The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume II: Since 1340

by Hunt; Martin; Rosenwein

• ISBN13: 9780312439460
• ISBN10: 0312439466
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-07-28
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

Praised for its highly readable narrative and unmatched integration of political, social and cultural history,The Making of the West: A Concise Historycaptures the spirit of each age as it situates Europe within a global context. The rich narrative pays sustained attention to important topics and developments over time and reveals the cross-cultural interactions that have shaped today's world, presenting the history of the West as an ongoing process. The text's hallmark global perspective, broad geographic coverage, new student study aids, and handy format are combined with the best full-color art and map programs of any brief text.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Brief Contents	xix
Maps and Figures	xxxvii
About the Authors	xli
Crisis and Renaissance, 1340-1500	425	(48)
A Multitude of Crises	426	(22)
Economic Contraction and the Black Death	426	(4)
The Hundred Years' War, 1337-1453	430	(6)
Ottoman Conquest and New Political Configurations in Eastern Europe	436	(3)
Hard Times	439	(1)
The Crisis of the Papacy	440	(4)
Stamping Out Dissenters, Heretics, Jews, and Muslims	444	(3)
End of the Reconquista and Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, 1492	447	(1)
New Forms of Thought and Expression: The Renaissance	448	(15)
Renaissance Humanism	448	(4)
New Perspectives in Art and Music	452	(5)
Republics and Principalities in Italy	457	(2)
The Intersection of Private and Public Lives	459	(4)
On the Threshold of World History	463	(8)
The Divided Mediterranean	463	(2)
Portuguese Confrontations	465	(1)
The Voyages of Columbus	466	(1)
A New Era in Slavery	467	(1)
Europeans in a New World	468	(3)
Conclusion	471	(2)
Struggles over Beliefs, 1500-1648	473	(50)
The Protestant Reformation	474	(12)
Popular Piety and Christian Humanism	474	(2)
Martin Luther and the German Nation	476	(3)
Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin	479	(2)
Reshaping Society through Religion	481	(3)
Catholic Renewal and Missionary Zeal	484	(2)
State Power and Religious Conflict, 1500-1618	486	(12)
Wars among Habsburgs, Valois, and Ottomans	487	(2)
French Wars of Religion	489	(2)
Challenges to Habsburg Power and the Rise of the Dutch Republic	491	(3)
England Goes Protestant	494	(4)
The Thirty Years' War and the Balance of Power, 1618-1648	498	(6)
Origins and Course of the War	498	(2)
The Effects of Constant Fighting	500	(1)
The Peace of Westphalia, 1648	501	(2)
Growth of State Authority	503	(1)
From Growth to Recession	504	(5)
Causes and Consequences of Economic Crisis	505	(2)
The Economic Balance of Power	507	(2)
A Clash of Worldviews	509	(11)
The Arts in an Age of Religious Conflict	509	(3)
The Natural Laws of Politics	512	(2)
Origins of the Scientific Revolution	514	(3)
Magic and Witchcraft	517	(3)
Conclusion	520	(3)
State Building and the Search for Order, 1648-1690	523	(30)
Louis XIV: Model of Absolutism	524	(8)
The Fronde, 1648-1653	525	(1)
Court Culture as an Element of Absolutism	526	(2)
Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy	528	(1)
Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad	529	(3)
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe	532	(8)
Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden: Militaristic Absolutism	533	(2)
An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks	535	(2)
Russia: Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism	537	(2)
Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed	539	(1)
Constitutionalism in England	540	(8)
England Turned Upside Down, 1642-1660	541	(4)
The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688	545	(3)
Other Outposts of Constitutionalism	548	(4)
The Dutch Republic	548	(3)
Freedom and Slavery in the New World	551	(1)
The Search for Order in Elite and Popular Culture	552	(1)
Social Contract Theory: Hobbes and Locke	553	(14)
Newton and the Consolidation of the Scientific Revolution	554	(2)
Freedom and Order in the Arts	556	(3)
Women and Manners	559	(2)
Reforming Popular Culture	561	(4)
Conclusion	565	(2)
The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1690-1740	567	(42)
The Atlantic System and the World Economy	569	(9)
Slavery and the Atlantic System	569	(5)
World Trade and Settlement	574	(3)
The Birth of Consumer Society	577	(1)
New Social and Cultural Patterns	578	(8)
Agricultural Revolution	578	(3)
Social Life in the Cities	581	(1)
The Growing Public for Culture	582	(4)
Religious Revivals	586	(1)
Consolidation of the European State System	586	(14)
The Limits of French Absolutism	587	(2)
British Rise and Dutch Decline	589	(3)
Russia's Emergence as a European Power	592	(2)
The Balance of Power in the East	594	(3)
The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Numbers	597	(1)
Public Hygiene and Health Care	598	(2)
The Birth of the Enlightenment	600	(6)
Popularization of Science and Challenges to Religion	600	(2)
Travel Literature and the Challenge to Custom and Tradition	602	(2)
Raising the Woman Question	604	(2)
Conclusion	606	(3)
The Promise of Enlightenment, 1740-1789	609	(42)
The Enlightenment at Its Height	610	(11)
The Men and Women of the Republic of Letters	611	(2)
Conflicts with Church and State	613	(2)
The Individual and Society	615	(3)
Spreading the Enlightenment	618	(1)
The Limits of Reason: Roots of Romanticism and Religious Revival	619	(2)
Society and Culture in an Age of Enlightenment	621	(11)
The Nobility's Reassertion of Privilege	621	(2)
The Middle Class and the Making of a New Elite	623	(4)
Life on the Margins	627	(2)
Roots of Industrialization	629	(3)
State Power in an Era of Reform	632	(8)
War and Diplomacy	632	(4)
State-Sponsored Reform	636	(2)
Limits of Reform	638	(2)
Rebellions against State Power	640	(7)
Food Riots and Peasant Uprisings	640	(2)
Public Opinion and Political Opposition	642	(2)
Revolution in North America	644	(3)
Conclusion	647	(4)
The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789-1815	651	(48)
The Revolution of Rights and Reason	653	(12)
Protesters in the Low Countries and Poland	653	(2)
Origins of the French Revolution, 1787-1789	655	(4)
From Monarchy to Republic	659	(6)
Terror and Resistance	665	(9)
Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety	665	(2)
The Republic of Virtue, 1793-1794	667	(2)
Resisting the Revolution	669	(2)
The Fall of Robespierre and the End of the Terror, 1794-1799	671	(3)
The Directory and the Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte	674	(9)
Revolution on the March	675	(3)
Revolution in the Colonies	678	(2)
The End of the French Republic	680	(3)
Emperor Napoleon I, r. 1804-1814	683	(12)
The Authoritarian State	683	(2)
The New Paternalism	685	(3)
"Europe Was at My Feet": Napoleon's Military Conquests	688	(3)
Napoleon's Fall	691	(4)
Conclusion	695	(4)
Industrialization and Social Ferment, 1815-1850	699	(48)
The "Restoration" of Europe	700	(7)
The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815	700	(3)
The Revival of Religion	703	(1)
Political Challenges to the Vienna Settlement	704	(3)
The Advance of Industrialization and Urbanization	707	(7)
Engines of Change	708	(1)
Formation of the Working Class	709	(3)
Urbanization and Its Consequences	712	(2)
New Ideologies	714	(12)
Conservatism	714	(1)
Liberalism	715	(2)
Socialism and the Early Labor Movement	717	(3)
Nationalism	720	(3)
Romanticism	723	(3)
Reform or Revolution?	726	(19)
Depicting and Reforming the Social Order	726	(5)
Abuses and Reforms Overseas	731	(1)
The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848	732	(7)
Aftermath to 1848	739	(6)
Conclusion	745	(2)
Constructing the Nation-State, c. 1850-1880	747	(50)
The End of the Concert of Europe	749	(6)
Napoleon III and the Quest for French Glory	749	(2)
The Crimean War, 1853-1856: Turning Point in European Affairs	751	(1)
Spirit of Reform in Russia	752	(3)
War and Nation Building	755	(11)
Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Process of Italian Unification	755	(3)
Bismarck and the Realpolitik of German Unification	758	(4)
Francis Joseph and the Creation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy	762	(1)
Political Stability through Gradual Reform in Great Britain	763	(1)
Civil War and Nation Building in the United States and Canada	764	(2)
Industry and Nation Building	766	(6)
Industrial Innovation	766	(2)
Facing Economic Crisis	768	(2)
Revolution in Business Practices	770	(2)
Establishing Social Order	772	(13)
Bringing Order to the Cities	772	(2)
Expanding the Reach of Bureaucracy	774	(1)
Schooling and Professionalizing Society	775	(3)
Spreading Western Order beyond the West	778	(3)
Contesting the Nation-State at Home	781	(4)
The Culture of Social Order	785	(9)
The Arts Confront Social Reality	785	(4)
Religion and Secular Order	789	(2)
From Natural Science to Social Science	791	(3)
Conclusion	794	(3)
Empire, Modernity, and the Road to War, c. 1880-1914	797	(54)
The Challenge of Empire	799	(10)
Scramble for Africa	799	(5)
Imperial Newcomers	804	(2)
Growing Resistance to Colonial Domination	806	(3)
Modern Life in an Age of Empire	809	(13)
Life in the "Best Circles"	809	(2)
The "Best Circles" Transformed	811	(5)
Working People's Strategies	816	(2)
Toward National Fitness: Reforming the Working Class, Expanding Sports and Leisure	818	(2)
Sciences of the Modern Self	820	(2)
Modernity and the Revolt in Ideas	822	(7)
The Challenge to Positivism	823	(1)
Revolutionizing Science	824	(1)
Modern Art	825	(2)
Musical Iconoclasm	827	(2)
The Birth of Mass Politics	829	(14)
Mass Politics and the Growing Power of Labor	829	(4)
Rights for Women and the Battle for Suffrage	833	(2)
Liberalism Modified	835	(1)
Anti-Semitism, Nationalism, and Zionism in Mass Politics	836	(5)
Threats to Russian Empire	841	(2)
Roads to World War I	843	(6)
Competing Alliances and Clashing Ambitions	843	(3)
The Race to Arms	846	(3)
Conclusion	849	(2)
War, Revolution, and Reconstruction, 1914-1929	851	(48)
The Great War, 1914-1918	852	(11)
War Erupts	853	(1)
The Conflict Widens	854	(1)
Battlefronts	855	(5)
The Home Front	860	(3)
Protest, Revolution, and War's End: 1917-1918	863	(7)
War Protest	863	(1)
Revolution and Civil War in Russia	864	(5)
Ending the War: 1918	869	(1)
The Search for Peace in an Era of Revolution	870	(6)
Europe in Turmoil	870	(1)
The Paris Peace Conference, 1919-1920	871	(3)
Economic and Diplomatic Consequences of the Peace	874	(2)
A Decade of Recovery: Europe in the 1920's	876	(9)
Changes in the Political Landscape across Europe	877	(4)
Reconstructing the Economy	881	(1)
Restoring Society	882	(3)
Mass Culture and the Rise of Modern Dictators	885	(11)
Culture for the Masses	885	(1)
Cultural Debates over the Future	886	(3)
The Communist Utopia	889	(3)
Fascism on the March in Italy	892	(4)
Conclusion	896	(3)
An Age of Catastrophes, 1929-1945	899	(46)
The Great Depression	900	(5)
Economic Disaster Strikes	900	(2)
Social Effects of the Depression	902	(1)
Global Dimensions of the Crash	903	(2)
Totalitarian Triumph	905	(9)
The Rise of Stalinism	906	(3)
Hitler's Rise to Power	909	(2)
The Nazification of German Politics	911	(2)
Nazi Racism	913	(1)
Democracies on the Defensive	914	(6)
Confronting the Economic Crisis	914	(4)
Cultural Visions in Hard Times	918	(2)
The Road to Global War	920	(7)
A Surge in Global Imperialism	921	(2)
The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939	923	(2)
Hitler's Conquest of Central Europe, 1938-1939	925	(2)
World War II, 1939-1945	927	(15)
The German Onslaught	927	(2)
War Expands: The Pacific and Beyond	929	(1)
The War against Civilians and the Holocaust	930	(2)
Societies at War	932	(1)
From Resistance to Allied Victory	933	(5)
An Uneasy Postwar Settlement	938	(4)
Conclusion	942	(3)
Remaking Europe in the Shadow of Cold War, c. 1945-1965	945	(42)
World Politics Transformed	946	(9)
Europe Prostrate	947	(2)
New Superpowers: The United States and the Soviet Union	949	(1)
Origins of the Cold War	950	(3)
The Division of Germany	953	(2)
Political and Economic Recovery in Europe	955	(11)
Dealing with the Nazi Past	955	(2)
Rebirth of the West	957	(4)
The Welfare State: Common Ground East and West	961	(2)
Recovery in the East	963	(3)
Decolonization in a Cold War Climate	966	(8)
The End of Empire in Asia	967	(1)
The Struggle for Identity in the Middle East	968	(2)
New Nations in Africa	970	(3)
The Arrival of New Europeans	973	(1)
Cultural Life on the Brink of Nuclear War	974	(10)
Restoring "Western" Values	975	(2)
Rising Consumerism and Shifting Gender Norms	977	(2)
The Culture of Cold War	979	(2)
Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Atomic Brink	981	(3)
Conclusion	984	(3)
Postindustrial Society and the End of the Cold War Order, 1965-1989	987	(42)
The Revolution in Technology	988	(7)
The Information Age: Television and Computers	988	(3)
The Space Age	991	(2)
Revolutions in Biology, Reproductive Technology, and Sexual Behavior	993	(2)
Postindustrial Society and Culture	995	(8)
The New Worker	996	(1)
The Boom in Education and Research	997	(1)
A Redefined Family and a Generation Gap	998	(2)
Art, Ideas, and Religion in a Technocratic Society	1000	(3)
Protesting Cold War Conditions	1003	(10)
Cracks in the Cold War Order	1004	(2)
The Explosion of Civic Activism	1006	(4)
1968: Year of Crisis	1010	(3)
The Erosion of Superpower Mastery Ends the Cold War	1013	(13)
The West, the World, and the Politics of Energy	1013	(3)
The Western Bloc Meets Challenges with Reform	1016	(4)
Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Bloc	1020	(6)
Conclusion	1026	(3)
The New Globalism: Opportunities and Dilemmas, 1989 to the Present	1029
Soviet Collapse Releases Global Forces	1031	(9)
The Breakup of Yugoslavia	1032	(2)
The Soviet Union Comes Apart	1034	(2)
An Elusive Market Economy	1036	(2)
Chechnya and Post-Soviet States: The Quest for Independence and Influence	1038	(2)
Global Opportunities Transcend the Nation-State	1040	(7)
Europe Looks beyond the Nation-State	1040	(3)
Globalizing Cities and Fragmenting Nations	1043	(2)
Global Organizations	1045	(2)
Global Challenges and Discontents	1047	(10)
Pollution and Population	1047	(2)
Population and Disease	1049	(2)
North versus South?	1051	(1)
Islam Confronts the West	1052	(3)
The Rise of the Pacific Economy	1055	(2)
Global Culture and Society in the New Millennium	1057	(10)
Redefining the West: The Impact of Global Migration	1057	(2)
Global Networks and the Economy	1059	(1)
The Global Diffusion of Culture	1060	(7)
Conclusion: The Making of the West Continues	1067
Suggested References	SR-6
Glossary of Key Terms	G-1
Index	I-1