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Preface
Part I: The Processes of Reading, Writing, and Critical Thinking
Chapter 1: Understand Reading Writing, and Critical Thinking
The First Basic: Follow a Thoughtful Process
Reading and Writing: Closely Linked Processes
The Second Basic: Pay Attention to Context: Audience, Purpose, and Topic
The Third Basic: As a Good Writer, Make and Support a Point; as a Good Reader, Identify the Point and the Supporting Details
The Fourth Basic: Organize Support and Identify Organizational Patterns
Grammar, Spelling, and Vocabulary
The Four Basics: Put It All Together
Chapter Reading: George Dorrill, “Reading: A Personal History”
Chapter Review
Chapter 2: Begin Well: Focus on Context and Audience
Making Connections: Finding the Context
Preview to Find Audience, Purpose, and Topic in Reading
Preview a Reading to Find A Personal Context
Preview By Asking Guiding Questions
Begin Well in Writing: Prewriting
Prewrite to Find Audience, Purpose, and Topic
Prewrite by Narrowing Topics
Use Prewriting Techniques
Prewriting: Ask Guiding Questions
Chapter Reading: Barbara DeMarco Barrett, “Set Your Writing Free”
Chapter Review
Chapter 3: Read Well: Annotate, Question, and Connect
The Work of Reading
The First Annotation Basic: Pay Attention to Vocabulary
The Second Annotation Basic: Find the Main Point
The Third Annotation Basic: Identify Support and See How Support Is Organized
The Fourth Annotation Basic: Ask Questions and Make Connections
Chapter Reading: Annie Murphy Paul, “Your Brain on Fiction”
Chapter Review
Chapter 4: Write Well: Develop Your Topic, Thesis, and Support
Write a Preliminary Topic Sentence or Thesis Statement
It Fits the Size of the Assignment
It Contains a Single Main Point
It Is Specific
It Is an Idea You Can Show, Explain, or Prove
Write Support for the Thesis
Select the Best Primary Support
Arrange Support
Planning Paragraphs
Planning Support in an Essay: Mapping and Outlining
Write an Introduction and Conclusion
Open with a Misconception
Open with a Quotation
Give an Example, or Tell a Story
Start with a Surprising Fact or Idea
Offer a Strong Opinion or Position
Ask a Question
Write a Conclusion
A Complete Draft
Chapter Reading: Gail Godwin, “The Watcher at the Gates”
Chapter Review
Chapter 5: Finish Well: Review, Revise, and Reflect
Finish Well When Reading
Review
Reflecting and Responding
Finish Well When Writing
Revising Your Writing
Tips for Revision
Checklist: Revising Your Writing
Basics of Useful Feedback
Checklist: Questions for Peer Reviewers
Strategies for Revision
Revise for Unity
Revise for Details and Support
Revise for Coherence
Checklist: Evaluating Your Revised Essay
Chapter Reading: Donald M. Murray, “The Maker’s Eye”
Chapter Review
Chapter 6: Practice Summaries
Four Basics of a Good Summary
Summaries: A Result of Both Reading and Writing Together
Drafting the Summary
Writing in Your Own Words: Paraphrasing
Revising a Summary
Chapter Review
Part II: Reading and Writing Different Kinds of Paragraphs and Essays
Chapter 7: Narration and Description: Texts that Tell a Story
Understand What Narration Is
Four Basics of Good Narration
Narration in the Classroom: Timelines
Main Point in Narration
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Narration
Support in Narration
Choosing Major Events
Descriptive Details about the Events in Narration
Organization in Narration
Read and Analyze Narration
Student Narration Paragraph: Dora Garcia, “Beowulf and Me”
Student Narration Essay: Lauren Mack, “Gel Pens”
Reading/Writing Workbook: Narration
Professional Essay: Amy Tan, “Fish Cheeks”
Professional Essay: Pat Conroy “Chili Cheese Dogs, My Father, and Me”
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Narration
Checklist: Writing a Narration
Chapter 8: Illustration: Texts that Give Examples
Understand what Illustration is
Four Basics of Good Illustration
Illustration in the Classroom: Resumes
Main Point in Illustration
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Illustration
Support in Illustration
Organization in Illustration
Read and Analyze Illustration
Student Illustration Paragraph: Inez King, “Empathy”
Student Illustration Essay: James Carnill, “You”
Reading/Writing Workbook: Illustration
Professional Essay: Susan Adams, “The Weirdest Job Interview Questions and How to Handle Them”
Professional Essay: Dianne Hales, “Why Are We So Angry?”
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Illustration
Checklist: Writing an Illustration
Chapter 9: Process Analysis: Texts that Present a Sequence of Steps
Understand what Process Analysis is
Four Basics of Good Process Analysis
Process Analysis in the Classroom: Diagramming a Sequence of Steps
Main Point in Process Analysis
Paragraph vs. Essays in Process Analysis
Support in Process Analysis
Organization in Process Analysis
Read and Analyze Process Analysis
Student Process Paragraph: Ibrahim Alfaqueeh, “Weddings in Saudi Arabia”
Student Process Essay: Jasen Beverly, “My Pilgrimage”
Reading/Writing Workbook: Process Analysis
Professional Essay: Tara Parker-Pope, “How to Boost Your Willpower”
Professional Essay: Samantha Levine-Finley, “Isn’t It Time You Hit the Books?”
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Process Analysis
Checklist: Writing Process Analysis
Chapter 10: Classification: Texts that Analyze through Grouping
Understand What Classification Is
Four Basics of Good Classification
Classification in the Classroom: Learning Specialized Words by Grouping Them into Categories
Main Point in Classification
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Classification
Support in Classification
Organization in Classification
Read and Analyze Classification
Student Classification Paragraph: Lorenza Mattazi, “All My Music”
Student Classification essay, Beth Trimmer, “Birth Order”
Reading/Writing Workbook: Classification
Professional Essay: Stephanie Ericsson, “The Ways We Lie”
Professional Essay: Carolyn Foster Segal, “The Dog Ate My Flash Drive, and other Tales of Woe”
Connect and Extend: Write Your Own Classification
Checklist: Writing a Classification
Chapter 11: Comparison and Contrast: Texts that Show Similarity and Difference
Understand what Comparison and Contrast Are
Four Basics of Good Comparison and Contrast
Comparison and Contrast in the Classroom: Reviewing for a Test
Apply What You Have Learned
Main Point in Comparison and Contrast
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Comparison and Contrast
Support in Comparison and Contrast
Organization in Comparison and Contrast
Read and Analyze Comparison and Contrast
Student Comparison and Contrast Paragraph: Said Ibrahim, “Eyeglasses vs. Laser Surgery: Benefits and Drawbacks”
Student Comparison and Contrast Essay: Rui Dai, “A Whiff of Memory”
Reading/Writing Workbook: Comparison and Contrast
Professional Essay: Dave Barry, “The Ugly Truth about Beauty”
Professional Essay: Judith Ortiz Cofer, “The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria”
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Comparison and Contrast
Checklist: Writing a Comparison and Contrast
Chapter 12: Cause and Effect: Texts that Explain Reasons and Results
Understand what Cause and Effect Are
Four Basics of Good Cause and Effect
Cause and Effect in the Classroom: Using Diagrams to Show a Chain of Events
Main Point in Cause and Effect
Paragraphs vs. Essays in Cause and Effect
Support in Cause and Effect
Organization in Cause and Effect
Read and Analyze Cause and Effect
Student Cause and Effect Paragraph: Caitlyn Prokop, “A Difficult Decision with a Positive Outcome”
Student Cause and Effect Essay: Tyler Dashner, “A Look at Academic Dishonesty”
Reading and Writing Workbook: Cause and Effect
Professional Essay: John Tierney, “Yes, Money Can Buy Happiness”
Professional Essay: Devon A. Mihesuah, “Despoiling and Desecration of Indian Property and
Possessions”
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Cause and Effect Essay
Checklist: Writing a Cause and Effect Essay
Chapter 13: Argument: Texts that Persuade
Understand What Argument Is
Four Basics of Good Argument
Argument in the Classroom: Commenting Effectively on Discussion Boards
Main Point in Argument
Paragraph vs. Essays in Argument
Support in Argument
Four Basics of Critical Thinking
Questioning Assumptions to Build Evidence
Addressing Audience and Testing Evidence
Organization in Argument
Read and Analyze ArgumentStudent Argument Essay: Jason Yilmaz, “A Learning Tool Whose Time Has Come”
Student Argument Essay: Shari Beck, “A Classroom Distraction—And Worse”
Reading and Writing Workbook: Argument
Professional Essay: Bill Maxwell, “Start Snitching”
Professional Essay: Alexandra Natapoff, “Bait and Snitch: The High Cost of Snitching for Law Enforcement”
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Argument
Checklist: Writing an Argument
Chapter 14: Research: Texts that Explore a Question and Synthesize Information
Understand What Research Is
Four Basics of Good Research
Begin with a Question: Choosing a Topic to Research
Find Appropriate Sources
Consult a Reference Librarian
Use the Online Catalog
Look at Your Library’s Website
Use the Internet
Use Your Library’s Online Databases and Other Reference Materials
Use Your Search Engines and Keyword Searches
Other Helpful Online Research Sites
Interview People
Evaluate Sources
Use Sources Fairly and Honestly: Avoid Plagiarism
Keep a Running Bibliography
Synthesize Information to Support a Thesis
Cite and Document Your Sources
Use In-Text Citations within your Essay
Use a Works Cited List at the End of Your Essay
Student Research Essay: Dara Riesler, “Service Dogs Help Heal the Mental Wounds of War”
Reading and Writing Workbook: The Research Essay
Student Essay: Rodrigo Villagomez, “The Designer Player”
Extend and Connect: Write Your Own Research Paper
Checklist: Writing a Research Essay
Part III: The Four Most Serious Errors
Chapter 15: The Basic Sentence: An Overview
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
The Four Most Serious Errors
The Parts of Speech
The Basic Sentence
Subjects
Verbs
Completeness
Six Basic English Sentence Patterns
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Chapter 16: Fragments: Incomplete Sentences
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Fragments Are
Language and Writing
Find and Correct Fragments
1. Fragments That Start with Prepositions
2. Fragments That Start with Dependent Words
3. Fragments That Start with –ing Verb Forms
4. Fragments That Start with to and a Verb
5. Fragments that are Examples or Explanations
Edit for Fragments
Chapter Test
Finding and Fixing Fragments
Chapter 17: Run-Ons: Two Sentences Joined Incorrectly
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Run-Ons Are
Sentences with Two Independent Clauses
In the Real World, Why is it Important to Correct Run-Ons?
Find and Correct Run-Ons
Add a Period
Add a Semicolon
Add a Semicolon, a Conjunctive Adverb, and a Comma
Add a Comma and a Coordinating Conjunction
Add a Dependent Word
Special Considerations: Two Situations That Cause Run-ons
The Word “Then”
Introducing a Quotation
Edit for Run-Ons
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Finding and Fixing Run-Ons
Chapter 18: Problems with Subject-Verb Agreement: When Subjects and Verbs Don’t Match
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Subject-Verb Agreement Is
In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Correct Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement?
Find and Correct Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement
1. The Verb Is a Form of Be, Have, or Do
2. Words Come between the Subject and the Verb
3. The Sentence Has a Compound Subject
4. The Subject is an Indefinite Pronoun
5. The Verb Comes before the Subject
Subject-Verb Agreement in Partial Quotes
Edit for Subject-Verb Agreement
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Finding and Fixing Problems with Subject-Verb Agreement
Chapter 19: Verb Tense: Using Verbs to Express Different Times
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Verb Tense Is
In the Real World, Why is it Important to Use the Correct Verb Tense?
Regular Verbs
Present-Tense Endings: -s and No Ending
One Regular Past Tense Ending: -ed.
Irregular Verbs
Present Tense of Be and Have
Past Tense of Be
Perfect Tenses and Past Participles
Passive Voice and Past Participles
Consistency of Verb Tense
Edit for Verb Problems
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Finding and Fixing Verb-Tense Errors
Part IV: Other Grammar Concerns
Chapter 20: Pronouns: Using Substitutes for Nouns
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Pronouns Are
Practice Using Pronouns Correctly
Identify Pronouns
Check for Pronoun Agreement
Indefinite Pronouns
Collective Nouns
Make Pronoun Reference Clear
Use the Right Type of Pronoun
Make Pronouns Consistent in Person
Edit for Pronoun Problems
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Finding and Fixing Pronoun Problems
Chapter 21: Adjectives and Adverbs: Using Descriptive Words
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Adjectives and Adverbs Are
Practice Using Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly
Choosing between Adjectives and Adverbs
Using Adjectives and Adverbs in Comparisons
Using Good, Well, Bad, and Badly
Edit for Adjective and Adverb Problems
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing for Correct Usage of Adjectives and Adverbs
Chapter 22: Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers: Avoiding Confusing Descriptions
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Misplaced Modifiers Are
Practice Correcting Misplaced Modifiers
Understand What Dangling Modifiers Are
Practice Correcting Dangling Modifiers
Edit for Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing for Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Chapter 23: Parallelism: Balancing Ideas
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Parallelism Is
Practice Writing Parallel Sentences
Parallelism in Pairs and Lists
Parallelism in Comparisons
Parallelism with Certain Paired Words
Edit for Parallelism Problems
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing for Parallelism
Chapter 24: Sentence Variety: Finding A Rhythm for Your Writing
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Sentence Variety Is
Practice Creating Sentence Variety
Join Ideas Together to Lengthen Sentences: Coordination
Joining Ideas Together: Subordination
Other Ways to Join Ideas
Strategies for Changing Sentence Openers
Start Some Sentences with Adverbs
Start Some Sentences with Prepositions or Infinitives
Edit for Sentence Variety
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing for Sentence Variety
Chapter 25: ESL Concerns: Trouble Spots for Multilingual Students
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Basic Sentence Patterns
Statements
Negatives
Questions
There is/There are
Pronouns
Confusing Subject and Object Pronouns
Confusing Gender
Leaving Out a Pronoun
Using a Pronoun to Repeat a Subject
Using Relative Pronouns
Verbs
The Simple Tenses
Simple Present
Simple Past Simple Future
Common Errors in Using Simple Tenses
Using the Future Tense in a Dependent Clause that Begins with a Time Word
The Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
Common Errors in Forming the Perfect Tense
The Present Progressive Tenses
Modal (Helping) Verbs
Common Errors with Modal Verbs
Gerunds and Infinitives
Articles
Definite and Indefinite Articles
Count and Noncount Nouns
Prepositions
Prepositions after Adjectives
Prepositions after Verbs
Separable vs. Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Part V: Word Use
Chapter 26: Vocabulary and Word Choice: Finding the Right Word
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understanding the Importance of Building Vocabulary and Choosing Words Carefully
Dictionary
Thesaurus
Practice Avoiding Four Common Word-Choice Problems
Vague and Abstract Words
Slang
Wordy Language
Clichés
Edit for Word Choice
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing for Word Choice
Chapter 27: Spelling and Commonly Confused Words
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Finding and Correcting Spelling Mistakes
Use a Dictionary
Use a Spell Checker—with Caution
Use Proofreading Techniques
Make a Personal Spelling List
Strategies for Becoming a Better Speller
Master Commonly Confused Words
Learn Six Spelling Rules
Exceptions When Forming Plurals
Consult a List of Commonly Misspelled Words
Practice Using Commonly Confused Words Correctly
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Part VI: Punctuation and Capitalization
Chapter 28: Commas
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Commas Do
Practice Using Commas Correctly
Commas between Items in a Series
Commas between Coordinate Adjectives
Commas in Compound sentences
Commas after Introductory Words
Commas around Appositives and Interrupters
Commas around Adjective Clauses
Other Uses for Commas
Edit for Commas
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Chapter 29: Apostrophes
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Apostrophes Do
Practice Using Apostrophes Correctly
Apostrophes to Show Ownership
Apostrophes in Contractions
Apostrophes with Letters, Numbers, and Time
Edit for Apostrophes
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Chapter 30: Quotation Marks
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand What Quotation Marks Do
Practice Using Quotation Marks Correctly
Quotation Marks for Direct Quotations
Setting Off a Quotation within another Quotation
No Quotation Marks for Indirect Quotations
Quotation Marks for Certain Titles
Edit for Quotation Marks
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Chapter 31: Other Punctuation
Understand What Punctuation Does
Practice Using Punctuation Correctly
Semicolon
Colon
Parentheses
Dash
Hyphen
Edit for Other Punctuation marks
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Chapter 32: Capitalization: Using Capital Letters
Note: LaunchPad Solo activities available for this chapter
Understand Three Rules of Capitalization
Practice Capitalization
Capitalization of Sentences
Capitalization of Names of Specific People, Places, Dates, and Things
Capitalization of Titles
Chapter Review
Chapter Test
Editing Review Tests 1-5
Index
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