Exploring American Histories offers an entirely new approach to teaching the U.S. survey that puts investigating sources and thinking about the many stories of American history right at the center of your course. The distinctive format integrates primary documents and a brief narrative into one cost-effective and easy-to-use volume. Exploring American Histories features Bedford/St. Martin’s new digital history tools, including LearningCurve, an adaptive quizzing engine that garners over a 90% student satisfaction rate, and LaunchPad, the all new interactive e-book and course space that puts high quality easy-to-use assessment at your fingertips. Easy to integrate into your campus LMS, and featuring video, additional primary sources, a wealth of adaptive and summative quizzing, and more, LaunchPad cements student understanding of the text while helping them make progress toward learning outcomes. It’s the best content joined up with the best technology. Available in combined and split volumes and in a number of affordable print and digital formats.
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Summary
Author Biography
Nancy A. Hewitt (Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania) is Professor of History and of Women’s and Gender Studies at Rutgers University. Her publications include Southern Discomfort: Women’s Activism in Tampa, Florida, 1880s-1920s, for which she received the Julia Cherry Spruill Prize from the Southern Association of Women Historians, Women’s Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822-1872, and the edited volume No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism. She is currently working on a biography of the nineteenth-century radical activist Amy Post and a book that recasts the U.S. woman suffrage movement.Steven F. Lawson (Ph.D., Columbia University) is Professor Emeritus of History at Rutgers University. His research interests include U.S. politics since 1945 and the history of the civil rights movement, with a particular focus on black politics and the interplay between civil rights and political culture in the mid-twentieth century. He is the author of many works including Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America since 1941, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944-1969, and In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965-1982.
Table of Contents
1 Mapping Global Frontiers, to 1585
American Histories: Malintzin and Martin Waldseemüller
Native Peoples in the Americas
Native Peoples Develop Diverse Cultures
The Aztecs, the Maya, and the Incas
Native Cultures to the North
Europe Expands Its Reach
The Mediterranean World
Portugal Pursues Long-Distance Trade
European Encounters with West Africa
Document 1.1 John Lok, The Second Voyage to Guinea, 1554
Worlds Collide
Europeans Cross the Atlantic
Document 1.2 Christopher Columbus, Reaching the West Indies, 1492
Europeans Explore the Americas
Mapmaking and Printing
The Columbian Exchange
Europeans Make Claims to North America
Spaniards Conquer Indian Empires
Document 1.3 Aztec Smallpox Victim, 1540
Spanish Adventurers Head North
Europeans Compete in North America
Spain Seeks Dominion in the Americas
Documents 1.4 and 1.5 European Depictions of the Americas: Two Views
Conclusion: A New America
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 1 Mapping America
Document 1.6 Christopher and Bartolomeo Columbus, Map of Europe and North Africa, c. 1490
Document 1.7 Martin Waldseemüller and Mathias Ringmann, Universalis Cosmographia, 1507
Document 1.8 Piri Reis Map, 1513
Document 1.9 Dauphin Map of Canada, c. 1543
Document 1.10 Map of Cuauhtinchan, 1550
2 Colonization and Conflicts, 1550–1680
American Histories: Captain John Smith and Anne Hutchinson
Religious and Imperial Transformations
The Protestant Reformation
Spain’s Global Empire Declines
France Enters the Race for Empire
Documents 2.1 and 2.2 Indians and Jesuit Missionaries in New France: Two Views
The Dutch Expand into North America
The English Seek an Empire
The English Establish Jamestown
Tobacco Fuels Growth in Virginia
Document 2.3 Simon van de Passe, Engraving of Pocahontas, 1616
Expansion, Rebellion, and the Emergence of Slavery
Document 2.4 Virginia Slave Law, 1662
The English Compete for West Indies Possessions
Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England
Pilgrims Arrive in Massachusetts
The Puritan Migration
The Puritan Worldview
Dissenters Challenge Puritan Authority
Wars in Old and New England
Document 2.5 Captain John Underhill, Attack at Mystic, Connecticut, 1638
Conclusion: European Empires in North America
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 2 King Philip’s War
Document 2.6 John Easton, A Relation of the Indian War, 1675
Document 2.7 Benjamin Church, Passages Relating to Philip’s War, 1716
Document 2.8 Edward Randolph, Report on the War, 1676
Document 2.9 William Nahaton, Petition to Free an Indian Slave, 1675
Document 2.10 Mary Rowlandson, Narrative of Captivity, 1682
3 Global Changes Reshape Colonial America, 1680–1750
American Histories: William Moraley Jr. and Eliza Lucas
Europeans Expand Their Claims
English Colonies Grow and Multiply
Document 3.1 John Locke, On the State of Nature, 1690
France Seeks Land and Control
The Pueblo Revolt and Spain’s Fragile Empire
European Wars and American Consequences
Colonial Conflicts and Indian Alliances
Indians Resist European Encroachment
Document 3.2 The Tuscarora Appeal to the Pennsylvania Government, 1710
Global Conflicts on the Southern Frontier
The Benefits and Costs of Empire
Colonial Traders Join Global Networks
Imperial Policies Focus on Profits
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Document 3.3 Plan of a Slave Ship, 1789
Seaport Cities and Consumer Cultures
Labor in North America
Finding Work in the Northern Colonies
Documents 3.4 and 3.5 Pennsylvania: The Promised Land?: Two Views
Coping with Economic Distress
Rural Americans Face Changing Conditions
Slavery Takes Hold in the South
Africans Resist Their Enslavement
Conclusion: Changing Fortunes in British North America
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 3 The Production of Indigo
Document 3.6 Eliza Lucas Pinckney, Letter to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 1785
Document 3.7 George Milligen-Johnston, A Description of South Carolina, 1770
Document 3.8 Pamphlet on Cultivating Indigo, 1746
Document 3.9 Laboring for Indigo, 1773
Document 3.10 James Habersham, Letter to Benjamin Martyn, June 13, 1751
4 Religious Strife and Social Upheavals, 1680–1750
American Histories: Gilbert Tennent and Sarah Grosvenor
An Ungodly Society?
The Rise of Religious Anxieties
Cries of Witchcraft
Documents 4.1 and 4.2 The Devil’s Work: Two Views
Family and Household Dynamics
Women’s Changing Status
Document 4.3 Will of Edmund Titus, Oyster Bay, New York, 1754
Working Families
Reproduction and Women’s Roles
The Limits of Patriarchal Order
Diversity and Competition in Colonial Society
Population Growth and Economic Competition
Increasing Diversity
Expansion and Conflict
Religious Awakenings
The Roots of the Great Awakening
An Outburst of Revivals
Document 4.4 Nathan Cole, On George Whitefield Coming to Connecticut, 1740
Religious Dissension
Political Awakenings
Changing Political Relations
Dissent and Protest
Transforming Urban Politics
Document 4.5 The Trial of John Peter Zenger, 1736
Conclusion: A Divided Society
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 4 Awakening Religious Tensions
Document 4.6 George Whitefield, Marks of a True Conversion, 1739
Document 4.7 Gilbert Tennent, The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry, 1739
Document 4.8 Newspaper Report on James Davenport, 1743
Document 4.9 Charles Chauncy, Letter to Scottish Minister George Wishart, 1742
Document 4.10 Dr. Squintum’s Exaltation or the Reformation, 1763
5 Wars and Empires, 1750–1774
American Histories: George Washington and Herman Husband
A War for Empire, 1754–1763
The Opening Battles
A Shift to Global War
The Costs of Victory
Battles and Boundaries on the Frontier
Document 5.1 Pontiac, Speech to Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Huron Leaders, 1763
Conflicts over Land and Labor Escalate
Postwar British Policies and Colonial Unity
Common Grievances
Forging Ties across the Colonies
Great Britain Seeks Greater Control
Resistance to Britain Intensifies
The Stamp Act Inspires Coordinated Resistance
Documents 5.2 and 5.3 Protesting the Stamp Act: Two Views
The Townshend Act and the Boston Massacre
Document 5.4 John Dickinson, Letter from a Farmer, 1768
Continuing Conflicts at Home
Tea and Widening Resistance
Document 5.5 The Edenton Proclamation, 1774
The Continental Congress and Colonial Unity
Conclusion: Liberty within Empire
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 5 The Boston Massacre
Document 5.6 Deposition of William Wyatt, March 7, 1770
Document 5.7 Account of Boston Massacre Funeral Procession, March 12, 1770
Document 5.8 Paul Revere, Etching of the Boston Massacre, 1770
Document 5.9 Account of Captain Thomas Preston, June 25, 1770
Document 5.10 John Hancock, Oration on the Boston Massacre, 1774
6 Revolutions, 1775–1783
American Histories: Thomas Paine and Deborah Sampson
The Question of Independence
Armed Conflict Erupts
Building a Continental Army
Reasons for Caution and for Action
Documents 6.1 and 6.2 Debating Independence: Two Views
Declaring Independence
Choosing Sides
Recruiting Supporters
Document 6.3 Oneida Address to Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull, June 1775
Choosing Neutrality
Committing to Independence
Fighting for Independence
British Troops Gain Early Victories
Patriots Prevail in New Jersey
A Critical Year of Warfare
Patriots Gain Critical Assistance
Surviving on the Home Front
Governing in Revolutionary Times
Colonies Become States
Patriots Divide over Slavery
France Allies with the Patriots
Raising Armies and Funds
Document 6.4 Chevalier de Pontgibaud, A French Volunteer at Valley Forge, 1828
Indian Affairs and Land Claims
Winning the War and the Peace
Fighting in the West
War Rages in the South
An Uncertain Peace
Document 6.5 Thomas Peters, Petition to British Cabinet, 1790
A Surprising Victory
Conclusion: Legacies of the Revolution
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 6 Women in the Revolution
Document 6.6 Christian Barnes, Letter to Elizabeth Inman, April 29, 1775
Document 6.7 Deborah Champion, Letter to Patience, October 2, 1775
Document 6.8 Abigail Adams, Letter to John Adams, July 13, 1777
Document 6.9 Esther De Berdt Reed, The Sentiments of an American Woman, 1780
Document 6.10 Mary Jemison, The War’s Impact on Native Americans, 1823
7 Political Cultures, 1783–1800
American Histories: Daniel Shays and Alexander Hamilton
Postwar Problems
Officers Threaten Mutiny
Documents 7.1 and 7.2 Conflicts over Western Lands: Two Views
Indians, Land, and the Northwest Ordinance
Depression and Debt
On the Political Margins
Separating Church and State
African Americans Struggle for Rights
Document 7.3 Petition from Free Blacks of Charleston, 1791
Women Seek Wider Roles
Indebted Farmers Fuel Political Crises
Reframing the American Government
The Philadelphia Convention of 1787
Americans Battle over Ratification
Document 7.4 Amos Singletary, Speech to the Massachusetts Ratifying Convention, 1788
Organizing the Federal Government
Hamilton Forges an Economic Agenda
Years of Crisis, 1792–1796
Foreign Trade and Foreign Wars
The Whiskey Rebellion
Further Conflicts on the Frontier
The First Party System
The Adams Presidency
The Election of 1800
Conclusion: A Young Nation Comes of Age
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 7 The Whiskey Rebellion
Document 7.5 Resolution to the Pennsylvania Legislature, 1791
Document 7.6 The Pittsburgh Resolution, 1794
Document 7.7 George Washington, Proclamation against the Rebels, 1794
Document 7.8 Alexander Hamilton, Letter to George Washington, August 5, 1794
Document 7.9 Alexander Hamilton, Tully’s Pamphlet, 1794
Document 7.10 Francis Kemmelmeyer, George Washington Reviewing Army Troops, 1794
8 New Frontiers, 1790–1820
American Histories: Parker Cleaveland and Sacagawea
Creating an American Identity
Education for a New Nation
Literary and Cultural Developments
Document 8.1 Susanna Rowson, Charlotte Temple, 1791
The Racial Limits of American Culture
Emigration and Colonization
Building a National Capital
Extending U.S. Borders
A New Administration Faces Challenges
Document 8.2 Mary Hassal, Secret History, 1808
Incorporating the Louisiana Territory
The Supreme Court Extends Its Reach
Democratic-Republicans Expand Federal Powers
Remaking the U.S. Economy
The U.S. Population Grows and Migrates
Technology Reshapes Agriculture and Industry
Transforming Household Production
Documents 8.3 and 8.4 Industrial Beginnings in Massachusetts: Two Views
Technology, Cotton, and Slaves
Conclusion: New Frontiers and New Challenges
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 8 Race Relations in the Early Republic
Document 8.5 Thomas Jefferson, Letter to the Marquis de Chastellux, 1785
Document 8.6 Meriwether Lewis, Journal Entry, 1805
Document 8.7 Confession of Solomon, September 1800
Document 8.8 Andrew Jackson, Runaway Slave Advertisement, 1804
Document 8.9 Robert Sutcliff, Travels in Some Parts of North America, 1812
Document 8.10 Free Blacks in Philadelphia Oppose Colonization, 1817
9 Defending and Redefining the Nation, 1809–1832
American Histories: Dolley Madison and John Ross
Conflicts at Home and Abroad
Tensions at Sea and on the Frontier
Document 9.1 Tecumseh, Speech to William Henry Harrison, 1810
War Erupts with Britain
Expanding the Economy and the Nation
Governments Fuel Economic Growth
Americans Expand the Nation’s Borders
Regional Economic Development
Economic and Political Crises
The Panic of 1819
Slavery in Missouri
Documents 9.2 and 9.3 Protesting the Missouri Compromise: Two Views
Redefining American Democracy
Expanding Voting Rights
Racial Restrictions and Antiblack Violence
Political Realignments
The Presidential Election of 1828
Jacksonian Democracy in Action
A Democratic Spirit?
Confrontations over Tariffs and the Bank
Document 9.4 General Jackson Slaying the Many Headed Monster, 1836
Contesting Indian Removal
Conclusion: The Nation Faces New Challenges
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 9 The Panic of 1819
Document 9.5 Auction in Chatham Square Street, 1820
Document 9.6 James Flint, Account of the Panic, 1820
Document 9.7 Virginia Agricultural Society, Antitariff Petition, 1820
Document 9.8 James Kent, Arguments against Expanding Male Voting Rights, 1821
Document 9.9 Nathan Sanford, Arguments for Expanding Male Voting Rights, 1821
10 Slavery Expands South and West, 1830–1850
American Histories: James Henry Hammond and Solomon Northrup
Planters Expand the Slave System
A Plantation Society Develops in the South
Urban Life in the Slave South
The Consequences of Slavery’s Expansion
Document 10.1 Edward Strutt Abdy, Description of Washington D.C., Slave Pen, 1833
Slave Society and Culture
Slaves Fuel the Southern Economy
Developing an African American Culture
Resistance and Rebellion
Planters Tighten Control
Harsher Treatment for Southern Blacks
Documents 10.2 and 10.3 Debating Slavery: Two Views
White Southerners without Slaves
Planters Seek to Unify Southern Whites
Democrats Face Political and Economic Crises
Continued Conflicts over Indian Lands
Document 10.4 Petition of the Women’s Councils to the Cherokee National Council, 1831
The Battle for Texas
Van Buren and the Panic of 1837
The Whigs Gain the White House
Document 10.5 William Henry Harrison Campaign Poster, 1840
The National Government Looks to the West
Expanding to Oregon and Texas
Pursuing War with Mexico
Debates over Slavery Intensify
Conclusion: Geographical Expansion and Political Division
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 10 Claiming Texas
Document 10.6 Mary Austin Holley, Letter to Charles Austin, 1831
Document 10.7 Colonel Gregorio Gomez, Call to Arms against the Texans, 1835
Document 10.8 Colonel William Travis, Appeal for Reinforcements, March 3, 1836
Document 10.9 Benjamin Lundy, The War in Texas, 1836
Document 10.10 Southerners Support Texas Settlers, 1837
Document 10.11 Treaty of Tehuacana Creek, October 9, 1844
11 Social and Cultural Ferment in the North, 1820–1850
American Histories: Charles Grandison Finney and Amy Post
The Growth of Cities
The Lure of Urban Life
The Roots of Urban Disorder
The New Middle Class
The Rise of Industry
Factory Towns and Women Workers
Documents 11.1 and 11.2 Life in the Mills: Two Views
Deskilling and the Response of Working Men
The Panic of 1837 in the North
Rising Class and Cultural Tensions
Document 11.3 Samuel F. B. Morse, The Dangers of Foreign Immigration, 1835
Saving the Nation from Sin
The Second Great Awakening
New Spirits Rising
Transcendentalism
Organizing for Change
Varieties of Reform
The Temperance Movement
Document 11.4 Drunkard’s Home, 1850
Utopian Communities
Document 11.5 George Ripley, Letter to Ralph Waldo Emerson, November 9, 1840
Abolitionism Expands and Divides
The Beginnings of the Antislavery Movement
Abolition Gains Ground and Enemies
Abolitionism and Women’s Rights
The Rise of Antislavery Parties
Conclusion: From the North to the Nation
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 11 The Second Great Awakening and Women’s Activism
Document 11.6 Charles Grandison Finney, What Revival Is, 1835
Document 11.7 Frances Trollope, Description of a Revival Meeting, 1832
Document 11.8 Elizabeth Emery and Mary P. Abbott, Letter to the Liberator, 1836
Document 11.9 Pastoral Letter to the Liberator, 1837
Document 11.10 Sarah Grimké, Response to the Pastoral Letter, 1837
12 Imperial Ambitions and Sectional Crises, 1848–1861
American Histories: John C. Frémont and Dred Scott
Claiming the West
Traveling the Overland Trail
Document 12.1 Elizabeth Smith Geer, Oregon Trail Diary, 1847
The Gold Rush
A Crowded Land
Expansion and the Politics of Slavery
California and the Compromise of 1850
Document 12.2 John C. Calhoun, On the Compromise of 1850, 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act Inspires Northern Protest
Pierce Encourages U.S. Expansion
Sectional Crises Intensify
Popularizing Antislavery Sentiment
Documents 12.3 and 12.4 Slavery in Literature: Two Views
The Kansas-Nebraska Act Stirs Up Dissent
Document 12.5 John Magee, Forcing Slavery down the Throat of a Freesoiler, 1856
Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856
The Dred Scott Decision
From Sectional Crisis to War
John Brown’s Raid
The Election of 1860
The Lower South Secedes
Conclusion: The Coming of the Civil War
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 12 Visions of John Brown
Document 12.6 State Register (Springfield, Illinois), The Irrepressible Conflict, 1859
Document 12.7 Henry David Thoreau, A Plea for Captain John Brown, 1859
Document 12.8 John Brown, Letter to E.B. from Jail, November 1, 1859
Document 12.9 Reverend J. Sella Martin, Day of Mourning Speech, December 2, 1859
Document 12.10 A Southern Paper Reacts to Brown’s Execution, December 3, 1859
Document 12.11 Currier and Ives, John Brown on His Way to Execution, 1863
13 Civil War, 1861–1865
American Histories: Frederick Douglass and Rose O’Neal Greenhow
The Nation Goes to War
The South Embraces Secession
Documents 13.1 and 13.2 Debating Secession in Georgia: Two Views
Both Sides Prepare for War
Fighting for Union or against Slavery?
Debating the Role of African Americans
Document 13.3 Charlotte Forten, Life on the Sea Islands, 1864
Fighting for the Right to Fight
Union Politicians Consider Emancipation
War Transforms the North and the South
Life and Death on the Battlefield
Document 13.4 Timothy H. O’Sullivan, Burial of Federal Dead, Fredericksburg, Virginia, May 1864
The Northern Economy Booms
Urbanization and Industrialization in the South
Women Aid the War Effort
Dissent and Protest in the Midst of War
The Tide of War Turns
Key Victories for the Union
African Americans Contribute to Victory
The Final Battles and the Promise of Peace
Document 13.5 Eleanor Cohen Seixas, Journal Entry, February 1865
Conclusion: An Uncertain Future
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 13 Civil War Letters
Document 13.6 Fred Spooner, Letter to His Brother Henry, April 30, 1861
Document 13.7 John Hines, Letter to His Parents, April 22, 1862
Document 13.8 Ginnie Ott, Letter to Enos Ott, November 21, 1864
Document 13.9 Katharine Prescott Wormeley, Letter to Her Mother, May 26, 1862
Document 13.10 Thomas Freeman, Letter to His Brother-in-Law, March 26, 1864
14 Emancipations and Reconstructions, 1863–1877
American Histories: Jefferson Long and Andrew Johnson
Prelude to Reconstruction
African Americans Embrace Emancipation
Reuniting Families Torn Apart by Slavery
Free to Learn
Black Churches Take a Leadership Role
National Reconstructions
Abraham Lincoln Plans for Reunion
Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson and Congressional Resistance
Documents 14.1 and 14.2 Debating the Freedmen’s Bureau: Two Views
Congressional Reconstruction
The Struggle for Universal Suffrage
Document 14.3 Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, On Suffrage, 1869
Remaking the South
Whites Reconstruct the South
Black Political Participation and Economic Opportunities
Document 14.4 Sharecropping Agreement, 1870
White Resistance to Congressional Reconstruction
The Unmaking of Reconstruction
The Republican Retreat
Congressional and Judicial Retreat
The Presidential Compromise of 1876
Conclusion: The Legacies of Reconstruction
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 14 Testing and Contesting Freedom
Document 14.5 Mississippi Black Code, 1865
Document 14.6 Richard H. Cain, Federal Aid for Land Purchase, 1868
Document 14.7 Ellen Parton, Testimony on Klan Violence, 1871
Document 14.8 The Force Act, 1871
Document 14.9, Thomas Nast, Colored Rule in a Reconstructed (?) State, 1874
Document 14.10 What the Centennial Ought to Accomplish, 1875
15 Frontier Encounters, 1865–1896
American Histories: Annie Oakley and Geronimo
Opening the West
The Great Plains
Federal Policy and Foreign Investment
Conquest of the Frontier
Indian Civilizations
Changing Federal Policy toward Indians
Indian Defeat
Reforming Indian Policy
Indian Assimilation and Resistance
The Mining Frontier
The Business of Mining
Document 15.1 Granville Stuart, Gold Rush Days, 1925
Life in the Mining Towns
Ranching and Farming Frontiers
The Life of the Cowboy
Documents 15.2 and 15.3 Cowboy Myths and Realities: Two Views
Farmers Head West
Women Homesteaders
Document 15.4 Gro Svendson, Letter from a Homesteader, 1863
The Economy of Farming on the Great Plains
Pushing Farther West
Mormons Head West
Californios
Document 15.5 White Caps Flier, 1890
The Chinese in the Far West
Conclusion: The Ambiguous Legacy of the Frontier
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 15 American Indians and Whites on the Frontier
Document 15.6 James Michael Cavanaugh, Support for Indian Extermination, 1868
Document 15.7 Thomas Nast, "Patience until the Indian Is Civilized—So to Speak," 1878
Document 15.8 Helen Hunt Jackson, Challenges to Indian Policy, 1881
Document 15.9 Zitkala-Ša, Life at an Indian Boarding School, 1921
Document 15.10 Chief Joseph, Views on Indian Affairs, 1879
16 American Industry in the Age of Organization, 1877–1900
American Histories: Andrew Carnegie and John Sherman
America Industrializes
The New Industrial Economy
Innovation and Inventions
Building a New South
Industrial Consolidation
The Growth of Corporations
Document 16.1 Horace Taylor, What a Funny Little Government, 1900
Free Markets and Rugged Individuals
The Doctrine of Success
Challenges to Laissez-Faire
Society and Culture in the Gilded Age
Wealthy and Middle-Class Pleasures
Document 16.2 The Delineator, 1900
Changing Gender Roles
Black America and Jim Crow
National Politics in the Era of Industrialization
Why Great Men Did Not Become President
Documents 16.3 and 16.4 The Making of a Great President: Two Views
Congressional Inaction
An Energized and Entertained Electorate
Conclusion: Industry in the Age of Organization
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 16 Debates about Laissez-Faire
Document 16.5 William Graham Sumner, A Defense of Laissez-Faire, 1883
Document 16.6 Edward Bellamy Looking Backward, 2000–1887, 1887
Document 16.7 Andrew Carnegie, The Gospel of Wealth, 1889
Document 16.8 Henry Demarest Lloyd, Critique of Wealth, 1894
17 Workers and Farmers in the Age of Organization, 1877–1900
American Histories: John McLuckie and Mary Elizabeth Lease
Working People Organize
The Industrialization of Labor
Document 17.1 John Morrison, Testimony on the Impact of Mechanization, 1883
Organizing Unions
Clashes between Workers and Owners
Document 17.2 Emma Goldman, Reflections on the Homestead Strike, 1931
Working-Class Leisure in Industrial America
Farmers Organize
Farmers Unite
Populists Rise Up
Documents 17.3 and 17.4 Farmers and Workers Organize: Two Views
The Depression of the 1890s
Depression Politics
Document 17.5 Walter Huston, "Here Lies Prosperity," 1895
Political Realignment in the Election of 1896
The Decline of the Populists
Conclusion: A Passion for Organization
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 17 The Pullman Strike of 1894
Document 17.6 George Pullman, Testimony before the U.S. Strike Commission, 1894
Document 17.7 Eugene V. Debs, On Radicalism, 1902
Document 17.8 Jennie Curtis, Testimony before the U.S. Strike Commission, 1894
Document 17.9 Report from the Commission to Investigate the Chicago Strike, 1895
Document 17.10 Grover Cleveland, Reflections on the Pullman Strike, 1904
18 Cities, Immigrants, and the Nation, 1880–1914
American Histories: Beryl Lassin and Maria Vik
A New Wave of Immigrants
Immigrants Arrive from Many Lands
Creating Immigrant Communities
Document 18.1 Anzia Yerzierska, Immigrant Fathers and Daughters, 1925
Hostility toward Recent Immigrants
Document 18.2 The Stranger at Our Gate, 1899
The Assimilation Dilemma
Becoming an Urban Nation
The New Industrial City
Cities Expand Outward and Upward
How the Other Half Lived
Document 18.3 Rose Schneiderman, The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911
Urban Politics at the Turn of the Century
Political Machines and City Bosses
Documents 18.4 and 18.5 Muckrakers and Political Machines: Two Views
Urban Reformers
Conclusion: A Nation of Cities
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 18 "Melting Pot" or "Vegetable Soup"?
Document 18.6 Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot, 1908
Document 18.7 "Be Just—Even to John Chinaman," 1893
Document 18.8 Alfred P. Schultz, The Mongrelization of America, 1908
Document 18.9 Randolph S. Bourne, Trans-national America, 1916
Document 18.10 Jacob Riis, The Color Line in New York, 1891
19 Progressivism and the Search for Order, 1900–1917
American Histories: Gifford Pinchot and Gene Stratton-Porter
The Roots of Progressivism
Progressive Origins
Muckrakers
Humanitarian Reform
Female Progressives and the Poor
Document 19.1 Jane Addams, Civic Housekeeping, 1910
Fighting for Women’s Suffrage
Document 19.2 Nannie Helen Burroughs, Suffrage for Black Women, 1915
Progressivism and African Americans
Documents 19.3 and 19.4 Addressing Inequality: Two Views
Morality and Social Control
Prohibition
The Crusade against Vice
Immigration Restriction
Good Government Progressivism
Municipal and State Reform
Conservation and Preservation of the Environment
Presidential Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt and the Square Deal
Taft Retreats from Progressivism
The Election of 1912 and the Progressive Mandate
Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom Agenda
Conclusion: The Progressive Legacy
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 19 Progressivism and Social Control
Document 19.5 Frances Willard, On Behalf of Home Protection, 1884
Document 19.6 Abstinence Poster, 1919
Document 19.7 Indiana Sterilization Law, 1907
Document 19.8 The Immigration Act of 1917
Document 19.9 "Sanitary Precaution," c. 1914
20 Empire and Wars, 1898–1918
American Histories: Alfred Thayer Mahan and José Martí
The Awakening of Imperialism
The Economics of Expansion
Cultural Justifications for Imperialism
Gender and Empire
Document 20.1 Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man’s Burden," 1899
The War with Spain
Cuba Libre
The War of 1898
A Not-So-Free Cuba
The Philippine War
Extending U.S. Imperialism, 1899–1913
Theodore Roosevelt and "Big Stick" Diplomacy
Document 20.2 Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life, 1899
Opening the Door in China
Wilson and American Foreign Policy, 1912–1917
Diplomacy and War
Making the World Safe for Democracy
Document 20.3 Robert La Follette, Antiwar Speech, 1917
Fighting the War at Home
Government by Commission
Winning Hearts and Minds
Documents 20.4 and 20.5 African Americans and the War: Two Views
Waging Peace
The Failure of Ratification
Conclusion: An American Empire
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 20 Imperialism versus Anti-Imperialism
Document 20.6 The Hawaiian Memorial, 1897
Document 20.7 Albert Beveridge, The March of the Flag, 1898
Document 20.8 "There’s Plenty of Room at the Table," 1906
Document 20.9 Anti-Imperialism Letter, 1899
Document 20.10 "Civilization Begins at Home," 1898
21 An Anxious Affluence, 1919–1929
American Histories: D. C. Stephenson and Ossian Sweet
Postwar Turmoil
The Supreme Court and Civil Liberties
The Red Scare, 1919–1920
Racial Violence in the Postwar Era
People of Plenty
Government Promotion of the Economy
Americans Become Consumers
Document 21.1 General Electric Refrigerator Advertisement, 1928
Perilous Prosperity
Challenges to Social Conventions
Breaking with the Old Morality
The African American Renaissance
Document 21.2 Claude McKay, If We Must Die, 1919
Marcus Garvey and Black Nationalism
Culture Wars
Nativists versus Immigrants
Resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan
Documents 21.3 and 21.4 Men and Women of the KKK: Two Views
Fundamentalism versus Modernism
Politics and the Fading of Prosperity
The Battle for the Soul of the Democratic Party
Where Have All the Progressives Gone?
Financial Crash
Conclusion: The Roaring Twenties
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 21 The Abrams Case and the Red Scare
Document 21.5 Mollie Steimer, Trial Testimony, 1918
Document 21.6 "Workers—Wake Up!!," 1917
Document 21.7 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Abrams v. United States Dissent, 1919
Document 21.8 Zechariah Chafee Jr., Freedom of Speech in Wartime, 1919
Document 21.9 Billy Ireland, "We Can’t Digest the Scum," 1919
Document 21.10 A. Mitchell Palmer, The Case against the Reds, 1920
22 Depression, Dissent, and the New Deal, 1929–1940
American Histories: Eleanor Roosevelt and Luisa Moreno
The Great Depression
Hoover Faces the Depression
Hoovervilles and Dust Storms
Challenges for Minorities
Document 21.1 Andy Wright, Plea from One of the Scottsboro Nine, 1937
Families under Strain
The Season of Discontent
The New Deal
Roosevelt Restores Confidence
Steps toward Recovery
Direct Assistance and Relief
Document 22.2 Minnie Hardin, Letter to Eleanor Roosevelt, 1937
New Deal Critics
The New Deal Moves to the Left
Expanding Relief Measures
Establishing Social Security
Organized Labor Strikes Back
A Half Deal for Minorities
Twilight of the New Deal
Documents 22.3 and 22.4 Packing the Supreme Court: Two Views
Conclusion: New Deal Liberalism
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 22 The Depression in Rural America
Document 22.5 Ann Marie Low, Dust Bowl Diary, 1934
Document 22.6 The Life of a White Sharecropper, 1938
Document 22.7 Sharecropping Family in Washington County, Arkansas, 1935
Document 22.8 John Steinbeck, The Harvest Gypsies, 1936
Document 22.9 Frank Stokes, Let the Mexicans Organize, 1936
Document 22.10 Report of the Great Plains Committee, 1937
23 World War II, 1933–1945
American Histories: J. Robert Oppenheimer and Fred Korematsu
The Road toward War
The Growing Crisis in Europe
The Challenge to Isolationism
The United States Enters the War
Documents 23.1 and 23.2 American Reactions to Pearl Harbor: Two Views
Global War
War in Europe
War in the Pacific
Ending the War
Evidence of the Holocaust
The Home-Front Economy
Managing the Wartime Economy
New Opportunities for Women
Documents 23.3 and 23.4 Women Workers during Wartime: Two Views
Everyday Life on the Home Front
Fighting for Equality at Home
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
Document 23.5 Letter from Black Soldiers, 1943
Struggles for Mexican Americans
The Ordeal of Japanese Americans
Conclusion: The Impact of World War II
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 23 The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb
Document 23.6 Recommendations on the Immediate Use of Nuclear Weapons, June 16, 1945
Document 23.7 Petition to the President of the United States, July 17, 1945
Document 23.8 President Harry S. Truman, Press Release on the Atomic Bomb, August 6, 1945
Document 23.9 Hiroshima, August 6, 1945
Document 23.10 U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, 1946
Document 23.11 Father Johannes Siemes, Eyewitness Account of the Hiroshima Bombing, 1945
24 The Opening of the Cold War, 1945–1954
American Histories: George Kennan and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
The Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1947
Mutual Misunderstandings
Documents 24.1 and 24.2 Reactions to Soviet Policy in Europe: Two Views
The Truman Doctrine
The Marshall Plan and Economic Containment
Document 24.3 Vyacheslav Molotov, Soviet Objections to the Marshall Plan, 1947
The Cold War Hardens, 1948–1952
Military Containment
The Korean War
Document 24.4 Helen Stevenson, Letter from Korea, 1951
The War and the Imperial Presidency
Peacetime Challenges, 1945–1948
Coming Home
Economic Conversion and Labor Discontent
The Postwar Civil Rights Struggle
Document 24.5 To Secure These Rights, 1947
The Election of 1948
The Anti-Communist Consensus, 1945–1954
Loyalty and Americanism
McCarthyism
Conclusion: The Cold War and Anticommunism
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 24 McCarthyism and the Hollywood Ten
Document 24.6 Ronald Reagan, Testimony before HUAC, 1947
Document 24.7 John Howard Lawson, Testimony before HUAC, 1947
Document 24.8 Herblock, "Fire!," 1949
Document 24.9 Lillian Hellman, Letter to HUAC, 1952
Document 24.10 Arthur Miller, Reflections on HUAC, 2000
25 Troubled Innocence, 1950–1961
American Histories: Alan Freed and Grace Metalious
The Boom Years
Economic Boom
Baby Boom
Suburban Boom
Documents 25.1 and 25.2 Living the Suburban Dream: Two Views
The Culture of the 1950s
The Rise of Television
Wild Ones on the Big Screen
The Influence of Teenage Culture
The Lives of Women
Religious Revival
Document 25.3 Billy Graham, What’s Wrong with Our World?, 1958
Beats and Other Nonconformists
The Civil Rights Movement
School Segregation and the Supreme Court
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
White Resistance to Desegregation
The Sit-Ins
Document 25.4 Ella Baker, Bigger than a Hamburger, 1960
The Eisenhower Era
Modern Republicanism
Eisenhower and the Cold War
Cold War Interventions
Early U.S. Intervention in Vietnam
The Election of 1960
Conclusion: Cold War Politics and Culture
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 25 Teenagers in Postwar America
Document 25.5 Dick Clark, Your Happiest Years, 1959
Document 25.6 Richard Gehman, The Nine Billion Dollars in Hot Little Hands, 1957
Document 25.7 Chevrolet Advertisement, 1954
Document 25.8 Charlotte Jones, Letter on Elvis, 1957
Document 25.9 Todd Gitlin, Reflections on the 1950s, 1987
Document 25.10 The Desegregation of Central High School, 1957
26 The Liberal Consensus and Its Challengers, 1960–1973
American Histories: Earl Warren and Bayard Rustin
The Politics of Liberalism
Kennedy’s New Frontier
Document 26.1 Edmund Valtman, The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
Containment in Southeast Asia
Johnson Escalates the War in Vietnam
Document 26.2 George Olsen, Letter Home from Vietnam, 1969
Civil Rights
Freedom Rides
The Government Responds on Civil Rights
Freedom Summer and Voting Rights
Reforming the Social Order
The Great Society
The Warren Court
Challenges to the Liberal Center
Movements on the Left
Women’s Liberation
Power to the People
Document 26.3 Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán, 1969
The Revival of Conservatism
Documents 26.4 and 26.5 Liberalism and Conservatism: Two Views
Conclusion: Liberalism and Its Discontents
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 26 Freedom Summer
Document 26.6 Prospectus for Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964
Document 26.7 Nancy Ellin, Letter Describing Freedom Summer, 1964
Document 26.8 Letter from a Freedom Summer Volunteer, 1964
Document 26.9 White Southerners Respond to Freedom Summer, 1964
Document 26.10 Fannie Lou Hamer, Address to the Democratic National Convention Credentials Committee, 1964
Document 26.11 Lyndon B. Johnson, Monitoring the MFDP Challenge, 1964
27 The Conservative Ascendancy, 1968–1992
American Histories: Allan Bakke and Anita Hill
Richard M. Nixon, War, and Politics, 1969–1974
The Election of President Nixon
The Failure of Vietnamization
Cold War Realism and Détente
Pragmatic Conservatism at Home
The Nixon Landslide and Disgrace, 1972–1974
The Challenges of the 1970s
Jimmy Carter and the Limits of Affluence
The Persistence of Liberalism
Document 27.1 Combahee River Collective, Black Feminist Statement, 1977
Racial Struggles Continue
The Conservative Political Ascendancy
The New Right Revival
Document 27.2 Jerry Falwell, We Must Return to Traditional Religious Values, 1980
The Triumph of Ronald Reagan
Documents 27.3 and 27.4 Morning in America: Two Views
The Implementation of Social Conservatism
The George H.W. Bush Presidency
Conclusion: The Conservative Legacy
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 27 The Affirmative Action Debate
Document 27.5 Lyndon B. Johnson, Freedom Is Not Enough, 1965
Document 27.6 Title IX of the Education Amendments Regulations, 1975
Document 27.7 Nathan Glazer, Affirmative Discrimination, 1975
Document 27.8 Lewis Powell, Opinion in Bakke Case, 1978
Document 27.9 Nell Irvin Painter, Whites Say I Must Be on Easy Street, 1981
Document 27.10 Bob Dole, Call to End Affirmative Action, 1995
28 Ending the Cold War, 1977–1991
American Histories: George Shultz and Barbara Deming
Carter’s Diplomacy, 1977–1980
The Perils of Détente
Challenges in the Middle East
Document 28.1 Robert Ode, Iran Hostage Diary, 1979–1980
Reagan’s Cold War Policy, 1981–1988
"The Evil Empire"
Human Rights and the Fight against Communism
Fighting International Terrorism
The Nuclear Freeze Movement
Documents 28.2 and 28.3 The Nuclear Freeze Movement: Two Views
The Road to Nuclear De-escalation
The Fall of the Iron Curtain
The Breakup of the Soviet Union
Document 28.4 Mikhail Gorbachev, Speech to the United Nations, 1988
Globalization and the New World Order
Managing Conflict after the Cold War
Conclusion: Farewell to the Cold War
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 28 The Iran-Contra Scandal
Document 28.5 The Boland Amendment, 1982
Document 28.6 CIA Freedom Fighters’ Manual, 1983
Document 28.7 Tower Commission Report, 1987
Document 28.8 Ronald Reagan, Speech on Iran-Contra, 1987
Document 28.9 Oliver North, Testimony to Congress, July 1987
Document 28.10 George Mitchell, Response to Oliver North, 1987
29 The Challenges of a New Century, 1993 to the present
American Histories: Bill Gates and Kristen Breitweiser
Transforming American Society
The Computer Revolution
Business Consolidation
Document 29.1 Bo Yee, The New American Sweatshop, 1994
The Changing American Population
Politics at the End of the Twentieth Century
The Clinton Presidency
Global Challenges and Economic Renewal
The New Millennium
George W. Bush and Compassionate Conservatism
The United States at War
Document 29.2 Farnaz Fassihi, Report from Baghdad, 2004
The Decline of the Bush Presidency
Challenges Ahead
The Great Recession
The Rise of Barack Obama
Documents 29.3 and Documents 29.4 The Great Recession: Two Views
An Unfinished Agenda
Conclusion: Technology and Terror in a Global Society
Chapter Review — LearningCurve
Document Project 29 The Uses of September 11
Document 29.5 George W. Bush, The Axis of Evil, 2002
Document 29.6 Diana Hoffman, "The Power of Freedom," 2002
Document 29.7 Daniel Harris, The Kitschification of September 11, 2002
Document 29.8 Khaled Abou El Fadl, Response to September 11, 2001
Document 29.9 Anti-Muslim Discrimination, 2011
Document 29.10 Brian Gallagher, Hundred-Mile Marine, 2012
Appendix
Glossary of Key Terms
Credits
Index
Supplemental Materials
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