Managing Power Electronics VLSI and DSP-Driven Computer Systems

by Rossetti, Nazzareno

• ISBN13: 9780471709596
• ISBN10: 047170959X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-25
• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press

Summary

A unique system focus that presents specific solutions for specific appliances This publication presents state-of-the-art power management techniques for modern electronic appliances that rely on such very large-scale integration (VLSI) chips as CPUs and DSPs. The author thoroughly covers all aspects of the field, including semiconductor manufacturing processes, packages, circuits, functions, and systems. A unique and significant contribution to the field, the publication adopts a "system focus" by first presenting the appliance and then delving into the power management architecture and topologies that best serve each appliance. In addition to specific techniques and applications, the publication discusses fundamental physical and socioeconomic issues. For example, the author examines Moore's law and its effect on power management and heat dissipation, which points to a future breakthrough needed to continue the fast pace of advancement in the high-tech industry. The author provides a solid technical foundation and an analysis of popular electronic appliances, including: * Overview of the semiconductor industry * Plain-English discussion of semiconductor processes and packages * Step-by-step guide to analog design building from the transistor to higher-level functions, leading to the implementation of a complete voltage regulator * Popular DC-DC voltage regulation architectures * AC-DC architectures for power conversion * Ultra-portable devices, such as cellular phones, PDAs, and digital still cameras * Desktop and notebook PCs The publication concludes with a chapter on special power management topics and an expert forecast of future directions for the field. This is essential reading for researchers, engineers, and designers in the semiconductor and integrated circuits industries. With its extensive use of cross-section drawings as well as transistor circuit schematics, this is also a recommended textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in computer science and electrical engineering.

Author Biography

NAZZARENO ROSSETTI is Director of Corporate Strategy for Computing at Fairchild Semiconductor. Dr. Rossetti has more than twenty-five years of experience in design, applications, and marketing in the analog and mixed signal semiconductor industries. He holds several patents in voltage regulations and power management.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xv
Preface	xvii
Introduction	1	(8)
Technology Landscape	1	(3)
A Young Industry after All	4	(5)
Power Management Technologies	9	(16)
Introduction	9	(1)
Integrated Circuits Power Technology: Processing and Packaging	10	(10)
Diodes and Bipolar Transistors	10	(5)
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Transistors	15	(1)
DMOS Transistors	16	(1)
CMOS Transistors	17	(1)
Passive Components	17	(1)
A Monolithic Process Example	18	(1)
Packaging	18	(2)
Discrete Power Technology: Processing and Packaging	20	(4)
From Wall to Board	20	(1)
Power MOSFET Technology Basics	21	(2)
Package Technologies	23	(1)
Ongoing Trends	24	(1)
Circuits	25	(1)
Part I Analog Circuits	26	(40)
Transistors	26	(6)
NPN	26	(1)
PNP	27	(1)
Trans-Conductance	27	(1)
Transistor as Transfer-Resistor	28	(1)
Transistor Equations	29	(1)
MOS versus Bipolar Transistors	30	(2)
Elementary Circuits	32	(3)
Current Mirror	32	(1)
Current Source	32	(1)
Differential Input Stage	33	(1)
Differential to Single Input Stage	34	(1)
Buffer	35	(1)
Operational Amplifier (Opamp)	35	(6)
Inverting and Non-Inverting Inputs	36	(1)
Rail to Rail Output Operation	37	(1)
CMOS Opamp	37	(1)
Opamp Symbol and Configurations	38	(1)
DC Open Loop Gain	38	(1)
AC Open Loop Gain	39	(2)
Voltage Reference	41	(5)
Positive TC of ΔVBE	41	(1)
Negative TC of VΔBE	41	(1)
Build a ΔVBE	42	(1)
Building a Voltage Reference	43	(1)
Fractional Band-Gap Voltage Reference	44	(2)
Voltage Regulator	46	(2)
Linear versus Switching	48	(1)
Switching Regulators	49	(1)
Buck Converters	49	(15)
Switching Regulator Power Train	50	(2)
Output Capacitor	52	(1)
Electrolytic Capacitors and Transient Response	52	(1)
Ceramic Capacitors	53	(2)
Losses in the Power Train	55	(1)
The Analog Modulator	56	(1)
Driver	57	(1)
Switching Regulator Block Diagram	58	(1)
Switching Regulator Control Loop	58	(3)
Input Filter	61	(1)
Input Inductor LIN	61	(1)
Input Capacitor	62	(1)
Current Mode	63	(1)
Flyback Converters	64	(2)
Part II Digital Circuits	66	(153)
Logic Functions	67	(4)
NAND Gate	67	(1)
Set-Reset R Flip-Flop	67	(1)
Current Mode with Anti-Bouncing Flip-Flop	68	(3)
DC-DC Conversion Architectures	71	(36)
Valley Control Architecture	71	(8)
Peak and Valley Control Architectures	72	(3)
Transient Response of Each System	75	(1)
Valley Control with FAN5093	76	(3)
Conclusion	79	(1)
Monolithic Buck Converter	79	(8)
A New Design Methodology for Faster Time to Market	79	(1)
The Design Cycle	80	(1)
The FAN5301	81	(1)
The Behavioral Model	82	(1)
Light Load Operation	82	(1)
Full Load Operation	83	(1)
Over-Current	83	(1)
One Shot	83	(1)
Comparator	83	(1)
Results	84	(2)
Timing	86	(1)
Conclusion	87	(1)
Active Clamp	87	(10)
Introduction	87	(1)
Application	88	(6)
Test Results	94	(2)
Comments	96	(1)
Battery Charging Techniques: New Solutions for Notebook Battery Chargers	97	(3)
High Efficiency	97	(1)
The Smart Battery System	98	(1)
Data Conversion	98	(1)
Fast Charge	98	(1)
Battery Charger System	99	(1)
Digital Power	100	(7)
Control Algorithm of Modern Switching Regulators: Analog or Digital?	100	(3)
Fast Switchmode Regulators and Digital Control	103	(4)
Offline (AC-DC) Architectures	107	(18)
Offline Power Architectures	107	(12)
Introduction	107	(1)
Offline Control	108	(3)
PFC Architecture	111	(5)
DC-DC Conversion Down to Low Voltage	116	(2)
Future Trends	118	(1)
Power AC Adapter: Thermal and Electrical Design	119	(6)
Introduction: The Challenge	119	(1)
AC Adapter Power Dissipation	119	(1)
AC Adapter Case Temperature	120	(1)
Active and No-load Operation	121	(1)
Development of a Solution	121	(3)
Conclusion	124	(1)
Power Management of Ultraportable Devices	125	(32)
Power Management of Wireless Computing and Communications Devices	125	(9)
The Wireless Landscape	125	(1)
Power Management Technologies for Wireless	126	(1)
Cellular Telephones	127	(2)
Wireless Handheld	129	(2)
Charge	131	(1)
Protection and Fuel Gauging	131	(1)
Convergence of Cellular Telephone and Handheld	132	(1)
Future Architectures	133	(1)
Power Management in Wireless Telephones: Subsystem Design Requirements	134	(5)
Smart Phone Subsystems	134	(1)
Display Board	135	(1)
Keypad Board	136	(1)
Main Board	136	(1)
Battery Pack	137	(1)
AC Adapter	138	(1)
Powering Feature-Rich Handsets	139	(3)
Growing Complexity and Shrinking Cycle Time	139	(1)
Power Management Unit	140	(1)
Low Dropouts (LDOs)	141	(1)
More on Power Management Units in Cell Phones	142	(8)
Barriers to Up-Integration	143	(1)
PMU Building Blocks	143	(1)
CPU Regulator	144	(1)
Low Dropout Block	145	(1)
The Microcontroller	146	(1)
The Microcontroller Die	147	(1)
Processing Requirements	148	(1)
Microcontroller-Driven Illumination System	148	(2)
Color Displays and Cameras Increase Demand on Power Sources and Management	150	(7)
Digital Still Camera	151	(1)
Camera Phones	152	(3)
Power Minimization	155	(1)
Untethered Operation	155	(2)
Computing and Communications Systems	157	(42)
Power Management of Desktop and Notebook Computers	157	(17)
Power Management System Solution for a Pentium III Desktop System	158	(2)
Power Management System Solution for Pentium IV Systems (Desktop and Notebook)	160	(2)
Desktop Systems	162	(6)
Powering the Silver Box	168	(1)
Notebook Systems	168	(5)
Future Power Trends	173	(1)
Computing and Data Communications Converge at the Point of Load	174	(4)
The Proliferation of Power Supplies	174	(1)
Telecom Power Distribution	174	(1)
Computing Power Distribution	175	(1)
Multiphase Buck Converter for POLs and VRMs	176	(1)
Conclusion	177	(1)
Efficient Power Management ICs Tailored for DDR-SDRAM Memories	178	(7)
Introduction	178	(1)
DDR Power Management Architecture	178	(1)
Worst Case Current Consumption	179	(1)
Average Power Consumption	180	(1)
Transient Operation	181	(1)
Standby Operation	181	(1)
Linear versus Switching	182	(1)
Second Generation DDR---DDR2	182	(1)
FAN5236 for DDR and DDR2 Memories	183	(2)
Future Trends	185	(1)
Power Management of Digital Set-Top Boxes	185	(7)
Set-Top Box Architecture	185	(1)
Power Management	186	(1)
High Power Set-Top Boxes	186	(4)
Low Power Set-Top Boxes	190	(2)
Conclusion	192	(1)
Power Conversion for the Data Communications Market	192	(7)
Introduction	192	(1)
Current Environment with Separate Networks	193	(1)
Migration to Converged Voice/Data/Video IP	193	(1)
Telecom --48 V DC Power Distribution	193	(1)
Datacom AC Power Distribution	194	(4)
Conclusion	198	(1)
Future Directions and Special Topics	199	(20)
Beyond Productivity and Toys: Designing ICs for the Health Care Market	199	(1)
Power Management Protocols Help Save Energy	200	(5)
ACPI	201	(1)
Motherboard (DC-DC) Voltage Regulators	201	(1)
Offline (AC-DC) Voltage Regulators with Power Factor Correction (PFC)	202	(1)
Green Power (Energy Management)	203	(1)
New Low Power System Requirements	204	(1)
Conclusion	205	(1)
Heat Disposal in Electronics Applications	205	(6)
Active versus Passive Cooling	205	(1)
Limits of Passive Cooling	206	(1)
Active Cooling	206	(1)
Active Cooling---Yes or No?	207	(2)
Active Cooling Implementation	209	(2)
Web Based Design Tools	211	(2)
The Tools on the Web	211	(2)
Motor Drivers for Portable Electronic Appliances	213	(6)
Introduction	213	(1)
Camera Basics	213	(1)
Motors and Motor Drivers	214	(1)
Driving Implementation	214	(2)
Efficiency	216	(1)
DSC Power Consumption	216	(1)
Conclusion	216	(3)
Fairchild Specifications for FAN5093	219	(18)
Fairchild Specifications for FAN4803	237	(14)
Fairchild Specifications for FSD210 and FSD200	251	(20)
Fairchild Specifications for FAN5307	271	(14)
Fairchild Specifications for ACE1502	285	(34)
Fairchild Specifications for FAN5236	319	(22)
Fairchild Specifications for FAN8702	341	(18)
Glossary	359	(12)
Further Reading	371	(2)
Index	373