Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets 2 Volume Set

by Gerald Schubert , Donald L. Turcotte , Peter Olson

• ISBN13: 9780521798365
• ISBN10: 0521798361
• Format: Package
• Copyright: 2001-09-24
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets is a comprehensive synthesis of all aspects of mantle convection within the Earth, the terrestrial planets, the Moon, and the Galilean satellites of Jupiter. The book includes up-to-date discussions of the latest research developments that have revolutionized our understanding of the Earth and the planets. It is suitable as a text for graduate courses in geophysics and planetary physics, and as a supplementary reference for use at the undergraduate level. It is also an invaluable review for researchers in the broad fields of the Earth and planetary sciences including seismologists, tectonophysicists, geodesists, mineral physicists, volcanologists, geochemists, geologists, mineralogists, petrologists, paleomagnetists, planetary geologists, and meteoriticists. The book features a comprehensive index, an extensive reference list, numerous illustrations (many in color) and major questions that focus the discussion and suggest avenues of future research.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Historical Background	1	(15)
Introduction	1	(4)
Continental Drift	5	(3)
The Concept of Subsolidus Mantle Convection	8	(3)
Paleomagnetism	11	(1)
Seafloor Spreading	12	(1)
Subduction and Area Conservation	13	(3)
Plate Tectonics	16	(47)
Introduction	16	(9)
The Lithosphere	25	(1)
Accretional Plate Margins (Ocean Ridges)	26	(2)
Transform Faults	28	(1)
Subduction	29	(10)
Rheology of Subduction	33	(1)
Dip of Subduction Zones	34	(1)
Fate of Descending Slabs	35	(1)
Why are Island Arcs Arcs?	35	(1)
Subduction Zone Volcanism	36	(2)
Back-arc Basins	38	(1)
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes	39	(3)
Continents	42	(6)
Composition	42	(2)
Delamination and Recycling of the Continents	44	(3)
Continental Crustal Formation	47	(1)
Plate Motions	48	(4)
The Driving Force for Plate Tectonics	52	(5)
The Wilson Cycle and the Time Dependence of Plate Tectonics	57	(6)
Structure and Composition of the Mantle	63	(55)
Introduction	63	(1)
Spherically Averaged Earth Structure	63	(5)
The Crust	68	(6)
Oceanic Crust	69	(2)
Continental Crust	71	(3)
The Upper Mantle	74	(10)
Radial Structure of the Upper Mantle	75	(5)
Upper Mantle Composition	80	(4)
The Transition Zone	84	(8)
The 410 km Seismic Discontinuity	84	(2)
The 660 km Seismic Discontinuity	86	(6)
The Lower Mantle	92	(2)
The D'' Layer and the Core --- Mantle Boundary	94	(3)
The Core	97	(4)
Three-dimensional Structure of the Mantle	101	(17)
Upper Mantle Seismic Heterogencity and Anisotropy	103	(3)
Extensions of Subducted Slabs into the Lower Mantle	106	(7)
Lower Mantle Seismic Heterogeneity	113	(3)
Topography of the Core --- Mantle Boundary	116	(2)
Mantle Temperatures and Thermodynamic Properties	118	(94)
Heat Conduction and the Age of the Earth	118	(14)
Cooling of an Isothermal Earth	118	(5)
Cooling of a Molten Earth	123	(2)
Conductive Cooling with Heat Generation	125	(2)
Mantle Convection and Mantle Temperatures	127	(1)
Surface Heat Flow and Internal Heat Sources	128	(4)
Thermal Regime of the Oceanic Lithosphere	132	(11)
Half-space Cooling Model	132	(7)
Plate Cooling Model	139	(4)
Temperatures in the Continental Lithosphere	143	(8)
Partial Melting and the Low-velocity Zone	151	(2)
Temperatures, Partial Melting, and Melt Migration Beneath Spreading Centers	153	(23)
Melt Migration by Porous Flow	154	(12)
Melt Migration in Fractures	166	(10)
Temperatures in Subducting Slabs	176	(12)
Frictional Heating on the Slip Zone	176	(4)
Phase Changes in the Descending Slab	180	(5)
Metastability of the Olivine --- Spinel Phase Change in the Descending Slab	185	(3)
The Adiabatic Mantle	188	(3)
Solid-state Phase Transformations and the Geotherm	191	(9)
Temperatures in the Core and the D'' Layer	200	(4)
Temperatures in the Transition Zone and Lower Mantle	204	(3)
Thermodynamic Parameters	207	(5)
Thermal Expansion	207	(2)
Specific Heat	209	(1)
Adiabatic Temperature Scale Height	209	(1)
Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity	210	(2)
Viscosity of the Mantle	212	(39)
Introduction	212	(4)
Isostasy and Flow	212	(1)
Viscoelasticity	212	(1)
Postglacial Rebound	213	(2)
Mantle Viscosity and the Geoid	215	(1)
Mantle Viscosity and Earth Rotation	215	(1)
Laboratory Experiments	215	(1)
Global Isostatic Adjustment	216	(14)
Deformation of the Whole Mantle by a Surface Load	217	(1)
Half-space Model	217	(5)
Spherical Shell Model	222	(1)
Postglacial Relaxation Time and Inferred Mantle Viscosity	223	(1)
Ice Load Histories and Postglacial Sea Levels	224	(3)
Evidence for a Low-viscosity Asthenosphere Channel	227	(3)
Changes in the Length of Day	230	(1)
True Polar Wander	231	(1)
Response to Internal Loads	232	(5)
Incorporation of Surface Plate Motion	237	(1)
Application of Inverse Methods	238	(2)
Summary of Radial Viscosity Structure	240	(1)
Physics of Mantle Creep	240	(8)
Viscosity Functions	248	(3)
Basic Equations	251	(37)
Background	251	(1)
Conservation of Mass	251	(2)
Stream Functions and Streamlines	253	(1)
Conservation of Momentum	254	(1)
Navier --- Stokes Equations	255	(2)
Vorticity Equation	257	(1)
Stream Function Equation	257	(2)
Thermodynamics	259	(3)
Conservation of Energy	262	(3)
Approximate Equations	265	(9)
Two-Dimensional (Cartesian), Boussinesq, Infinite Prandtl Number Equations	274	(1)
Reference State	274	(5)
Gravitational Potential and the Poisson Equation	279	(1)
Conservation of Momentum Equations in Cartesian, Cylindrical, and Spherical Polar Coordinates	280	(1)
Navier --- Stokes Equations in Cartesian, Cylindrical, and Spherical Polar Coordinates	281	(5)
Conservation of Energy Equation in Cartesian, Cylindrical, and Spherical Polar Coordinates	286	(2)
Linear Stability	288	(42)
Introduction	288	(1)
Summary of Basic Equations	288	(2)
Plane Layer Heated from Below	290	(7)
Plane Layer with a Univariant Phase Transition Heated from Below	297	(6)
Plane Layer Heated from Within	303	(4)
Semi-infinite Fluid with Depth Dependant Viscosity	307	(1)
Fluid Spheres and Spherical Shells	308	(15)
The Internally Heated Sphere	313	(3)
Spherical Shell Heated Both from within and from Below	316	(2)
Spherical Shell Heated from Within	318	(2)
Spherical Shell Heated from Below	320	(3)
Spherical Harmonics	323	(7)
Approximate Solutions	330	(46)
Introduction	330	(1)
Eigenmode Expansions	331	(1)
Lorenz Equations	332	(5)
Higher-order Truncations	337	(7)
Chaotic Mantle Mixing	344	(6)
Boundary Layer Theory	350	(11)
Boundary Layer Stability Analysis	350	(3)
Boundary Layer Analysis of Cellular Convection	353	(8)
Single-mode Mean Field Approximation	361	(6)
Weakly Non-Linear Stability Theory	367	(9)
Two-dimensional Convection	367	(3)
Three-dimensional Convection, Hexagons	370	(6)
Calculations of Convection, in Two Dimensions	376	(41)
Introduction	376	(2)
Steady Convection at Large Rayleigh Number	378	(4)
Internal Heat Sources and Time Dependence	382	(3)
Convection with Surface Plates	385	(5)
Role of Phase and Chemical Changes	390	(3)
Effects of Temperature-and Pressure-dependent Viscosity	393	(3)
Effects of Temperature-dependent Viscosity: Slab Strength	396	(5)
Mantle Plume Interaction with an Endothermic Phase Change	401	(3)
Non-Newtonian Viscosity	404	(1)
Depth-dependent Thermodynamic and Transport Properties	405	(3)
Influence of Compressibility and Viscous Dissipation	408	(1)
Continents and Convection	408	(5)
Convection in the D'' Layer	413	(4)
Numerical Models of Three-dimensional Convection	417	(82)
Introduction	417	(1)
Steady Symmetric Modes of Convection	418	(22)
Spherical Shell Convection	418	(10)
Rectangular Box Convection	428	(12)
Unsteady, Asymmetric Modes of Convection	440	(14)
Mantle Avalanches	454	(16)
Depth-dependent Viscosity	470	(3)
Two-layer Convection	473	(4)
Compressibility and Adiabatic and Viscous Heating	477	(11)
Plate-like Rheology	488	(10)
Three dimensional Models of Convection Beneath Ridges and Continents	498	(1)
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes	499	(48)
Introduction	499	(2)
Hot Spot Tracks	501	(4)
Hot Spot Swells	505	(3)
Hot Spot Basalts and Excess Temperature	508	(2)
Hot Spot Energetics	510	(4)
Evidence for Mantle Plumes from Seismology and the Geoid	514	(4)
Plume Generation	518	(7)
Plume Heads and Massive Eruptions	525	(4)
Plume Conduits and Halos	529	(4)
Instabilities and Waves	533	(4)
Dynamic Support of Hot Spot Swells	537	(6)
Plume-Ridge Interaction	543	(2)
Massive Eruptions and Global Change	545	(2)
Chemical Geodynamics	547	(39)
Introduction	547	(1)
Geochemical Reservoirs	547	(2)
Oceanic Basalts and Their Mantle Reservoirs	549	(2)
Simple Models of Geochemical Evolution	551	(14)
Radioactivity	551	(2)
A Two-reservoir Model with Instantaneous Crustal Differentiation	553	(2)
Application of the Two-reservoir Model with Instantaneous Crustal Addition to the Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr Systems	555	(1)
A Two-reservoir Model with a Constant Rate of Crustal Growth	556	(2)
Application of the Two-reservoir Model with Crustal Growth Linear in Time to the Sm-Nd System	558	(3)
A Two-reservoir Model with Crustal Recycling	561	(2)
Application of the Two-reservoir Model with Crustal Recycling to the Sm-Nd System	563	(2)
Uranium, Thorium, Lead Systems	565	(8)
Lead Isotope Systematics	565	(4)
Application to the Instantaneous Crustal differentiation Model	569	(4)
Noble Gas Systems	573	(7)
Helium	574	(3)
Argon	577	(2)
Xenon	579	(1)
Isotope Systematics of Ocean Island Basalts	580	(3)
Summary	583	(3)
Thermal History of the Earth	586	(47)
Introduction	586	(1)
A Simple Thermal History Model	587	(15)
Intial State	587	(1)
Energy Balance and Surface Heat Flow Parameterization	588	(2)
Temperature Dependence of Mantle Viscosity and Self-regulation	590	(1)
Model Results	591	(3)
Surface Heat Flow, Internal Heating, and Secular Cooling	594	(2)
Volatile Dependence of Mantle Viscosity and Self-regulation	596	(6)
More Elaborate Thermal Evolution Models	602	(9)
A Model of Coupled Core-Mantle Thermal Evolution	602	(5)
Core Evolution and Magnetic Field Generation	607	(4)
Two-layer Mantle Convection and Thermal Evolution	611	(6)
Scaling Laws for Convection with Strongly Temperature Dependent Viscosity	617	(8)
Episodicity in the Thermal Evolution of the Earth	625	(2)
Continental Crustal Growth and Earth Thermal History	627	(6)
Convection in the Interiors of Solid Planets and Moons	633	(134)
Introduction	633	(7)
The Role of Subsolidus Convection in the Solar System	634	(1)
Surface Ages and Hypsometry of the Terrestrial Planets	635	(5)
Venus	640	(41)
Comparison of Two Sisters: Venus versus Earth	640	(7)
Heat Transport in Venus	647	(9)
Venusian Highlands and Terrestrial Continents	656	(1)
Models of Convection in Venus	657	(4)
Topography and the Geoid: Constraints on Convection Models	661	(3)
Convection Models with a Sluggish or Stagnant Lid	664	(3)
Convection Models with Phase Changes and Variable Viscosity	667	(5)
Thermal History Models of Venus	672	(6)
Why is There no Dynamo in Venus?	678	(3)
Mars	681	(35)
Surface Tectonic and Volcanic Features	681	(5)
Internal Structure	686	(1)
The Martian Lithosphere	687	(3)
Radiogenic Heat Production	690	(1)
Martian Thermal History: Effects of Crustal differentiation	691	(7)
Martian Thermal History: Magnetic Field Generation	698	(8)
Martian Thermal History Models with a Stagnant Lid	706	(2)
Convection Patterns in Mars	708	(7)
Summary	715	(1)
The Moon	716	(20)
The Lunar Crust: Evidence from the Apollo Missions	716	(2)
Differentiation of the Lunar Interior: A Magma Ocean	718	(1)
Lunar Topography and Gravity	719	(3)
Early Lunar History	722	(4)
Is There a Lunar Core?	726	(1)
Crustal Magnetization: Implications for a Lunar Core and Early Dynamo	726	(1)
Origin of the Moon	727	(1)
Lunar Heat Flow and Convection	727	(1)
Lunar Thermal Evolution with Crustal with Crust Differentiation	728	(3)
Lunar Isotope Ratios: Implications for the Moon's Evolution	731	(5)
Io	736	(12)
Volcanism and Heat Sources: Tidal Dissipation	736	(3)
Some Consequences of Tidal Dissipation	739	(1)
Io's Internal Structure	740	(2)
Models of Tidal Dissipation in Io	742	(4)
Models of the Thermal and Orbital Dynamical History of Io	746	(2)
Mercury	748	(8)
Composition and Internal Structure	748	(2)
Accretion, Core Formation, and Temperature	750	(2)
Thermal History	752	(4)
Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto	756	(11)
Introduction	756	(1)
Europa	756	(4)
Ganymede	760	(1)
Callisto	761	(2)
Convection in Icy Satellites	763	(4)
Nature of Convection in the Mantle	767	(30)
Introduction	767	(7)
Form of Downwelling	774	(4)
Subduction	774	(4)
Delamination	778	(1)
Form of Upwelling	778	(4)
Accretional Plate Margins	778	(2)
Mantle Plumes	780	(2)
Horizontal Boundary Layers	782	(2)
The Lithosphere	782	(1)
The D''Layer	783	(1)
Internal Boundary Layers	784	(1)
The General Circulation	784	(2)
Time Dependence	786	(1)
Special Effects in Mantle Convection	787	(4)
Solid-state Phase Transformations	788	(1)
Variable Viscosity: Temperature, Pressure, Depth	789	(1)
Nonlinear Viscosity	789	(1)
Compressibility	790	(1)
Viscous Dissipation	791	(1)
Plates and Continents	791	(1)
Plates	791	(1)
Continents	792	(1)
Comparative Planetology	792	(5)
Venus	793	(1)
Mars	794	(1)
The Moon	794	(1)
Mercury and Io	795	(1)
Icy Satellites	795	(2)
References	797	(78)
Appendix: Table of Variables	875	(18)
Author Index	893	(20)
Subject Index	913