Luminescence, for example, as fluorescence, bioluminescence, and phosphorescence, can result from chemical changes, electrical energy, subatomic motions, reactions in crystals, or stimulation of an atomic system. This subject continues to have a major technological role for humankind in the form of applications such as organic and inorganic light emitters for flat panel and flexible displays such as plasma displays, LCD displays, and OLED displays. Luminescent Materials and Applications describes a wide range of materials and applications that are of current interest including organic light emitting materials and devices, inorganic light emitting diode materials and devices, down-conversion materials, nanomaterials, and powder and thin-film electroluminescent phosphor materials and devices. In addition, both the physics and the materials aspects of the field of solid-state luminescence are presented. Thus, the book may be used as a reference to gain an understanding of various types and mechanisms of luminescence and of the implementation of luminescence into practical devices. The book is aimed at postgraduate students (physicists, electrical engineers, chemical engineers, materials scientists, and engineers) and researchers in industry, for example, at lighting and display companies and academia involved in studying conduction in solids and electronic materials. It will also provide an excellent starting point for all scientists interested in luminescent materials. Finally it is hoped that this book will not only educate, but also stimulate further progress in this rapidly evolving field.

Adrian Kitai is Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering / Engineering Physics at McMaster University (Canada). He was educated at McMaster University and received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Cornell University (USA). His research interests include fundamental luminescent materials, new luminescent devices, new avalanche injection devices and optical fiber liquid crystal display technology. Professor Kitai is a world leader in electroluminescent (EL) science and technology. With over 20 years of experience in the field, he holds several patents relating to EL technology and he has been the Chapter President of the Society for Information Display in Canada. Many of the leading EL researchers in Canada, have been taught and trained by Professor Kitai.

Series Preface	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Principles of Luminescence	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Radiation Theory	p. 1
Simple Harmonic Radiator	p. 4
Quantum Description	p. 5
Selection Rules	p. 7
Einstein Coefficients	p. 8
Harmonic Perturbation	p. 9
Blackbody Radiation	p. 12
Dipole-Dipole Energy Transfer	p. 15
Energy Levels in Atoms	p. 16
Crystal Field Splitting	p. 17
Acknowledgement	p. 18
References	p. 18
Phosphor Quantum Dots	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
Nanostructured Materials	p. 22
Quantum Dots	p. 23
History of quantum dots	p. 24
Structure and properties relationship	p. 25
Quantum confinement effects on band gap	p. 26
Relaxation Processes of Excitons	p. 30
Radiative relaxation	p. 31
Non-radiative relaxation proces	p. 34
Blinking Effect	p. 35
Surface Passivation	p. 35
Organically capped Qdots	p. 36
Inorganically passivated Qdots	p. 37
Synthesis Processes	p. 38
Top-down synthesis	p. 38
Bottom-up approach	p. 39
Optical Properties and Applications	p. 42
II-VI Qdots	p. 42
III-V Qdots	p. 62
IV-VI Qdots	p. 63
Perspective	p. 64
Acknowledgement	p. 65
References	p. 65
Color Conversion Phosphors for LEDS	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Disadvantages of using LEDs without Color Conversion Phosphors	p. 76
Phosphors for Converting the Color of Light Emitted by LEDs	p. 79
General considerations	p. 79
Requirements of color conversion phosphors	p. 79
Commonly used activators in color conversion phosphors	p. 81
Strategies for generating white light from LEDs	p. 81
Outstanding problems with color conversion phosphors for LEDs	p. 82
Survey of the Synthesis and Properties of some Currently Available Color Conversion Phosphors	p. 83
Phosphor synthesis	p. 83
Metal oxide-based phosphors	p. 83
Metal sulfide-based phosphors	p. 95
Metal nitrides	p. 100
Alkaline earth metal oxo-nitrides	p. 102
Multi-Phosphor pcLEDs	p. 102
Quantum Dots	p. 103
Conclusions	p. 104
Acknowledgements	p. 104
References	p. 104
Development of White OLED Technology for Application in Full-Color Displays and Solid-State Lighting	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Generation of White Light	p. 112
High-performance 2-layer white OLED architecture	p. 113
Optimization of white color-two emitting layer (yellow/blue) configuration	p. 114
White OLED device performance	p. 117
White stability comparison with other colors and the mechanism of operational stability	p. 120
Method of emitter selection to obtain suitable white color	p. 121
White OLEDs for Display Applications	p. 122
Methods of color patterning	p. 122
OLED full color displays	p. 124
Development of RGBW 4-pixel pattern	p. 126
Full-color displays based on the RGBW format	p. 127
White OLED structures for improved color gamut	p. 128
Low-voltage white OLEDs	p. 128
White OLED Tandem Architecture	p. 130
Tandem architecture	p. 131
Optimization of tandem stacks	p. 131
Performance of tandem structure	p. 133
Tandem structures for improved color gamut	p. 135
Full-color displays using white OLED tandems	p. 136
White tandem and improved color filters for wide color gamut	p. 137
White OLEDs Based on Triplets	p. 140
White based on fluorescent and phosphorescent emitters	p. 141
Hybrid tandem-white OLEDs	p. 141
White OLEDs Based on Conjugated Polymers	p. 142
White OLEDs for Solid-State Lighting	p. 143
Performance and cost goals for OLED lighting	p. 143
Color rendition improvement using tandem white	p. 144
Light extraction and enhancement using scattering layer	p. 145
Top-emitting white with scattering layer	p. 146
Prototypes of SSL panels	p. 147
Advanced Manufacturing of Large-Area Coatings	p. 149
Vacuum-thermal evaporation using linear sources	p. 150
Flash evaporation sources	p. 152
Thin-film encapsulation	p. 153
Future Outlook	p. 155
Acknowledgements	p. 156
References	p. 156
Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
EL from organic small molecules	p. 162
Electroluminescence from conjugated polymers	p. 163
Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells	p. 167
LEC Operating Mechanism and Device Characteristics	p. 168
LEC Operating mechanism	p. 168
LEC device characteristics	p. 171
LEC Materials	p. 176
Luminescent polymers	p. 176
Electrolyte materials	p. 180
Frozen-Junction LECs	p. 183
Planar LECs	p. 188
Planar LECs with millimeter interelectrode spacing	p. 190
LECs with a relaxed p-n junction	p. 195
Polymer bulk homojunction LECs	p. 196
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 201
References	p. 202
LED Materials and Devices	p. 207
Introduction	p. 207
LED Structures and Efficiencies	p. 208
Typical LEDs and Features	p. 211
Generation of White Light	p. 212
Two methods	p. 212
Characteristics of n-UV white LEDs	p. 214
Design and system	p. 217
Devices and Applications	p. 218
Future Prospects	p. 220
Conclusions	p. 222
References	p. 222
Thin Film Electroluminescence	p. 223
Introduction	p. 223
Background of EL	p. 223
Thick film dielectric EL structure	p. 224
Ceramic sheet dielectric EL	p. 225
Thick top dielectric EL	p. 226
Sphere-supported thin film EL	p. 226
Theory of Operation	p. 226
Electroluminescent Phosphors	p. 233
Device Structures	p. 235
Glass substrate thin film dielectric EL	p. 235
Thick film dielectric EL	p. 237
Ceramic sheet dielectric EL	p. 240
Thick rear dielectric EL devices	p. 240
Sphere-supported thin film EL (SSTFEL)	p. 241
EL Phosphor Thin Film Growth	p. 242
Vacuum evaporation	p. 242
Atomic layer deposition	p. 243
Sputter deposition	p. 244
Full-Color Electroluminescence	p. 245
Color by white	p. 245
Patterned phosphors	p. 246
Color by blue	p. 246
Conclusions	p. 247
References	p. 248
AC Powder Electroluminescence	p. 249
Background	p. 249
Direct current powder electroluminescence (DCPEL)	p. 249
AC powder electroluminescence (ACPEL)	p. 252
Structure and Materials of AC Powder EL Devices	p. 254
The Mechanism of Light Emission for AC ZnS-Powder-EL Device	p. 257
EL Characteristics of AC Powder EL Materials	p. 261
Preparation of Powder EL materials	p. 262
Preparation of pure II-VI compounds (starting materials)	p. 263
Activators (dopants)	p. 264
EL emission spectra	p. 264
Limitations of AC Powder EL Devices	p. 265
Lifetime and luminance degradation	p. 265
Luminance and relative high operating voltage	p. 266
Moisture and operating environment	p. 266
Applications of ACPEL	p. 267
References	p. 267
Index	p. 269
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