we have included in each chapter both responsive writing topics and critical writing topics, plus researched writing topics, new to this edition. Our Organization The writing instruction, presented concurrently with the literary study, follows the widely accepted order of beginning with larger questions of content and organization and proceeding to particular matters, such as word choice, sentence structure, and manuscript form. On the challenging tasks of devising a sound thesis and discovering theme in a literary work, we provide detailed guidance. At the end of the instruction on each literary genre appears a generous anthology of literary selections in that genre--first short stories, next poems, and then plays. We also include a section called "Paired Poems for Comparison," composed of six poems, each followed by a response written by another poet. In theInstructor's Manualwe have included class discussion questions and additional writing topics for each selection in the three anthologies, as well as in the casebooks and the "Paired Poems." Student Writing Samples To promote a clear understanding of writing as process, we provide as illustrations throughout Part I the complete protocol that one of our students followed in preparing an essay--samples of her prewriting, drafting, postwriting outlining, revising, editing, and final draft. There are many other aids. In Chapter 17 on researched writing, we include another student's summary of the steps she followed in preparing her research paper on a contemporary play. Her reading notes show how she arrived at a thesis for her documented paper, which appears in full in its final raft. Five additional student essays are included: one illustrates the incorporation of library resources in analyzing a short story; one offers an unusual response to a poem; another uses gender theory in developing an interpretation; two more demonstrate visually the revising process by showing annotated first drafts, followed by the finished versions. New to This Edition As always, we have been guided by the advice of our reviewers in revising this edition. Besides updating the anthologies, we have significantly increased and updated our coverage of researched writing and have added a comprehensive casebook on Langston Hughes. Here is a list of the major changes. Pedagogical features An expanded and updated discussion of researched writing, with detailed coverage on the use and documentation of electronic sources (Chap. 17) Topics "For Further Reading and Research" in all chapters and casebooks. Further instruction on the elements of argument and about arguing an interpretation (Chap. 2) Expanded discussion of critical reading and writing skills (Chap. 1) New topics for discussion and writing linked to current critical strategies in all chapters and casebooks Additional prewriting activities encouraging students to read and respond more imaginatively Revised and expanded discussions of structure (Cha