Manual of Infection Prevention and Control

by Damani, Nizam

• ISBN13: 9780199698356
• ISBN10: 019969835X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2012-03-21
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

It has been estimated that in developed countries up to 10% of hospitalized patients develop infections every year. Not only is there a substantial cost to healthcare systems, but some healthcare associated infections (HCIAs) can be fatal. Since the majority of HCIAs are preventable, reducing HCIAs is now considered to be an integral part of patient safety and quality of care provided by all healthcare institutions worldwide. Unlike other books on infection control, the main strength of this book is to provide clear, up-to-date and practical guidance in infection control in an easy to read format which can act as a quick source of reference on all aspects of HCIA for healthcare workers who are either directly or indirectly involved in prevention and control of HCIAs. Although the book's main audience is infection control practitioners such as doctors, nurses, public health physicians, it is also a valuable reference for environmental health officers, health educators, practice managers in GP surgeries, and health service managers.

Table of Contents

Abbreviations	p. xvii
Glossary of infection control terms	p. xix
Basic concepts	p. 1
Human microflora	p. 1
Types of microbes	p. 3
Pathogenesis of infectious diseases	p. 4
Chain of infection	p. 5
The body's defence mechanisms	p. 9
Strategies to control and prevent health care-associated infections	p. 11
Administrative arrangement	p. 17
Impact of health care-associated infections	p. 17
Responsibilities of health care facilities	p. 18
Policies and procedures manual	p. 19
Reduction of health care-associated infections	p. 19
Public reporting of health care-associated infection data	p. 20
Organization of an infection prevention and control programme	p. 20
Surveillance	p. 25
Objectives of surveillance	p. 25
Incidence of various health care-associated infections	p. 26
Definitions of health care-associated infections	p. 26
Data collection for surveillance	p. 28
Methods of surveillance	p. 28
Types of surveillance	p. 31
Learning from the airline industry	p. 34
Outbreak management	p. 36
Case definitions	p. 37
Role of microbiology laboratory	p. 37
Is it really an outbreak?	p. 38
The epidemic curve	p. 39
Outbreak control measures	p. 40
Management of an outbreak	p. 41
Communication	p. 43
End of outbreak	p. 43
Look-back investigations	p. 44
Epidemiology and biostatistics	p. 46
Epidemiology	p. 46
Biostatistics	p. 52
Disinfection and sterilization	p. 59
Basic concepts	p. 59
Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics	p. 64
Decontamination of endoscopes	p. 77
Environmental cleaning	p. 80
Disinfection procedures for individual items and equipment	p. 89
Isolation precautions	p. 96
Risk assessment	p. 97
Types of isolation	p. 97
Practical issues and considerations	p. 100
Type and duration of isolation precautions	p. 106
Incubation periods of infectious diseases	p. 131
Hand hygiene	p. 135
Microorganisms on the hands	p. 135
Hand washing using soap and water	p. 136
Hand hygiene using alcohol hand rub	p. 137
Indication and technique of hand hygiene	p. 139
Hand hygiene compliance	p. 140
Issues related to alcohol-based preparations	p. 144
Skin reactions related to hand hygiene	p. 144
Hand care	p. 145
Personal protective equipment	p. 147
Gloves	p. 147
Aprons and gowns	p. 152
Protective eye/facewear	p. 155
Control of multiresistant microorganisms	p. 160
Antibiotic stewardship	p. 160
Meticillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus	p. 169
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci	p. 176
Multi-resistant Gram negative bacteria	p. 177
Special pathogens	p. 183
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea	p. 183
Gastrointestinal infections	p. 188
Blood-borne viral infections	p. 200
Tuberculosis	p. 210
Respiratory viral infections	p. 218
Respiratory syncytial virus	p. 221
Legionnaires' disease	p. 223
Meningococcal infections	p. 227
Varicella zoster virus	p. 231
Viral haemorrhagic fevers	p. 235
Prion disease	p. 239
Scabies and pediculosis	p. 242
Intravascular catheter-related infections	p. 250
Sources of infections	p. 250
Education and training	p. 251
Surveillance of catheter-related infection	p. 252
Pathogenesis	p. 254
Prevention strategies	p. 254
Parenteral solutions and administration sets	p. 259
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections	p. 261
Risk factors	p. 261
Pathogenesis	p. 262
Microbiology	p. 263
Diagnosis	p. 264
Prevention strategies	p. 264
Management of patients with bacteriuria and infections	p. 269
Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonias	p. 272
Definition and microbiology	p. 272
Pathogenesis	p. 274
Prevention strategies	p. 274
Surgical site infections	p. 281
Microbiology	p. 281
Risk factors	p. 281
Definitions	p. 284
Surveillance	p. 284
Surgical asepsis and the operating theatre	p. 286
Measures to prevent surgical site infections	p. 294
Staff health	p. 301
Role of occupational health departments	p. 301
Pre-employment assessment	p. 302
Health status of health care workers	p. 303
Measures to protect health care workers	p. 303
Management of sharps injuries	p. 310
Protection against tuberculosis	p. 314
Pregnant health care workers	p. 315
Primary and community health care facilities	p. 321
Management responsibilities	p. 321
General principles of infection control	p. 323
Special problems	p. 325
Outbreaks of infection	p. 326
Support services	p. 327
Management of clinical waste	p. 327
Kitchen and catering services	p. 333
Linen and laundry services	p. 338
Pest control	p. 341
Prevention of infection after death	p. 342
Health estates	p. 348
The general hospital environment	p. 348
Patient accommodation	p. 350
Isolation rooms	p. 351
Ventilation and air-conditioning	p. 353
Construction, renovation, and demolition	p. 353
Operating theatres	p. 354
Internet information resources	p. 359
Evidence-based practice	p. 359
Journals and newsletters	p. 359
Organizations and regulatory bodies	p. 360
Index	p. 363
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