Machine Design

by Norton, Robert L.

• ISBN13: 9780138978020
• ISBN10: 0138978026
• Edition: CD
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-09-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

"Machine Design "presents the subject matter in an up-to-date and thorough manner with a strong design emphasis. This textbook emphasizes both failure theory and analysis as well as emphasizing the synthesis and design aspects of machine elements. The book points out the commonality of the analytical approaches needed to design a wide variety of elements and emphasizes the use of computer-aided engineering as an approach to the design and analysis of these classes of problems. About 100 new problems will be added throughout the book, and certain topics are updated and enhanced.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	XVII
PART I FUNDAMENTALS	1	(534)
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN	3	(54)
1.1 Design	3	(3)
Machine Design	3	(1)
Machine	4	(1)
Iteration	5	(1)
1.2 A Design Process	6	(2)
1.3 Problem Formulation and Calculation	8	(2)
Definition Stage	9	(1)
Preliminary Design Stage	9	(1)
Detailed Design Stage	10	(1)
Documentation Stage	10	(1)
1.4 The Engineering Model	10	(2)
Estimation and First-Order Analysis	10	(1)
The Engineering Sketch	11	(1)
1.5 Computer-Aided Design and Engineering	12	(5)
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)	12	(4)
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)	16	(1)
Computational Accuracy	17	(1)
1.6 The Engineering Report	17	(1)
1.7 Factors of Safety and Design Codes	18	(4)
Factor of Safety	18	(1)
Choosing a Safety Factor	19	(2)
Design and Safety Codes	21	(1)
1.8 Statistical Considerations	22	(1)
1.9 Units	23	(5)
Example 1-1	25	(3)
1.10 Introduction to TKSolver	28	(25)
Terminology	29	(1)
Simple Models, Rule and Variable Sheets, Subsheets	29	(3)
Example 1-2	29	(3)
Switching Variables from Input to Output and Vice Versa	32	(1)
Example 1-3	32	(1)
Using Iteration and Root Finding	33	(3)
Example 1-4	33	(3)
Lists, Tables, Plots, Optimization, and Built-In Functions	36	(3)
Example 1-5	36	(3)
Using Built-In Functions	39	(2)
Example 1-6	39	(2)
User-Defined Functions	41	(1)
Rule Functions	42	(3)
Example 1-7	42	(3)
Procedure Functions	45	(2)
Example 1-8	45	(2)
List Functions	47	(2)
Example 1-9	48	(1)
Units and Formatting	49	(4)
Example 1-10	50	(3)
1.11 Summary	53	(1)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	54	(1)
1.12 References	54	(1)
1.13 Bibliography	55	(1)
1.14 Problems	56	(1)
CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND PROCESSES	57	(44)
2.0 Introduction	57	(1)
2.1 Material Property Definitions	57	(12)
The Tensile Test	59	(3)
Ductility and Brittleness	62	(1)
The Compression Test	63	(1)
The Bending Test	64	(1)
The Torsion Test	64	(2)
Fatigue Strength and Endurance Limit	66	(1)
Impact Resistance	67	(2)
Fracture Toughness	69	(1)
Creep and Temperature Effects	69	(1)
2.2 The Statistical Nature of Material Properties	69	(2)
2.3 Homogeneity and Isotropy	71	(1)
2.4 Hardness	72	(6)
Heat Treatment	73	(1)
Surface (Case) Hardening	74	(1)
Heat Treating Non-Ferrous Materials	75	(1)
Mechanical Forming and Hardening	76	(2)
2.5 Coatings and Surface Treatments	78	(4)
Galvanic Action	78	(1)
Electroplating	79	(1)
Electroless Plating	80	(1)
Anodizing	81	(1)
Plasma-Sprayed Coatings	81	(1)
Chemical Coatings	81	(1)
2.6 General Properties of Metals	82	(9)
Cast Iron	82	(1)
Cast Steels	83	(1)
Wrought Steels	83	(1)
Steel Numbering Systems	84	(3)
Aluminum	87	(2)
Titanium	89	(1)
Magnesium	90	(1)
Copper Alloys	90	(1)
2.7 General Properties of Nonmetals	91	(3)
Polymers	92	(1)
Ceramics	93	(1)
Composites	93	(1)
2.8 Summary	94	(3)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	95	(2)
2.9 References	97	(1)
2.10 Bibliography	97	(1)
2.11 Problems	98	(3)
CHAPTER 3 LOAD DETERMINATION	101	(74)
3.0 Introduction	101	(1)
3.1 Loading Classes	101	(3)
3.2 Free-body Diagrams	104	(1)
3.3 Load Analysis	104	(3)
Three-Dimensional Analysis	105	(1)
Two-Dimensional Analysis	106	(1)
Static Load Analysis	107	(1)
3.4 Two-Dimensional, Static-Loading Case Studies	107	(19)
Case Study 1A - Bicycle Brake Lever Loading Analysis	107	(7)
Case Study 2A - Hand-Operated Crimping-Tool Loading Analysis	114	(5)
Case Study 3A - Automobile Scissors-Jack Loading Analysis	119	(7)
3.5 Three-Dimensional, Static-Loading Case Study	126	(6)
Case Study 4A - Bicycle Brake Arm Loading Analysis	127	(5)
3.6 Dynamic Loading Case Study	132	(5)
Case Study 5A - Fourbar Linkage Loading Analysis	132	(5)
3.7 Vibration Loading	137	(6)
Natural Frequency	139	(2)
Dynamic Forces	141	(1)
Case Study 5B - Fourbar Linkage Dynamic Loading Measurement	141	(2)
3.8 Impact Loading	143	(6)
Energy Method	144	(5)
Example 3-1	147	(2)
3.9 Beam Loading	149	(16)
Shear and Moment	150	(1)
Singularity Functions	151	(12)
Example 3-2A	153	(2)
Example 3-2B	155	(3)
Example 3-3A	158	(1)
Example 3-3B	159	(2)
Example 3-4	161	(3)
Superposition	163	(2)
3.10 Summary	165	(2)
Equations Used in this Chapter	166	(1)
3.11 References	167	(1)
3.12 Bibliography	168	(1)
3.13 Problems	168	(7)
CHAPTER 4 STRESS, STRAIN, AND DEFLECTION	175	(112)
4.0 Introduction	175	(1)
4.1 Stress	175	(4)
4.2 Strain	179	(1)
4.3 Principal Stresses	179	(3)
4.4 Plane Stress and Plane Strain	182	(1)
Plane Stress	182	(1)
Plane Strain	183	(1)
4.5 Mohr's Circles	183	(5)
Example 4-1	184	(2)
Example 4-2	186	(1)
Example 4-3	187	(1)
4.6 Applied Versus Principal Stresses	188	(1)
4.7 Axial Tension	189	(1)
4.8 Direct Shear Stress, Bearing Stress, and Tearout	190	(2)
Direct Shear	190	(1)
Direct Bearing	191	(1)
Tearout Failure	191	(1)
4.9 Beams and Bending Stresses	192	(8)
Beams in Pure Bending	193	(3)
Shear Due to Transverse Loading	196	(4)
4.10 Deflection in Beams	200	(17)
Deflection by Singularity Functions	202	(10)
Example 4-4	202	(5)
Example 4-5	207	(3)
Example 4-6	210	(2)
Statically Indeterminate Beams	212	(2)
Example 4-7	214	(3)
4.11 Castigliano's Method	217	(2)
Deflection by Castigliano's Method	219	(1)
Finding Redundant Reactions with Castigliano's Method	219	(1)
4.12 Torsion	219	(7)
Example 4-8	223	(3)
4.13 Combined Stresses	226	(3)
Example 4-9	226	(3)
4.14 Spring Rates	229	(1)
4.15 Stress Concentration	230	(7)
Stress Concentration Under Static Loading	231	(1)
Stress Concentration Under Dynamic Loading	232	(1)
Determining Geometric Stress-Concentration Factors	233	(2)
Designing to Avoid Stress Concentrations	235	(2)
4.16 Axial Compression - Columns	237	(12)
Slenderness Ratio	237	(1)
Short Columns	237	(1)
Long Columns	238	(1)
End Conditions	239	(2)
Intermediate Columns	241	(2)
Example 4-10	243	(4)
Eccentric Columns	247	(2)
4.17 Stresses in Cylinders	249	(2)
Thick-Walled Cylinders	249	(2)
Thin-Walled Cylinders	251	(1)
4.18 Case Studies in Static Stress and Deflection Analysis	251	(18)
Case Study 1B - Bicycle Brake Lever Stress and Deflection Analysis	252	(3)
Case Study 2B - Crimping-Tool Stress and Deflection Analysis	255	(6)
Case Study 3B - Automobile Scissors-Jack Stress and Deflection Analysis	261	(4)
Case Study 4B - Bicycle Brake-Arm Stress Analysis	265	(4)
4.19 Summary	269	(6)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	272	(3)
4.20 References	275	(1)
4.21 Bibliography	275	(1)
4.22 Problems	276	(11)
CHAPTER 5 STATIC FAILURE THEORIES	287	(58)
5.0 Introduction	287	(3)
5.1 Failure of Ductile Materials Under Static Loading	290	(11)
The von Mises-Hencky or Distortion-Energy Theory	290	(5)
The Maximum Shear Stress Theory	295	(2)
Maximum Normal Stress Theory	297	(1)
Comparison of Experimental Data with Failure Theories	298	(3)
Example 5-1	299	(2)
5.2 Failure of Brittle Materials Under Static Loading	301	(8)
Even and Uneven Materials	301	(2)
The Coulomb-Mohr Theory	303	(1)
The Modified-Mohr Theory	304	(2)
Example 5-2	306	(3)
5.3 Fracture Mechanics	309	(8)
Fracture-Mechanics Theory	310	(4)
Fracture Toughness Kc	314	(1)
Example 5-3	315	(2)
5.4 Using The Static-Loading Failure Theories	317	(1)
5.5 Case Studies in Static Failure Analysis	318	(12)
Case Study 1C - Bicycle Brake Lever Failure Analysis	318	(4)
Case Study 2C - Crimping-Tool Failure Analysis	322	(3)
Case Study 3C - Automobile Scissors-Jack Failure Analysis	325	(2)
Case Study 4C - Bicycle Brake-Arm Factors of Safety	327	(3)
5.6 Summary	330	(3)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	331	(2)
5.7 References	333	(1)
5.8 Bibliography	334	(1)
5.9 Problems	335	(10)
CHAPTER 6 FATIGUE- FAILURE THEORIES	345	(126)
6.0 Introduction	345	(2)
History of Fatigue Failure	345	(2)
6.1 Mechanism of Fatigue Failure	347	(5)
Crack-Initiation Stage	349	(1)
Crack-Propagation Stage	349	(2)
Fracture	351	(1)
6.2 Fatigue-Failure Models	352	(2)
Fatigue Regimes	352	(1)
The Stress-Life Approach	352	(2)
The Strain-Life Approach	354	(1)
The LEFM Approach	354	(1)
6.3 Machine Design Considerations	354	(2)
6.4 Fatigue Loads	356	(3)
Rotating Machinery Loading	356	(1)
Service Equipment Loading	357	(2)
6.5 Measuring Fatigue-Failure Criteria	359	(14)
Fully Reversed Stresses	359	(7)
Combined Mean and Alternating Stress	366	(2)
Fracture-Mechanics Criteria	368	(4)
Testing Actual Assemblies	372	(1)
6.6 Estimating Fatigue-Failure Criteria	373	(16)
Estimating Theoretical Fatigue Strength or Endurance Limit	373	(1)
Correction Factors to the Theoretical Fatigue Strength	374	(9)
Calculating the Corrected Fatigue Strength Endurance Limit	383	(1)
Creating Estimated S-N Diagrams	383	(2)
Example 6-1	385	(2)
Example 6-2	387	(2)
6.7 Notches and Stress Concentrations	389	(5)
Notch Sensitivity	389	(2)
Example 6-3	391	(3)
6.8 Residual Stresses	394	(5)
6.9 Designing for High-Cycle Fatigue	399	(1)
6.10 Designing for Fully Reversed Uniaxial Stresses	400	(9)
Design Steps for Fully Reversed Stresses with Uniaxial Loading	400	(2)
Example 6-4	402	(7)
6.11 Designing for Fluctuating Uniaxial Stresses	409	(18)
Creating the Modified-Goodman Diagram	410	(3)
Applying Stress-Concentration Effects with Fluctuating Stresses	413	(2)
Determining the Safety Factory with Fluctuating Stresses	415	(3)
Design Steps for Fluctuating Stresses	418	(9)
Example 6-5	420	(7)
6.12 Designing for Multiaxial Stresses in Fatigue	427	(5)
Frequency and Phase Relationships	427	(1)
Fully Reversed Simple Multiaxial Stresses	428	(1)
Fluctuating Simple Multiaxial Stresses	429	(1)
Complex Multiaxial Stresses	430	(2)
6.13 A General Approach to High-Cycle Fatigue Design	432	(5)
Example 6-6	434	(4)
6.14 A Case Study in Fatigue Design	438	(13)
Case Study 6 - Redesign of a Failed Laybar for a Water-Jet Power Loom	438	(13)
6.15 Summary	451	(1)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	452	(4)
6.16 References	456	(3)
6.17 Bibliography	459	(1)
6.18 Problems	460	(1)
CHAPTER 7 SURFACE FAILURE	471	(64)
7.0 Introduction	471	(2)
7.1 Surface Geometry	473	(1)
7.2 Mating Surfaces	474	(2)
7.3 Friction	476	(3)
Effect of Roughness on Friction	478	(1)
Effect of Velocity on Friction	478	(1)
Rolling Friction	478	(1)
Effect of Lubricant on Friction	478	(1)
7.4 Adhesive Wear	479	(4)
The Adhesive Wear Coefficient	482	(1)
7.5 Abrasive Wear	483	(4)
Abrasive Materials	486	(1)
Abrasion-Resistant Materials	487	(1)
7.6 Corrosion Wear	487	(3)
Corrosion Fatigue	489	(1)
Fretting Corrosion	489	(1)
7.7 Surface Fatigue	490	(3)
7.8 Spherical Contact	493	(6)
Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Spherical Contact	493	(2)
Static Stress Distributions in Spherical Contact	495	(4)
Example 7-1	497	(2)
7.9 Cylindrical Contact	499	(4)
Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in Parallel Cylindrical Contact	499	(1)
Static Stress Distributions in Parallel Cylindrical Contact	500	(3)
Example 7-2	502	(1)
7.10 General Contact	503	(5)
Contact Pressure and Contact Patch in General Contact	503	(1)
Stress Distributions in General Contact	504	(1)
Example 7-3	505	(3)
7.11 Dynamic Contact Stresses	508	(8)
Effect of a Sliding Component on Contact Stresses	508	(6)
Example 7-4	514	(2)
7.12 Surface Fatigue-Failure Models Dynamic Contact	516	(3)
7.13 Surface Fatigue Strength	519	(7)
Example 7-5	525	(1)
7.14 Summary	526	(4)
Designing to Avoid Surface Failure	526	(1)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	527	(3)
7.15 References	530	(2)
7.16 Problems	532	(3)
PART II MACHINE DESIGN	535	(454)
CHAPTER 8 DESIGN CASE STUDIES	537	(26)
8.0 Introduction	537	(1)
8.1 A Portable Air Compressor	538	(4)
Case Study 7A - Preliminary Design of a Compressor Drive Train	540	(2)
8.2 A Hay-Bale Lifter	542	(4)
Case Study 8A - Preliminary Design of a Winch Lift	542	(4)
8.3 A Cam-Testing Machine	546	(6)
Case Study 9A - Preliminary Design of a Cam Dynamic Test Fixture	547	(5)
8.4 Summary	552	(1)
8.5 References	553	(1)
8.6 Design Projects	553	(10)
CHAPTER 9 SHAFTS, KEYS, AND COUPLINGS	563	(78)
9.0 Introduction	563	(1)
9.1 Shaft Loads	563	(2)
9.2 Attachments and Stress Concentrations	565	(2)
9.3 Shaft Materials	567	(1)
9.4 Shaft Power	568	(1)
9.5 Shaft Loads	568	(1)
9.6 Shaft Stresses	569	(1)
9.7 Shaft Failure in Combined Loading	570	(1)
9.8 Shaft Design	570	(12)
General Considerations	571	(1)
Design for Fully Reversed Bending and Steady Torsion	572	(2)
Design for Fluctuating Bending and Fluctuating Torsion	574	(1)
Example 9-1	575	(5)
Example 9-2	580	(2)
9.9 Shaft Deflection	582	(4)
Shafts as Beams	582	(1)
Shafts as Torsion Bars	583	(1)
Example 9-3	584	(2)
9.10 Keys and Keyways	586	(9)
Parallel Keys	586	(2)
Tapered Keys	588	(1)
Woodruff Keys	588	(1)
Stresses in Keys	588	(1)
Key Materials	589	(1)
Key Design	590	(1)
Stress Concentration in Keyways	590	(1)
Example 9-4	591	(4)
9.11 Splines	595	(2)
9.12 Interference Fits	597	(6)
Stresses in Interference Fits	597	(1)
Stress Concentration in Interference Fits	598	(1)
Fretting Corrosion	599	(1)
Example 9-5	600	(3)
9.13 Flywheel Design	603	(9)
Energy Variation in a Rotating System	604	(1)
Example 9-6	605	(5)
Determining the Flywheel Inertia	607	(2)
Stresses in Flywheels	609	(1)
Failure Criteria	610	(1)
Example 9-7	610	(2)
9.14 Critical Speeds of Shafts	612	(12)
Lateral Vibration of Shafts and Beams Rayleigh's Method	615	(2)
Shaft Whirl	617	(2)
Torsional Vibration	619	(1)
Two Disks on a Common Shaft	620	(1)
Multiple Disks on a Common Shaft	621	(1)
Controlling Torsional Vibrations	622	(1)
Example 9-8	622	(2)
9.15 Couplings	624	(4)
Rigid Couplings	625	(1)
Compliant Couplings	626	(2)
9.16 Case Study	628	(5)
Designing Driveshafts for a Portable Air Compressor	628	(1)
Case Study 7B - Preliminary Design of Shafts for a Compressor Drive Train	629	(4)
9.17 Summary	633	(2)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	634	(1)
9.18 References	635	(1)
9.19 Problems	636	(5)
CHAPTER 10 BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION	641	(34)
10.0 Introduction	641	(3)
A Caveat	643	(1)
10.1 Lubricants	644	(2)
10.2 Viscosity	646	(1)
10.3 Types of Lubrication	646	(5)
Full-Film Lubrication	648	(3)
Boundary Lubrication	651	(1)
10.4 Material Combinations in Sliding Bearings	651	(2)
10.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theory	653	(8)
Petroff's Equation for No-Load Torque	653	(1)
Reynolds' Equation for Ecentric Journal Bearings	654	(6)
Torque and Power Losses in Journal Bearings	660	(1)
10.6 Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings	661	(7)
Design Load Factor The Ocvirk Number	662	(1)
Design Procedures	662	(3)
Example 10-1	665	(3)
10.7 Nonconforming Contacts	668	(7)
Example 10-2	673	(2)
10.8 Rolling-Element Bearings	675	(6)
Comparison of Rolling and Sliding Bearings	676	(1)
Types of Rolling-Element Bearings	677	(3)
10.9 Failure of Rolling-Element Bearings	681	(1)
10.10 Selection of Rolling-Element Bearings	681	(7)
Basic Dynamic Load Rating C	681	(1)
Basic Static Load Rating C(o)	682	(1)
Combined Radial and Thrust Loads	683	(1)
Calculation Procedures	683	(5)
Example 10-3	686	(1)
Example 10-4	687	(1)
10.11 Bearing Mounting Details	688	(1)
10.12 Special Bearings	689	(1)
10.13 Case Study	690	(4)
Case Study 9B - Design of Hydrodynamic Bearings for a Cam Test Fixture	691	(3)
10.14 Summary	694	(4)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	695	(3)
10.15 References	698	(1)
10.16 Problems	699	(4)
CHAPTER 11 SPUR GEARS	703	(70)
11.0 Introduction	703	(2)
11.1 Gear Tooth Theory	705	(7)
The Fundamental Law of Gearing	705	(2)
The Involute Tooth Form	707	(1)
Pressure Angle	708	(1)
Mesh Geometry	708	(1)
Rack and Pinion	709	(1)
Changing Center Distance	710	(1)
Backlash	711	(1)
Relative Tooth Motion	712	(1)
11.2 Gear Tooth Nomenclature	712	(2)
11.3 Interference and Undercutting	714	(3)
Unequal-Addendum Tooth Forms	716	(1)
11.4 Contact Ratio	717	(3)
Example 11-1	718	(2)
11.5 Gear Trains	720	(6)
Simple Gear Trains	720	(1)
Compound Gear Trains	720	(1)
Reverted Compound Trains	721	(2)
Example 11-2	722	(1)
Epicyclic or Planetary Gear Trains	723	(2)
Example 11-3	725	(1)
11.6 Gear Manufacturing	726	(4)
Forming Gear Teeth	726	(1)
Machining	727	(1)
Roughing Processes	727	(2)
Finishing Processes	729	(1)
Gear Quality	729	(1)
11.7 Loading on Spur Gears	730	(3)
Example 11-4	732	(1)
11.8 Stresses in Spur Gears	733	(15)
Bending Stresses	733	(10)
Example 11-5	742	(1)
Surface Stresses	743	(5)
Example 11-6	746	(2)
11.9 Gear Materials	748	(11)
Material Strengths	749	(1)
AGMA Bending Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials	750	(3)
AGMA Surface Fatigue Strengths for Gear Materials	753	(6)
Example 11-7	755	(4)
11.10 Lubrication of Gearing	759	(1)
11.11 Design of Spur Gears	759	(8)
11.12 Case Study	761	(6)
Case Study 7C - Design of Spur Gears for a Compressor Drive-Train	761	(6)
11.13 Summary	767	(2)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	768	(2)
11.14 References	769	(1)
11.15 Problems	770	(3)
CHAPTER 12 HELICAL, BEVEL, AND WORM GEARS	773	(38)
12.0 Introduction	773	(1)
12.1 Helical Gears	773	(12)
Helical Gear Geometry	776	(1)
Helical Gear Forces	777	(1)
Virtual Number of Teeth	777	(1)
Contact Ratios	778	(1)
Stresses in Helical Gears	779	(3)
Example 12-1	782	(3)
12.2 Bevel Gears	785	(9)
Bevel Gear Geometry and Nomenclature	786	(1)
Bevel Gear Mounting	787	(1)
Forces on Bevel Gears	787	(1)
Stresses in Bevel Gears	788	(1)
Example 12-2	789	(5)
12.3 Wormsets	794	(9)
Materials for Wormsets	795	(1)
Lubrication in Wormsets	796	(1)
Forces in Wormsets	796	(1)
Wormset Geometry	796	(1)
Rating Methods	797	(2)
A Design Procedure for Wormsets	799	(1)
12.4 Case Study	800	(3)
Case Study 8B - Design of a Wormset Speed Reducer for a Winch Lift	800	(3)
12.5 Summary	803	(5)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	805	(3)
12.6 References	808	(1)
12.7 Problems	809	(2)
CHAPTER 13 SPRING DESIGN	811	(78)
13.0 Introduction	811	(1)
13.1 Spring Rate	811	(3)
13.2 Spring Configurations	814	(2)
13.3 Spring Materials	816	(6)
Spring Wire	817	(2)
Flat Spring Stock	819	(3)
13.4 Helical Compression Springs	822	(13)
Spring Lengths	822	(1)
End Details	823	(1)
Active Coils	823	(1)
Spring Index	824	(1)
Spring Deflection	824	(1)
Spring Rate	824	(1)
Stresses in Helical Compression Spring Coils	825	(1)
Residual Stresses	826	(1)
Buckling of Compression Springs	827	(1)
Compression-Spring Surge	828	(1)
Allowable Strengths for Compression Springs	829	(2)
The Torsional-Shear S-N Diagram for Spring Wire	831	(1)
Example 13-1	831	(1)
The Modified-Goodman Diagram for Spring Wire	832	(3)
Example 13-2	833	(2)
13.5 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Static Loading	835	(6)
Example 13-3	836	(5)
13.6 Designing Helical Compression Springs for Fatigue Loading	841	(9)
Example 13-4	844	(6)
13.7 Helical Extension Springs	850	(11)
Active Coils in Extension Springs	850	(1)
Spring Rate of Extension Springs	850	(1)
Spring Index of Extension Springs	850	(1)
Coil Preload in Extension Springs	851	(1)
Deflection of Extension Springs	851	(1)
Coil Stresses in Extension Springs	852	(1)
End Stresses in Extension Springs	852	(1)
Surging in Extension Springs	852	(1)
Material Strengths for Extension Springs	853	(1)
Design of Helical Extension Springs	853	(1)
Example 13-5	854	(7)
13.8 Helical Torsion Springs	861	(8)
Terminology for Torsion Springs	862	(1)
Number of Coils in Torsion Springs	862	(1)
Deflection of Torsion Springs	863	(1)
Spring Rate of Torsion Springs	863	(1)
Coil Closure	863	(1)
Coil Stresses in Torsion Springs	864	(1)
Material Parameters for Torsion Springs	865	(1)
Safety Factors for Torsion Springs	866	(1)
Designing Helical Torsion Springs	866	(1)
Example 13-6	866	(3)
13.9 Belleville Spring Washers	869	(8)
Load-Deflection Function for Belleville Washers	872	(1)
Stresses in Belleville Washers	872	(1)
Static Loading of Belleville Washers	873	(1)
Dynamic Loading	874	(1)
Stacking Springs	874	(1)
Designing Belleville Springs	874	(1)
Example 13-7	875	(2)
13.10 Case Study	877	(5)
Case Study 9C - Design of a Return Spring for a Cam-Follower Arm	877	(5)
13.11 Summary	882	(3)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	882	(3)
13.12 References	885	(1)
13.13 Problems	886	(3)
CHAPTER 14 SCREWS AND FASTENERS	889	(70)
14.0 Introduction	889	(2)
14.1 Standard Thread Forms	891	(3)
Tensile Stress Area	893	(1)
Standard Thread Dimensions	894	(1)
14.2 Power Screws	894	(12)
Square, Acme, and Buttress Threads	894	(2)
Power Screw Application	896	(1)
Power Screw Force and Torque Analysis	897	(4)
Friction Coefficients	901	(1)
Self-Locking and Back-Driving of Power Screws	901	(1)
Screw Efficiency	902	(1)
Ball Screws	903	(1)
Example 14-1	904	(2)
14.3 Stresses in Threads	906	(2)
Axial Stress	906	(1)
Shear Stress	907	(1)
Torsional Stress	908	(1)
14.4 Types of Screw Fasteners	908	(4)
Classification by Intended Use	908	(1)
Classification by Thread Type	909	(1)
Classification by Head Style	909	(2)
Nuts and Washers	911	(1)
14.5 Manufacturing Fasteners	912	(2)
14.6 Strengths of Standard Bolts and Machine Screws	914	(1)
14.7 Preloaded Fasteners in Tension	914	(14)
Preloaded Bolts Under Static Loading	917	(6)
Example 14-2	920	(3)
Preloaded Bolts Under Dynamic Loading	923	(1)
Example 14-3	924	(4)
14.8 Determining the Joint Stiffness Factor	928	(7)
Gasketed Joints	930	(5)
Example 14-4	931	(4)
14.9 Controlling Preload	935	(4)
The Turn-of-the-Nut Method	937	(1)
Torque-Limited Fasteners	937	(1)
Load-Indicating Washers	937	(1)
Torsional Stress Due to Torquing of Bolts	938	(1)
Example 14-5	939	(1)
14.10 Fasteners in Shear	939	(6)
Dowel Pins	941	(1)
Centroids of Fastener Groups	942	(1)
Determining Shear Loads on Fasteners	943	(1)
Example 14-6	944	(1)
14.11 Case Study	945	(6)
Case Study 7D - Design of the Headbolts for an Air Compressor	945	(6)
14.12 Summary	951	(2)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	951	(2)
14.13 References	953	(1)
14.14 Bibliography	954	(1)
14.15 Problems	955	(4)
CHAPTER 15 CLUTCHES AND BRAKES	959	(30)
15.0 Introduction	959	(2)
15.1 Types of Brakes and Clutches	961	(6)
15.2 Clutch/Brake Selection and Specification	967	(1)
15.3 Clutch and Brake Materials	968	(1)
15.4 Disk Clutches	968	(4)
Uniform Pressure	969	(1)
Uniform Wear	970	(2)
Example 15-1	971	(1)
15.5 Disk Brakes	972	(1)
15.6 Drum Brakes	973	(9)
Short Shoe External Drum Brakes	974	(2)
Example 15-2	975	(1)
Long Shoe External Drum Brakes	976	(5)
Example 15-3	979	(2)
Long Shoe Internal Drum Brakes	981	(1)
15.7 Summary	982	(2)
Important Equations Used in this Chapter	983	(1)
15.8 References	984	(1)
15.9 Bibliography	985	(1)
15.10 Problems	985	(4)
APPENDIX A CROSS-SECTIONAL PROPERTIES	989	(2)
APPENDIX B MASS PROPERTIES	991	(2)
APPENDIX C MATERIAL PROPERTIES	993	(8)
APPENDIX D BEAM TABLES	1001	(4)
APPENDIX E STRESS-CONCENTRATION FACTORS	1005	(8)
APPENDIX F CONVERSION FACTORS	1013	(2)
APPENDIX G ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS	1015	(10)
APPENDIX H LIST OF SOFTWARE INCLUDED ON CD-ROM	1025	(12)
INDEX	1037
CD-ROM	BACK COVER