Living with the Earth : Concepts in Environmental Health S Cience : A Web-enhanced Book

by Moore, Gary S.

• ISBN13: 9781566703574
• ISBN10: 1566703573
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-04-01
• Publisher: CRC Pr I Llc

Summary

Living with the Earth: Concepts in Environmental Health Science- A Web-Enhanced Book incorporates traditional concepts in environmental and health science with new, emerging, and controversial issues associated with environmental threats to human health and ecology. Opposing scientific views on major issues such as global warming, overpopulation, the causes of cancer, endocrine disrupters, and many other issues are presented with a balanced and objective view. The book has a technological edge because it is web-enhanced -- with a website kept current by the author -- making it a "living" environmental health book.

Table of Contents

Ecosystems and Energy Flow	1-1	(1)
Introduction	1-2	(1)
Climate	1-3	(1)
What Is It?	1-3	(1)
How Is Climate Affected?	1-3	(1)
Ecosystems and Biomes	1-7	(1)
Ecosystems	1-7	(1)
Biomes	1-8	(1)
Tundra	1-8	(1)
Taiga	1-11	(1)
Temperate Areas	1-12	(1)
The Tropical Rainforest	1-14	(1)
Deserts	1-16	(1)
Energy Flow	1-18	(1)
Energy Source	1-18	(1)
Consumption Types and Trophic Levels	1-21	(1)
Nutrients	1-23	(1)
Recycling	1-23	(1)
Nutrient Cycles	1-24	(1)
The Process of Succession and Retrogression	1-28	(1)
Succession	1-28	(1)
Retrogression	1-29	(1)
Human Population	2-1	(1)
Introduction	2-2	(1)
The Characteristics of Population	2-3	(1)
Population Dynamics	2-7	(1)
Population Trends in the World	2-13	(1)
Historical Trends	2-14	(1)
Growth Rate	2-17	(1)
Doubling Time	2-18	(1)
Demographic Transition	2-19	(1)
Incomplete Demographic Transition	2-19	(1)
Current Population Trends	2-20	(1)
Population Decreases in the Developed Countries	2-21	(1)
Current Populations Trends in LDCs	2-27	(1)
Predicted Future Trends in Populations	2-29	(1)
Urbanization	2-30	(1)
What Is Urbanization?	2-30	(1)
The Role of Urbanization in the Spread of Disease	2-32	(1)
Violence in Developing Urban Centers	2-32	(1)
Environmental Degradation	2-33	(1)
The Control of Population	2-34	(1)
Empowerment or Force?	2-34	(1)
Population Policies in Some Countries	2-34	(1)
India	2-34	(1)
Peru	2-35	(1)
China	2-36	(1)
Family Planning Versus Population Control	2-36	(1)
Methods of Fertility Control	2-37	(1)
Introduction	2-37	(1)
Contraceptive Methods that are Reversible	2-37	(1)
Natural Birth Control and Family Planning	2-37	(1)
Abstinence	2-37	(1)
Hormonal	2-38	(1)
Spermicides	2-39	(1)
Barrier Methods of Contraception	2-39	(1)
Intrauterine Devices	2-41	(1)
Contraceptive Methods that are Permanent	2-41	(1)
Abortion	2-42	(1)
Environmental Degradation and Food Security	3-1	(1)
Introduction: The Debate	3-2	(1)
Technology and Policy will Save the Day	3-3	(1)
The Green Revolution	3-3	(1)
Energy	3-8	(1)
Attitude and Behavior	3-10	(1)
What Now?	3-12	(1)
Impacts on the Environment	3-12	(1)
Deforestation	3-13	(1)
Rainforests	3-13	(1)
Forests in Developed Countries	3-18	(1)
Soil Degradation	3-18	(1)
What Is Soil?	3-18	(1)
Soil Biomes	3-19	(1)
Soil Erosion	3-20	(1)
The Process of Desertification	3-23	(1)
What Is Desertification?	3-24	(1)
The Costs of Desertification	3-25	(1)
Wetlands	3-26	(1)
What Are They?	3-26	(1)
Benefits of Wetlands	3-28	(1)
Wetland Losses	3-28	(1)
The Loss of Biodiversity and Extinction of Species	3-30	(1)
Background	3-30	(1)
Loss in Biodiversity	3-31	(1)
Threats of Biodiversity	3-33	(1)
Protecting Endangered and Threatened Species	3-36	(1)
Food Production & Security	3-38	(1)
Food Production	3-39	(1)
Reasons for Regional Food Shortages	3-39	(1)
Sources	3-44	(1)
Food Security	3-46	(1)
Worldwide	3-46	(1)
Hunger in America	3-47	(1)
Environmental Disease	4-1	(1)
Introduction	4-2	(1)
Defining the Term ``Environment'' in Relation to Disease	4-4	(1)
Defining Disease	4-6	(1)
Infectious Disease	4-6	(1)
Physical and Chemical Injury	4-9	(1)
Developmental Disease	4-11	(1)
Neoplastic Disease	4-11	(1)
Nutritional Disease	4-12	(1)
Environmental Disease	4-12	(1)
The Role of Genetics in Disease	4-13	(1)
Structure and Function	4-13	(1)
Protein Biosynthesis	4-16	(1)
Diseases of Genetics and Development	4-18	(1)
Genetic Abnormalities	4-18	(1)
Teratologic Diseases	4-21	(1)
New Approaches in Genetics	4-23	(1)
Methods of Studying Genes	4-23	(1)
The Hunt for Environmental Genes	4-26	(1)
The Promise of Gene Therapy	4-28	(1)
The Ethical Dilemma	4-28	(1)
Cancer	4-29	(1)
What Is It?	4-29	(1)
How Does Cancer Develop?	4-31	(1)
Major Cancer Risks	4-34	(1)
Trends in Cancer	4-36	(1)
Toxicity and Toxins	5-1	(1)
Introduction	5-2	(1)
Exposure and Entry Routes	5-4	(1)
Exposure	5-4	(1)
Routes of Entry	5-5	(1)
Respiratory System	5-6	(1)
The Skin	5-9	(1)
The Gastrointestinal Tract	5-10	(1)
Mechanisms of Action	5-12	(1)
Effects of Toxic Agents of Enzymes	5-12	(1)
The Direct Action of Pollutants on Cell Components	5-14	(1)
Pollutants that Cause Secondary Actions	5-14	(1)
Factors Governing Toxicity	5-25	(1)
Chemical Properties	5-25	(1)
Concentration	5-25	(1)
Interactions	5-27	(1)
Age	5-27	(1)
Exercise and Physical Stress	5-28	(1)
Health Status	5-28	(1)
Some Specific Examples of Toxic Agents	5-28	(1)
Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Health	5-28	(1)
Hormone Function	5-28	(1)
Adverse Effects of Endocrine Disruption	5-29	(1)
What Are Endocrine Disruptors and How Do They Work?	5-30	(1)
Reducing Exposure	5-32	(1)
Dioxin	5-33	(1)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)	5-36	(1)
Lead	5-38	(1)
Organic Solvents	5-42	(1)
Asbestos	5-44	(1)
Mercury	5-46	(1)
The Trouble with Pests	6-1	(1)
Introduction	6-2	(1)
What Are Pests?	6-3	(1)
Insects and Other Arthropods	6-5	(1)
General Structure and Development	6-5	(1)
Bedbugs and Kissing Bugs	6-6	(1)
Flies	6-7	(1)
Mosquitoes	6-9	(1)
Fleas	6-11	(1)
Lice	6-12	(1)
Roaches	6-14	(1)
Ticks and Mites	6-15	(1)
Mites	6-15	(1)
Ticks	6-16	(1)
Rodents and Pests	6-18	(1)
Rodent Characteristics	6-18	(1)
Importance as Pests and Vectors of Disease	6-20	(1)
Rodent Control	6-22	(1)
Pesticides	6-23	(1)
History	6-23	(1)
Insect Resistance	6-25	(1)
The Health and Ecological Effects of Pesticides	6-27	(1)
Exposures	6-27	(1)
Children at Risk	6-27	(1)
Exposures in LDCs	6-29	(1)
The Counter Arguments	6-29	(1)
Ecological Concerns	6-30	(1)
The Proliferation of Pesticides Globally	6-31	(1)
Types of Pesticides	6-32	(1)
Insecticides	6-32	(1)
Organochlorines	6-32	(1)
Organophosphates	6-34	(1)
Carbamates	6-36	(1)
Botanical and Biological Insecticides and Other Alternatives	6-36	(1)
Herbicides	6-38	(1)
Rodenticides	6-39	(1)
Emerging Diseases	7-1	(1)
Introduction	7-2	(1)
Emerging Diseases in the United States	7-2	(1)
Emerging Diseases Worldwide	7-3	(1)
What Is an Emerging Infectious Disease?	7-5	(1)
Reasons for the Emergence of Infectious Disease	7-5	(1)
Ecological Changes (Agriculture and Climate)	7-8	(1)
Agriculture	7-8	(1)
Climate	7-9	(1)
Human Demographic Changes (Urbanization) and Behavior	7-10	(1)
Travel and Commerce	7-11	(1)
Travel	7-11	(1)
Commerce	7-12	(1)
More Than Transporation Required	7-12	(1)
Technology and Industry (Globalization)	7-13	(1)
Microbial Adaptation and Change (Resistance)	7-14	(1)
Antibiotic Resistance	7-14	(1)
Antibiotics in Livestock Feed	7-16	(1)
Viruses	7-16	(1)
Breakdown of Public Health Measures	7-17	(1)
Specific Emerging Diseases	7-17	(1)
Viruses	7-17	(1)
Hantavirus	7-18	(1)
Dengue Fever	7-20	(1)
Influenza	7-22	(1)
Ebola	7-25	(1)
AIDS/HIV	7-27	(1)
Bacteria	7-30	(1)
Escherichia coli	7-30	(1)
Lyme Disease	7-32	(1)
Streptococcus	7-34	(1)
Tuberculosis	7-36	(1)
Parasites	7-38	(1)
Cryptosporidium	7-38	(1)
Malaria	7-39	(1)
Practical Approaches to Limiting the Emergence of Infectious Disease	7-43	(1)
Foodborne Illness	8-1	(1)
Introduction	8-2	(1)
Worldwide Distribution of Foodborne Pathogens	8-3	(1)
Reasons for Food Protection Programs	8-5	(1)
Morbidity and Mortality Due to Foodborne Illness	8-5	(1)
Economic Consequences of Foodborne Illness	8-5	(1)
Causative Agents of Foodborne Illness	8-6	(1)
Radionuclides	8-6	(1)
Chemicals	8-8	(1)
Packaging Materials	8-8	(1)
Antimony	8-8	(1)
Cadmium	8-8	(1)
Lead	8-9	(1)
Industrial Processes	8-9	(1)
Mercury	8-9	(1)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls	8-9	(1)
Pesticides	8-10	(1)
Food Additives	8-10	(1)
Saccharin	8-11	(1)
Monosodium Glutamate	8-11	(1)
Nitrates and Nitrites	8-11	(1)
GRAS	8-12	(1)
Color Additives	8-12	(1)
Poisonous Plants and Animals	8-12	(1)
Plant Sources	8-13	(1)
Animal Sources	8-14	(1)
Foodborne Pathogens	8-15	(1)
Parasitic Infections	8-16	(1)
The Nematodes	8-17	(1)
The Protozoans	8-21	(1)
Viruses	8-23	(1)
Fungi	8-26	(1)
Bacteria	8-30	(1)
Factors Frequently Cited in Foodborne Illness	8-39	(1)
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points	8-40	(1)
Assessing the Hazard	8-40	(1)
Identifying Critical Contol Points	8-42	(1)
Establishing Standard Procedures and Setting the Critical Limits	8-42	(1)
Monitoring Procedures	8-42	(1)
Corrective Actions	8-43	(1)
Record Keeping	8-43	(1)
Verification the HACCP System Is Working Correctly	8-43	(1)
United States Regulatory Efforts with Regard to Food Protection	8-43	(1)
Surveillance Efforts	8-44	(1)
Water and Wastewater	9-1	(1)
Introduction	9-2	(1)
The Properties of Water	9-3	(1)
Hydrological Cycle	9-3	(1)
Water Resources	9-4	(1)
Water and Health	9-5	(1)
Water Shortage and Scarcity	9-5	(1)
Water Rights and Conflict	9-6	(1)
Water Consumption and Management	9-7	(1)
Water Use	9-8	(1)
Overview	9-8	(1)
Agriculture	9-8	(1)
Industry	9-8	(1)
Domestic	9-8	(1)
Sources of Drinking Water	9-9	(1)
Surface Water	9-9	(1)
Groundwater	9-9	(1)
Wells	9-10	(1)
Groundwater Contamination	9-11	(1)
Recharge and Water Mining	9-12	(1)
Subsidence and Salinization	9-13	(1)
Groundwater Protection	9-14	(1)
Other Sources	9-15	(1)
Desalinization	9-15	(1)
Bottled water	9-15	(1)
Dams	9-16	(1)
Water Re-use	9-16	(1)
Water Pollution	9-17	(1)
Overview	9-17	(1)
Water Quality	9-18	(1)
Right to Know	9-19	(1)
Types of Pollution	9-20	(1)
Inorganic Compounds	9-20	(1)
Synthetic Organic Compounds	9-20	(1)
Radioactive Material	9-20	(1)
Sources of Pollution	9-21	(1)
Overview	9-21	(1)
Underground Injection Wells	9-21	(1)
Industrial Discharges	9-21	(1)
Agriculture	9-22	(1)
Pesticides	9-22	(1)
Fertilizer	9-22	(1)
Stormwater	9-23	(1)
Acid Mine Drainage	9-23	(1)
Waterborne Disease	9-23	(1)
Water Treatment	9-24	(1)
Municipal Water Treatment	9-24	(1)
Disinfection	9-25	(1)
Home Water Treatment	9-26	(1)
Regulations	9-26	(1)
Safe Drinking Water Act	9-26	(1)
Wastewater Disposal and Treatment	9-27	(1)
Sewage	9-27	(1)
Biological Oxygen Demand	9-27	(1)
Types of Disposal	9-28	(1)
Pit Privies	9-28	(1)
Septic Systems	9-28	(1)
Municipal Sewage Treatment	9-30	(1)
Water Pollution and Health	9-36	(1)
Future Outlook	9-36	(1)
Air, Noise, and Radiation	10-1	(1)
Introduction	10-2	(1)
The Atmosphere and Methods of Dispersion	10-4	(1)
Chemical Characteristics	10-4	(1)
Physical Characteristics	10-6	(1)
Solar Radiation	10-6	(1)
Vertical Temperature Differences and Atmospheric Regions	10-7	(1)
Atmospheric Pressure and Density	10-9	(1)
Atmospheric Inversions	10-12	(1)
The History of Air Pollution Control in The United States	10-15	(1)
Titles of the Clean Air Act	10-16	(1)
Title I Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of the NAAQS	10-16	(1)
Title II: Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources	10-18	(1)
Title III: Air Toxics	10-18	(1)
Title IV: Acid Deposition Control	10-19	(1)
Title V: Permits	10-20	(1)
Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Protection	10-20	(1)
Other Titles of the 1990 CAAA	10-24	(1)
Revised Ozone and Particulate Standards	10-24	(1)
The Issue of Global Warming	10-25	(1)
The Hot Air Treaty, Kyoto, Japan	10-25	(1)
Global Warming: The Controversy	10-25	(1)
Factors Effecting Global Climate Change	10-28	(1)
Orbital Geometry as a Factor Effecting Climate	10-28	(1)
Changes in Ocean Temperature	10-29	(1)
Volcanic Activity	10-30	(1)
Solar Radiation	10-31	(1)
The Criteria Pollutants	10-31	(1)
Introduction	10-31	(1)
Particulate Matter (PM)	10-32	(1)
Ozone and the Photochemical Oxidants	10-34	(1)
Carbon Monoxide	10-36	(1)
Lead	10-36	(1)
Sulfur Oxides	10-36	(1)
Health and Welfare Effects	10-36	(1)
Acid Deposition	10-37	(1)
Effect of Acid Deposition on Ecology	10-38	(1)
Nitrogen Oxides	10-40	(1)
Health Implications of Air Pollutants	10-40	(1)
How Air Pollution Effects the Respiratory System	10-41	(1)
Indoor Air Pollution	10-43	(1)
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution	10-43	(1)
Signs of Indoor Air Pollution	10-45	(1)
Common Indoor Air Pollutants	10-46	(1)
Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Other Combusted Materials	10-46	(1)
Radon	10-47	(1)
Biological Contaminants	10-49	(1)
Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, and Respirable Particles	10-50	(1)
Organic Gases, Pesticides	10-50	(1)
Formaldehyde	10-50	(1)
Noise	10-51	(1)
Introduction	10-51	(1)
The Physics of Sound	10-51	(1)
Physiology of Sound and Health Effects	10-53	(1)
Regulation of Noise	10-55	(1)
Radiation	10-56	(1)
Introduction	10-56	(1)
Ionizing Radiation	10-56	(1)
Radioisotopes	10-58	(1)
Radiation Exposure	10-58	(1)
Natural Sources	10-58	(1)
Enhanced Natural Sources	10-59	(1)
Human-Generated Sources	10-59	(1)
Health Impacts of Ionizing Radiation	10-59	(1)
Dosage	10-59	(1)
Dose Rate	10-60	(1)
Radiation-Induced Mutations	10-60	(1)
Radiation and Birth Defects	10-60	(1)
Radiation-Induced Cancer	10-60	(1)
Radiation and Nuclear Power Generation	10-60	(1)
Ultraviolet Radiation	10-60	(1)
Microwave Radiation	10-61	(1)
Solid & Hazardous Waste	11-1	(1)
Introduction	11-2	(1)
Definition and Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste	11-5	(1)
Definition of MSW	11-5	(1)
Characterization of MSW	11-5	(1)
Collection and Disposal of Solid Waste	11-8	(1)
Collection of MSW	11-8	(1)
Management of MSW	11-10	(1)
Landfills	11-11	(1)
Source Reduction	11-15	(1)
Recovery for Recycling (Including Composting)	11-16	(1)
Composting	11-22	(1)
Combustion	11-23	(1)
Hazardous Wastes	11-27	(1)
Background	11-27	(1)
What Is a Hazardous Waste?	11-28	(1)
Hazardous Waste Regulations	11-29	(1)
The Management of Hazardous Wastes	11-30	(1)
Reduction of Generation of Hazardous Waste	11-30	(1)
Technologies for Hazardous Waste Treatment	11-31	(1)
Hazardous Waste Disposal	11-33	(1)
Cleaning Up	11-35	(1)
Assessing Human Risk	12-1	(1)
Introduction	12-2	(1)
Environmental Risk	12-4	(1)
Risk Characteristics	12-5	(1)
Development of Risk Analysis	12-5	(1)
Tools of Risk Analysis	12-6	(1)
Toxicology	12-7	(1)
Dose	12-8	(1)
Extrapolation	12-9	(1)
Acceptable Daily Intakes	12-10	(1)
Epidemiology	12-10	(1)
What Is It?	12-10	(1)
Study Types	12-11	(1)
Bias	12-11	(1)
Clinical Trials	12-11	(1)
Cellular Testing	12-12	(1)
The Process of Risk Analysis	12-12	(1)
Hazard Identification	12-13	(1)
Dose-Response Assessment	12-13	(1)
Exposure Assessment	12-13	(1)
Risk Characterization	12-14	(1)
Limitations of Risk Analysis	12-15	(1)
Risk Management and Communication	12-16	(1)
Management	12-16	(1)
Risk Communication	12-18	(1)
Environmental Laws & Compliance	13-1	(1)
Introduction	13-2	(1)
Environmental Laws-Some Fundamentals	13-3	(1)
The Making of a Law	13-3	(1)
Environmental Laws Are Part of a System	13-3	(1)
Federal Environmental Laws	13-6	(1)
Managing Hazardous Waste	13-6	(1)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)	13-7	(1)
Identifying a Hazardous Waste	13-9	(1)
Tracking a Hazardous Waste	13-9	(1)
Other Requirements Under RCRA	13-9	(1)
Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)	13-10	(1)
Steps in Superfund: Find, Prioritize, and Clean	13-10	(1)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know (SARA Title III)	13-11	(1)
Transportation of Hazardous Materials	13-13	(1)
Pollution Prevention and Improved Waste Management Programs	13-14	(1)
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)	13-15	(1)
Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks	13-16	(1)
Pesticide Regulation	13-18	(1)
Air Quality Control	13-18	(1)
Title I- Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of the NAAQS	13-18	(1)
Title II-Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources	13-20	(1)
Title III-Hazardous Air Pollutants	13-21	(1)
Title IV-Acid Deposition Control	13-21	(1)
Title V-Permits	13-22	(1)
Title VI-Stratospheric Ozone Protection	13-22	(1)
Title VII-Provisions Relating to Enforcement	13-23	(1)
Water Quality Control	13-23	(1)
Stormwater	13-24	(1)
Oil and Hazardous Substance Spill and Reporting Requirements	13-24	(1)
Compliance Strategies	13-25	(1)
Trends in Regulatory Compliance	13-26	(1)
Appendices	A-1	(1)
Acronyms and Abbreviations	A-1	(1)
Glossary	A-4	(1)
Index	I-1