About the Authors | p. viii |
Preface | p. ix |
Human Organization | |
Organization of the Body | p. 1 |
The Human Body | p. 2 |
Anatomical Terms | p. 2 |
Body Cavities and Membranes | p. 6 |
Organ Systems | p. 8 |
Medical Focus: Meningitis and Serositis | p. 9 |
Homeostasis | p. 10 |
Medical Focus: Imaging the Body | p. 16 |
Chemistry of Life | p. 20 |
Basic Chemistry | p. 21 |
Water, Acids, and Bases | p. 24 |
Molecules of Life | p. 26 |
Carbohydrates | p. 26 |
Medical Focus: Nutrition Labels | p. 28 |
Lipids | p. 28 |
Proteins | p. 31 |
Medical Focus: Prions: Malicious Proteins? | p. 33 |
Nucleic Acids | p. 34 |
Cell Structure and Function | p. 39 |
Cellular Organization | p. 40 |
Crossing the Plasma Membrane | p. 48 |
Medical Focus: Dehydration and Water Intoxication | p. 51 |
The Cell Cycle | p. 52 |
Focus on Forensics: DNA Fingerprinting | p. 57 |
Body Tissues and Membranes | p. 61 |
Epithelial Tissue | p. 62 |
Connective Tissue | p. 65 |
Muscular Tissue | p. 69 |
Nervous Tissue | p. 72 |
Extracellular Junctions, Glands, and Membranes | p. 73 |
Medical Focus: Cancer-The Traitor Inside | p. 74 |
What's New: Blocking Blood Supply to Treat Cancer | p. 76 |
Support, Movement, and Protection | |
The Integumentary System | p. 79 |
Structure of the Skin | p. 80 |
Medical Focus: Decubitus Ulcers | p. 82 |
Accessory Structures of the Skin | p. 82 |
Disorders of the Skin | p. 84 |
Effects of Aging | p. 87 |
What's New: Pills for Sun Protection | p. 88 |
Homeostasis | p. 88 |
Medical Focus: Body Art: Buyer Beware! | p. 91 |
The Skeletal System | p. 94 |
Skeleton: Overview | p. 95 |
Medical Focus: Osteoporosis | p. 99 |
Axial Skeleton | p. 100 |
Appendicular Skeleton | p. 108 |
Joints (Articulations) | p. 115 |
What's New: Coaxing the Chondrocytes for Knee Repair | p. 118 |
Effects of Aging | p. 119 |
Homeostasis | p. 119 |
Focus on Forensics: Skeletal Remains | p. 121 |
The Muscular System | p. 126 |
Functions and Types of Muscles | p. 127 |
Microscopic Anatomy and Contraction of Skeletal Muscle | p. 129 |
Medical Focus: To Botox, or Not to Botox? | p. 131 |
Muscle Responses | p. 135 |
Focus on Forensics: Rigor Mortis | p. 136 |
Skeletal Muscles of the Body | p. 138 |
Effects of Aging | p. 148 |
Medical Focus: Benefits of Exercise | p. 149 |
Medical Focus: Muscular Disorders and Neuromuscular Disease | p. 150 |
Homeostasis | p. 150 |
Integration and Coordination | |
The Nervous System | p. 155 |
Nervous System | p. 156 |
Medical Focus: Alzheimer Disease | p. 161 |
Central Nervous System | p. 162 |
What's New: Spinal Cord Injuries-Cause for Hope | p. 165 |
Medical Focus: Left and Right Brain | p. 168 |
Peripheral Nervous System | p. 169 |
Effects of Aging | p. 175 |
Homeostasis | p. 175 |
Medical Focus: Pacemakers for Parkinson Disease | p. 177 |
The Sensory System | p. 181 |
General Senses | p. 182 |
Senses of Taste and Smell | p. 184 |
Sense of Vision | p. 186 |
Medical Focus: Corrective Lenses | p. 191 |
What's New: A Bionic Cure for Macular Degeneration | p. 192 |
Focus on Forensics: Retinal Hemorrhage in Shaken Baby Syndrome | p. 194 |
Sense of Hearing | p. 196 |
Sense of Equilibrium | p. 197 |
Medical Focus: Hearing Damage and Deafness | p. 200 |
Effects of Aging | p. 200 |
The Endocrine System | p. 204 |
Endocrine Glands | p. 205 |
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland | p. 208 |
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands | p. 211 |
Adrenal Glands | p. 213 |
Pancreas | p. 216 |
What's New: Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplants | p. 218 |
Other Endocrine Glands | p. 219 |
Medical Focus: Side Effects of Anabolic Steroids | p. 220 |
Chemical Signals | p. 221 |
Effects of Aging | p. 222 |
Homeostasis | p. 222 |
Medical Focus: Glucocorticoid Therapy | p. 224 |
Maintenance of the Body | |
Blood | p. 227 |
The Composition and Functions of Blood | p. 228 |
The Blood Cells | p. 230 |
Medical Focus: Avoiding Transfusion, Autotransfusion, and Blood Substitutes | p. 233 |
Platelets and Hemostasis | p. 234 |
Medical Focus: Abnormal Red and White Blood Cell Counts | p. 235 |
Capillary Exchange | p. 236 |
What's New: Zeolite for Hemostasis | p. 237 |
Blood Typing and Transfusions | p. 239 |
Effects of Aging | p. 241 |
Focus on Forensics: Blood at the Crime Scene | p. 242 |
The Cardiovascular System | p. 246 |
Anatomy of the Heart | p. 247 |
Physiology of the Heart | p. 251 |
Medical Focus: Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease | p. 252 |
Medical Focus: The Electrocardiogram | p. 255 |
Anatomy of Blood Vessels | p. 257 |
Physiology of Circulation | p. 259 |
Circulatory Routes | p. 263 |
What's New: Aneurysm Sensors | p. 265 |
Medical Focus: Stroke: Beware of Brain Attack! | p. 268 |
Medical Focus: Preventing Cardiovascular Disease | p. 270 |
Effects of Aging | p. 270 |
Homeostasis | p. 271 |
The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses | p. 276 |
Lymphatic System | p. 277 |
Medical Focus: Bone Marrow Transplants | p. 278 |
Organs, Tissues, and Cells of the Immune System | p. 278 |
Medical Focus: The Lymphatic System and Illnesses | p. 281 |
Nonspecific and Specific Defenses | p. 281 |
Medical Focus: AIDS Epidemic | p. 288 |
Medical Focus: Immunization: The Great Protector | p. 290 |
Induced Immunity | p. 291 |
What's New: Avian Flu-Potential Pandemic? | p. 293 |
Effects of Aging | p. 295 |
Homeostasis | p. 295 |
The Respiratory System | p. 300 |
The Respiratory System | p. 301 |
Mechanism of Breathing | p. 306 |
Medical Focus: Emphysema: Medical and Surgical Treatment | p. 310 |
Gas Exchange and Transport | p. 310 |
Medical Focus: Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Patterns | p. 311 |
Respiration and Health | p. 312 |
Medical Focus: The Most-Often-Asked Questions About Tobacco and Health | p. 316 |
Effects of Aging | p. 316 |
Homeostasis | p. 318 |
The Digestive System | p. 323 |
Anatomy of the Digestive System | p. 324 |
Medical Focus: Human Teeth | p. 325 |
What's New: Swallowing a Camera? | p. 332 |
Medical Focus: Constipation | p. 335 |
Accessory Organs of Digestion | p. 336 |
Chemical Digestion | p. 339 |
Effects of Aging | p. 340 |
Homeostasis | p. 340 |
Nutrition | p. 342 |
Medical Focus: Antioxidants | p. 343 |
Medical Focus: Bariatric Surgery for Obesity | p. 347 |
The Urinary System and Excretion | p. 351 |
Urinary System | p. 352 |
Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion | p. 354 |
Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys | p. 358 |
Problems with Kidney Function | p. 362 |
Focus on Forensics: Urinalysis | p. 363 |
Effects of Aging | p. 364 |
Homeostasis | p. 364 |
Medical Focus: Prostate Enlargement and Cancer | p. 365 |
Reproduction and Development | |
The Reproductive System | p. 370 |
Human Life Cycle | p. 371 |
Male Reproductive System | p. 373 |
Female Reproductive System | p. 379 |
Medical Focus: Ovarian Cancer | p. 383 |
A Control of Reproduction and Sexually Transmitted Diseases | p. 387 |
Medical Focus: Shower Check for Cancer | p. 391 |
What's New: Endocrine-Disrupting Contaminants | p. 392 |
Medical Focus: Preventing Transmission of STDs | p. 395 |
Effects of Aging | p. 396 |
Homeostasis | p. 397 |
Focus on Forensics: Rape | p. 397 |
Human Development and Birth | p. 402 |
Fertilization | p. 403 |
Development | p. 404 |
What's New: Therapeutic Cloning | p. 407 |
Medical Focus: Premature Babies | p. 413 |
Birth | p. 415 |
Medical Focus: Preventing Birth Defects | p. 416 |
Human Genetics | p. 423 |
Chromosomal Inheritance | p. 424 |
Medical Focus: Living with Klinefelter Syndrome | p. 428 |
Genetic Inheritance | p. 429 |
Medical Focus: Preimplantation Genetic Studies | p. 433 |
DNA Technology | p. 434 |
What's New: Chimeras | p. 435 |
Reference Figures: The Human Organism | p. 438 |
Understanding Medical Terminology | p. 445 |
Glossary | p. 455 |
Credits | p. 470 |
Index | p. 471 |
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