Location, Localization, and Localizability

by Liu, Yunhao; Yang, Zheng

• ISBN13: 9781441973702
• ISBN10: 1441973702
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-10-30
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This book reflects up-to-date research, fundamental theories, and key techniques of of wireless localization technology and error-controlling techniques. It also presents and discusses the issue of localizability, as well as privacy issues associated with LBS.This book encompasses the significant and quickly growing area of wireless localization technology. It presents comprehensive and up-to-date research in both fundamental theories and key techniques of network localization. In addition to localization approaches, it also is the first book to address the issue of localizability. The privacy issue of LBS technology is also discussed.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
Location-Based Services	p. 1
Location-Based Applications	p. 1
Location-Aided Network Functions	p. 4
Introduction to Localization	p. 5
Book Organization	p. 6
Physical Measurements	p. 9
Distance Measurements	p. 9
Radio Signal Strength	p. 9
Time of Arrival (ToA)	p. 11
Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA)	p. 18
Angle Measurement	p. 19
Area Measurement	p. 20
Single Reference Area Estimation	p. 20
Multireference Area Estimation	p. 21
Hop Count Measurements	p. 22
Neighborhood Measurement	p. 23
Summary	p. 23
One-Hop Location Estimation	p. 27
Distance-Based Positioning Techniques	p. 27
TDoA-Based Positioning Techniques	p. 29
AoA-Based Positioning Techniques	p. 31
RSS-Profiling-Based Positioning Techniques	p. 33
Off-line Profiling Scheme	p. 34
Online Profiling Scheme	p. 34
Range-Based Network Localization	p. 37
Computation Organization	p. 37
Centralized Localization Approaches	p. 38
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)	p. 38
Semidefinite Programming (SDP)	p. 40
Distributed Localization Approaches	p. 42
Beacon-based Localization	p. 42
Coordinate System Stitching	p. 46
Summary	p. 51
Beacon Nodes	p. 51
Node Density	p. 52
Accuracy	p. 52
Cost	p. 52
Range-Free Network Localization	p. 55
Basic Hop-Based Algorithms	p. 55
DV-Hop	p. 55
Amorphous	p. 56
Improved Hop-Based Algorithms for Anisotropic Networks	p. 56
PDM-Based Localization in Anisotropic Networks	p. 56
Rendered Path in Networks with Holes	p. 58
Delaunay-Complex-Based Localization	p. 62
Proximity-Based Algorithms	p. 67
Point-in-Triangulation Test	p. 67
Perpendicular Intersection	p. 68
Relative Distance Estimation	p. 70
Summary	p. 73
Error Control	p. 75
Measurement Errors	p. 75
Errors in Distance Measurements	p. 75
Negative Impact of Noisy Ranging Results	p. 76
Error Characteristics	p. 77
What is CRLB	p. 77
CRLB for Multihop Localization	p. 77
CRLB for One-Hop Localization	p. 78
Localization	p. 79
Location Refinement	p. 82
A Framework of Location Refinement	p. 83
Metrics for Location Refinement	p. 83
Outlier-Resistant Localization	p. 87
Explicitly Sifting	p. 88
Implicitly De-emphasizing	p. 91
Summary	p. 96
Localization for Mobile Networks	p. 97
Overview	p. 97
Monte Carlo Localization	p. 98
Particle Filtering	p. 98
Sequential Monte Carlo Localization	p. 100
Convex Approximation Localization	p. 102
Moving-Baseline Localization	p. 105
Techniques for Universal Localization	p. 109
Localizability	p. 111
Network Localizability	p. 111
Graph Rigidity	p. 112
Globally Rigid Graphs	p. 112
Conditions for Network Localizability	p. 114
Inductive Construction of Globally Rigid Graphs	p. 115
Trilateration	p. 115
Wheel	p. 116
Node Localizability	p. 121
Summary	p. 129
Location Privacy	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Threats	p. 132
How Can the Adversary Obtain Location Information of Others?	p. 132
What Is the Negative Consequence of a Location Leak?	p. 132
Protection Strategies	p. 133
Regulatory Approaches	p. 133
Privacy Policies	p. 134
Anonymity	p. 135
Obfuscation	p. 135
Anonymity-Based Approaches	p. 136
k-Anonymity	p. 137
Mix Zone	p. 138
Using Dummies	p. 140
Path Confusion	p. 141
Comparison	p. 143
Summary	p. 144
Index	p. 147
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