The Making of the West; Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume I: To 1740

by Lynn Hunt, Thomas Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia

• ISBN13: 9780312402075
• ISBN10: 0312402074
• Format: Trade Paper
• Copyright: 2002-10-03
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

Based on the widely acclaimed survey text, The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, and condensed by the authors themselves, A Concise History retains the unique chronological synthesis, broad coverage, and geographic inclusion of the original work while providing an even sharper, more focused treatment of the historical development of the West. A tradebook format, full-color design, the richest map and art programs available in a brief edition, and a thoroughly integrated source collection combine with the clear, compelling narrative for a textbook that will spark the historical imagination as it captures student interest.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. v
Brief Contents	p. xiii
Documents in Sources of The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History	p. xxix
Maps and Figures	p. xxxi
Authors' Note: The B.C./A.D. System for Dates	p. xxxv
About the Authors	p. xxxviii
Foundations of Western Civilization, to 500 B.C.	p. 3
Making Civilization, to 1000 B.C.	p. 4
Paleolithic and Neolithic Life, C. 400,000-8000 B.C.	p. 5
The Birth of Cities and Empire in Mesopotamia, C. 4000-1000 B.C.	p. 8
Mesopotamian Legacies, C. 2200-1000 B.C.	p. 14
Early Civilizations in Egypt, the Levant, and Anatolia, C. 3100-1000 B.C.	p. 16
Religion and Rule in Egypt, C. 3100-2181 B.C.	p. 17
Life in the Egyptian and Hittite Kingdoms, 2181-1000 B.C.	p. 22
Shifting Empires in the Ancient Near East, to 500 B.C.	p. 25
From Assyrian, to Babylonian, to Persian Supremacy, C. 900-500 B.C.	p. 26
Consolidating Hebrew Monotheism, C. 1000-539 B.C.	p. 31
Greek Civilization, to 750 B.C.	p. 33
Minoan and Mycenaean Civilization, C. 2200-1000 B.C.	p. 33
The Greek Dark Age, C. 1000-750 B.C.	p. 37
Remaking Greek Civilization, C. 750-500 B.C.	p. 38
Citizenship and Freedom in the City-State	p. 39
New Ways of Thought and Expression	p. 46
Conclusion	p. 48
The Greek Golden Age, C. 500-400 B.C.	p. 53
Clash between Persia and Greece, 499-479 B.C.	p. 54
The Ionian Revolt and the Battle of Marathon, 499-490 B.C.	p. 54
The Great Invasion of 480-479 B.C.	p. 56
Athenian Confidence in the Golden Age, 479-431 B.C.	p. 58
The Establishment of the Athenian Empire, 479-C. 460 B.C.	p. 58
Radical Democracy and Pericles' Leadership, 461-445 B.C.	p. 60
The Urban Landscape of Golden Age Athens	p. 63
Tradition and Innovation in Athens's Golden Age	p. 67
Religious Tradition in a Period of Change	p. 67
Women, Slaves, and Metics in Traditional Society	p. 70
Education and Intellectual Innovation	p. 75
The Development of Tragedy and Comedy	p. 81
The End of the Golden Age, 431-403 B.C.	p. 86
The Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.	p. 86
Athens Humbled, 404-403 B.C.	p. 89
Conclusion	p. 90
From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, c. 400-30 B.C.	p. 93
The Decline of Classical Greece, c. 400-350 B.C.	p. 94
The Aftermath of War and the Case of Socrates	p. 95
The Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle	p. 97
The Disunity of Greece	p. 99
The Rise of Macedonia, 359-323 B.C.	p. 100
Philip II and the Background of Macedonian Power	p. 101
Exploits of Alexander the Great, 336-323 B.C.	p. 103
The Hellenistic Kingdoms, 323-30 B.C.	p. 107
The Structure of Hellenistic Kingdoms	p. 107
The Layers of Hellenistic Society	p. 111
Hellenistic Culture	p. 113
The Arts under Royal Patronage	p. 114
Philosophy for a New Age	p. 116
Innovation in the Sciences	p. 119
A New East-West Culture	p. 122
Conclusion	p. 126
The Rise of Rome, c. 753-44 B.C.	p. 129
Social and Religious Traditions	p. 130
Roman Values	p. 131
The Patron-Client System	p. 132
The Roman Family	p. 133
Education for Public Life	p. 136
Religion for Public and Private Interests	p. 136
From Monarchy to Republic, c. 753-287 B.C.	p. 139
The Monarchy, c. 753-509 B.C.	p. 139
The Early Roman Republic, 509-287 B.C.	p. 142
Consequences of Roman Imperialism, Fifth to Second Centuries B.C.	p. 146
Expansion in Italy	p. 147
Wars with Carthage	p. 149
Greece's Influence on Rome's Literature and Art	p. 153
Stresses on Society	p. 155
Upheaval in the Late Republic, c. 133-44 B.C.	p. 157
The Gracchi and Factional Politics	p. 157
Gaius Marius and the First Client Armies	p. 159
Sulla and Civil War	p. 160
Pompey, Caesar, and the Downfall of the Republic	p. 162
Conclusion	p. 167
The Roman Empire, c. 44 B.C.-A.D. 284	p. 171
Creating "Roman Peace"	p. 172
From Republic to Principate, 44-27 B.C.	p. 173
Augustus's "Restoration," 27 B.C.-A.D. 14	p. 173
Life in Augustan Rome	p. 176
Arts and Letters Fit for an Emperor	p. 182
Maintaining "Roman Peace"	p. 184
Making Monarchy Permanent, A.D. 14-180	p. 184
Life in the Golden Age, A.D. 96-180	p. 188
The Emergence of Christianity	p. 195
Jesus of Nazareth and the Spread of His Teachings	p. 196
Growth of a New Religion	p. 199
Parallel Belief Systems	p. 202
The Crisis of the Third Century	p. 204
Defending the Frontiers	p. 205
The Severan Emperors and Catastrophe	p. 206
Conclusion	p. 210
The Transformation of the Roman Empire, A.D. 284-c. 600	p. 213
Reorganizing the Empire	p. 214
Imperial Reform and Fragmentation	p. 214
Financial Reform and Social Consequences	p. 218
Religious Reform: From Persecution to Conversion	p. 221
Christianizing the Empire	p. 222
The Spread of Christianity	p. 223
Competing Visions of Religious Truth	p. 227
The Beginning of Christian Monasticism	p. 232
Germanic Kingdoms in the West	p. 235
Germanic Migrations	p. 235
Mixing Roman and Germanic Traditions	p. 243
The Byzantine Empire in the East	p. 244
Byzantine Society	p. 245
The Reign of Justinian, 527-565	p. 247
Preserving Classical Literature	p. 250
Conclusion	p. 254
The Heirs of the Roman Empire, 600-750	p. 257
Byzantium: A Christian Empire under Siege	p. 258
Wars on the Frontiers, c. 570-750	p. 258
From an Urban to a Rural Way of Life	p. 261
Religion, Politics, and Iconoclasm	p. 264
Islam: A New Religion and a New Empire	p. 266
The Rise and Development of Islam, c. 610-632	p. 266
Muhammad's Successors, 632-750	p. 271
Peace and Prosperity in Islamic Lands	p. 273
The Western Kingdoms	p. 274
Frankish Kingdoms with Roman Roots	p. 274
Economic Activity in a Peasant Society	p. 278
The Powerful in Merovingian Society	p. 280
Christianity and Classical Culture in the British Isles	p. 284
Unity in Spain, Division in Italy	p. 286
Conclusion	p. 290
Unity and Diversity in Three Societies, 750-1050	p. 293
Byzantium: Renewed Strength and Influence	p. 294
Imperial Might	p. 295
The Macedonian Renaissance, c. 870-c. 1025	p. 297
New States under the Influence of Byzantium	p. 298
From Unity to Fragmentation in the Islamic World	p. 301
The Abbasid Caliphate, 750-c. 950	p. 301
Regional Diversity	p. 303
The Islamic Renaissance, c. 790-c. 1050	p. 305
The Creation and Division of a New Western Empire	p. 307
The Rise of the Carolingians	p. 307
Charlemagne and His Kingdom, 768-814	p. 308
Charlemagne's Successors, 814-911	p. 311
Land and Power	p. 312
The Carolingian Renaissance	p. 314
Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars Invade	p. 315
The Emergence of Local Rule in the Post-Carolingian Age	p. 320
Public Power and Private Relationships	p. 320
War and Peace	p. 324
Political Communities in Italy, England, and France	p. 326
Emperors and Kings in Central and Eastern Europe	p. 330
Conclusion	p. 333
Renewal and Reform, 1050-1200	p. 337
The Commercial Revolution	p. 338
Centers of Commerce and Commercial Life	p. 338
Business Arrangements	p. 342
Self-Government for the Towns	p. 344
Church Reform and Its Aftermath	p. 346
Beginnings of the Reform Movement	p. 346
Gregorian Reform and the Investiture Conflict, 1073-1085	p. 349
The Sweep of Reform	p. 351
Early Crusades and Crusader States	p. 353
The Jews as Strangers	p. 358
The Revival of Monarchies	p. 360
Byzantium in Its Prime	p. 360
Norman and Angevin England	p. 362
Praising the King of France	p. 367
Remaking the Empire	p. 368
The Courtly Culture of Europe	p. 370
New Forms of Scholarship and Religious Experience	p. 373
Schools, Scholars, and the New Learning	p. 373
Benedictine Monks and Artistic Splendor	p. 377
New Monastic Orders of Poverty	p. 379
Religious Fervor and Dissent	p. 382
Conclusion	p. 386
An Age of Confidence, 1200-1340	p. 389
War, Conquest, and Colonization	p. 390
The Northern Crusades	p. 390
The Capture of Constantinople	p. 391
The Spanish Reconquista Advances	p. 394
Putting Down the Heretics in Their Midst	p. 395
The Mongol Takeover	p. 400
Politics of Control	p. 402
France: From Acorn to Oak	p. 402
England: Crisis and Consolidation	p. 405
Papal Monarchy	p. 406
Power Shift in the Italian Communes	p. 410
New-Style Associations amid the Monarchies	p. 410
The Birth of Representative Institutions	p. 411
Religious and Cultural Life in an Age of Expansion	p. 413
Lay Religious Fervor	p. 414
Universities and the Scholastics	p. 415
New Syntheses in Writing and Music	p. 419
The Order of High Gothic	p. 421
Conclusion	p. 425
Crisis and Renaissance, 1340-1500	p. 429
A Multitude of Crises	p. 430
The Black Death and Its Consequences	p. 430
The Hundred Years' War, 1337-1453	p. 435
Ottoman Conquest and New Political Configurations in the East	p. 440
Economic Contraction	p. 443
The Crisis of the Papacy	p. 444
Stamping Out Dissenters, Heretics, Jews, and Muslims	p. 448
End of the Reconquista and Expulsion of the Jews in Spain, 1492	p. 451
New Forms of Thought and Expression: The Renaissance	p. 452
Renaissance Humanism	p. 452
New Perspectives in Art and Music	p. 456
Republics and Principalities in Italy	p. 460
Intimate Matters	p. 462
On the Threshold of World History	p. 466
The Divided Mediterranean	p. 466
Portuguese Confrontations	p. 466
The Voyages of Columbus	p. 467
A New Era in Slavery	p. 470
Europeans in a New World	p. 470
Conclusion	p. 472
Struggles over Beliefs, 1500-1648	p. 475
The Protestant Reformation	p. 476
Popular Piety and Christian Humanism	p. 476
Martin Luther and the German Nation	p. 478
Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin	p. 481
Reshaping Society through Religion	p. 483
State Power and Religious Conflict, 1500-1618	p. 487
Wars among Habsburgs, Valois, and Ottomans	p. 487
French Wars of Religion	p. 490
Challenges to Habsburg Power and the Rise of the Dutch Republic	p. 492
England Goes Protestant	p. 495
Catholic Renewal and Missionary Zeal	p. 498
The Thirty Years' War and the Balance of Power, 1618-1648	p. 501
Origins and Course of the War	p. 501
The Effects of Constant Fighting	p. 503
The Peace of Westphalia, 1648	p. 503
Growth of State Authority	p. 505
Economic Crisis and Realignment	p. 507
From Growth to Recession	p. 507
Consequences of Economic Crisis	p. 509
The Economic Balance of Power	p. 511
A Clash of Worldviews	p. 513
The Arts in an Age of Religious Conflict	p. 513
The Natural Laws of Politics	p. 517
Origins of the Scientific Revolution	p. 518
Magic and Witchcraft	p. 521
Conclusion	p. 524
State Building and the Search for Order, 1648-1690	p. 527
Louis XIV: Model of Absolutism	p. 528
The Fronde, 1648-1653	p. 529
Court Culture as a Form of State Power	p. 529
Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy	p. 532
Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad	p. 533
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe	p. 536
Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden: Militaristic Absolutism	p. 537
An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks	p. 538
Russia: Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism	p. 541
Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed	p. 543
Constitutionalism in England	p. 545
England Turned Upside Down, 1642-1660	p. 545
The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688	p. 550
Constitutionalism in the Dutch Republic and the Overseas Colonies	p. 552
The Dutch Republic	p. 553
Freedom and Slavery in the New World	p. 555
The Search for Order in Elite and Popular Culture	p. 557
Social Contract Theory: Hobbes and Locke	p. 557
Newton and the Consolidation of the Scientific Revolution	p. 559
Freedom and Order in the Arts	p. 561
Women and Manners	p. 563
Reforming Popular Culture	p. 566
Conclusion	p. 569
The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1690-1740	p. 571
The Atlantic System and the World Economy	p. 573
Slavery and the Atlantic System	p. 573
World Trade and Settlement	p. 578
The Birth of Consumer Society	p. 580
New Social and Cultural Patterns	p. 581
Agricultural Revolution	p. 582
Social Life in the Cities	p. 584
The Growing Public for Culture	p. 586
Religious Revivals	p. 589
Consolidation of the European State System	p. 590
The Limits of French Absolutism	p. 590
British Rise and Dutch Decline	p. 592
Russia's Emergence as a European Power	p. 595
The Balance of Power in the East	p. 597
The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Numbers	p. 600
Public Hygiene and Health Care	p. 601
The Birth of the Englightenment	p. 603
Popularization of Science and Challenges to Religion	p. 603
Travel Literature and the Challenge to Custom and Tradition	p. 605
Raising the Woman Question	p. 606
Conclusion	p. 609
Suggested References	p. 1
Index	p. 1
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