Manual of Mineral Science, 22nd Edition

by Cornelis Klein (The Univ. of New Mexico)

• ISBN13: 9780471251774
• ISBN10: 0471251771
• Edition: 22nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-05-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Intended for the undergraduate Mineralogy/Materials Science course, this classic and definitive text is now title Manual of Mineral Science. The text has been the standard resource for use in teaching Introductory Mineralogy/ Mineral Science, has been revised to be more user-friendly for students, and updated to include references to appropriate sections on the CD-ROM, providing students with a complete learning experience in Mineralogy/Materials Science.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(16)
The Study of Minerals as Part of Earth Science	1	(1)
Mineral Science	2	(1)
Definition of Mineral	3	(2)
History of Mineralogy	5	(7)
Economic Importance of Minerals	12	(3)
Naming of Minerals	15	(1)
References and Literature of Mineralogy	15	(1)
References and Selected Reading	16	(1)
Physical Properties of Minerals in Hand Specimen	17	(21)
Crystal Form and Crystal Habit	17	(3)
Intergrowths, Twins, and Striations	20	(2)
State of Aggregation	22	(2)
Luster, Color, and Streak	24	(1)
Luster	24	(1)
Color	24	(1)
Streak	25	(1)
Other Properties Depending on Light	25	(3)
Play of Colors	25	(1)
Chatoyancy and Asterism	26	(1)
Luminescence	27	(1)
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence	27	(1)
Cleavage, Parting, and Fracture	28	(3)
Cleavage	29	(1)
Parting	30	(1)
Fracture	30	(1)
Hardness	31	(1)
Tenacity	32	(1)
Specific Gravity	33	(2)
Average Specific Gravity	33	(1)
Determination of Specific Gravity	34	(1)
Magnetism	35	(1)
Radioactivity	35	(1)
Solubility in HCI	35	(1)
Piezoelectricity	35	(2)
References and Selected Reading	37	(1)
Elements of Crystal Chemistry	38	(66)
Chemical Composition of the Earth's Crust	39	(3)
The Atom	42	(11)
Chemical Elements and the Periodic Table	42	(2)
The Bohr Model of the Atom	44	(2)
The Schrodinger Model of the Atom	46	(4)
Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table	50	(3)
The lon	53	(3)
Bonding Forces in Crystals	56	(8)
Ionic Bond	56	(1)
Covalent Bond	57	(3)
Estimation of the Character of the Bonding Mechanism	60	(1)
Metallic Bond	61	(1)
van der Walls Bond	62	(1)
Hydrogren Bond	63	(1)
Crystals with More than One Bond Type	64	(1)
Atomic and Ionic Radii	64	(5)
Coordination of lons	69	(11)
Radius Ratio	70	(5)
Pauling's Rules	75	(5)
Crystal Structure	80	(5)
Illustration of Crystal Structures	81	(2)
Isostructuralism	83	(2)
Examples of Common Structure Types	85	(5)
NaCI Structure	85	(1)
CsCI Structure	85	(1)
Sphalerite (ZnS) Structure	85	(1)
CaF2 Structure	86	(1)
Rutile (TiO2) Structure	87	(1)
Perovskite (ABO3) Structure	87	(1)
Spinel (AB2O4) Structure	88	(1)
Silicate Structures	89	(1)
Compositional Variation in Minerals	90	(4)
Substitutional Solid Solution	91	(1)
Interstitial Solid Solution	92	(1)
Omission Solid Solution	93	(1)
Recalculation of Chemical Analyses	94	(4)
Graphic Representation of Mineral Composition	98	(5)
References and Selected Reading	103	(1)
Mineral Reactions, Stability, and Behavior	104	(66)
Crystallization	105	(2)
Crystal Growth	105	(2)
Intergrowth of Crystals	107	(1)
Mineral Reactions	107	(8)
Reactions in an Igneous Regime	107	(2)
Reactions Under Metamorphic Conditions	109	(1)
Reactions in a Weathering Environment	110	(1)
Ultrahigh-Pressure Reactions	111	(4)
Mineral Stability	115	(19)
Phase Diagrams	115	(1)
Stability, Activation Energy, and Equilibrium	116	(1)
Components	117	(1)
Introductory Thermodynamics	117	(2)
Examples of Mineral Stability (Phase) Diagrams	119	(1)
One-Component Diagrams	120	(2)
Two-Component Diagrams	122	(4)
Three-or More-Component Diagrams	126	(5)
Diagrams for Mineral Reactions Involving H2O or CO2	131	(2)
Eh-pH Diagrams	133	(1)
Polymorphic Reactions	134	(9)
Reconstructive Polymorphism	136	(1)
Displacive Polymorphism	137	(1)
Order-Disorder Polymorphism	138	(3)
Polytypism	141	(2)
Exsolution Processes	143	(5)
Metamict Minerals	148	(2)
Mineraloids (Noncrystalline Minerals)	150	(1)
Pseudomorphism	151	(1)
Structural Complexities and Defects	151	(4)
Twinning	155	(2)
Origin of Twinning	156	(1)
Origin of Color	157	(7)
Crystal Field Transitions	159	(3)
Molecular Orbital Transitions	162	(1)
Color Centers	163	(1)
Other Causes of Color	164	(1)
Origin of Magnetic Properties	164	(3)
Origin of Radioactivity	167	(1)
References and Selected Reading	168	(2)
Overview of Crystallographic Concepts	170	(70)
From Symmetry Operations to Space Groups	170	(1)
Minerals as Crystalline Solids	171	(4)
Internal Order	171	(1)
Symmetry	172	(3)
Crystals and Specific Symmetry Elements	175	(14)
Symmetry Elements (Without Translation)	175	(6)
Combinations of Rotations	181	(2)
Combinations of Rotation Axes and Mirrors	183	(4)
Resume of Symmetry Operations Without Translation	187	(2)
Crystal Morphology	189	(19)
Crystal Symmetry	192	(2)
Crystallographic Axes	194	(3)
Crystallographic Notation for Planes	197	(4)
Crystal Habit	201	(1)
Form	201	(7)
Some Common Twins	208	(5)
Types of Twins	209	(1)
Common Twin Laws	209	(4)
The Internal Order and Symmetry of Minerals	213	(26)
Translations Directions and Distances	214	(1)
One-Dimensional Order (Rows)	215	(1)
Two-Dimensional Order (Plane Lattices)	215	(7)
Symmetry Content of Planar Motifs	222	(1)
Symmetry Content of Plane Lattices	223	(1)
Two-Dimensional Plane Groups	224	(5)
Three-Dimensional Order	229	(8)
Space Groups	237	(2)
References and Selected Reading	239	(1)
Bilateral Symmetry in Humans and Architecture	174	(46)
Patterns in Our Environment	220	(20)
Selected Point Groups and Space Groups	240	(50)
Measurement of Crystal Angles	240	(1)
Crystal Projections	241	(10)
Spherical Projection	241	(2)
Stereographic Projection	243	(8)
Nineteen of the Thirty-Two Point Groups	251	(25)
Triclinic System	254	(1)
Monoclinic System	255	(2)
Orthorhombic System	257	(2)
Tetragonal System	259	(4)
Hexagonal System	263	(6)
Isometric System	269	(7)
Representation of Some Space Groups	276	(13)
Illustration of Space Groups	277	(6)
Space Groups as an Expression of Morphology and Structure	283	(6)
References and Selected Reading	289	(1)
Analytical Methods in Mineral Science	290	(43)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	291	(1)
Optical Microscopy	292	(17)
Nature of Light	292	(2)
Isotropic and Anisotropic Crystals	294	(1)
The Polarizing Microscope	295	(3)
Uniaxial Crystals	298	(5)
Biaxial Crystals	303	(5)
Optical Properties of Opaque Minerals	308	(1)
X-Ray Diffraction Techniques (XRD)	309	(12)
X-Ray Spectra	309	(2)
Diffraction Effects and the Bragg Equation	311	(2)
Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction and Structure Analysis	313	(4)
X-Ray Powder Diffraction and Mineral Identification	317	(4)
Transmission Electron Microcopy (TEM)	321	(1)
Chemical Analytical Techniques	322	(7)
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAA)	323	(2)
X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF)	325	(1)
Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA)	326	(2)
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)	328	(1)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)	329	(2)
References and Selected Reading	331	(2)
Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Native Elements, Sulfides, and Sulfosalts	333	(38)
Mineral Classification	334	(1)
Crystal Chemistry of Native Elements, Sulfides, and Sulfosalts	335	(7)
Native Elements	335	(4)
Sulfides	339	(2)
Sulfosalts	341	(1)
Systematic Descriptions	342	(28)
Native Metals	342	(4)
Native Nonmetals	346	(5)
Sulfides, Sulfarsenides, and Arsenides	351	(18)
Sulfosalts	369	(1)
References and Selected Reading	370	(1)
Diamond Synthesis	349	(4)
Veins and Vein Mineralization	353	(1)
Sulfide Minerals as Ores and as Mining-Related Contaminants	354	(17)
Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides	371	(33)
Crystal Chemistry of Oxides	371	(5)
Crystal Chemistry of Hydroxides	376	(1)
Crystal Chemistry of Halides	377	(1)
Systematic Descriptions	378	(25)
Oxides	378	(15)
Hydroxides	393	(6)
Halides	399	(4)
References and Selected Reading	403	(1)
Ore Minerals for the Steel Industry	382	(16)
Evaporite Minerals	398	(6)
Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Carbonates, Nitrates, Borates, Sulfates, Chromates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates	404	(37)
Crystal Chemistry of Carbonates	405	(3)
Calcite Group	405	(1)
Aragonite Group	406	(1)
Dolomite Group	407	(1)
Crystal Chemistry of Nitrates	408	(1)
Crystal Chemistry of Borates	408	(1)
Crystal Chemistry of Sulfates	408	(2)
Crystal Chemistry of Tungstates and Molybdates	410	(1)
Crystal Chemistry of Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates	410	(1)
Systematic Descriptions	411	(29)
Carbonates	411	(11)
Nitrates	422	(1)
Borates	422	(3)
Sulfates and Chromates	425	(6)
Tungstates and Molybdates	431	(2)
Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates	433	(7)
References and Selected Reading	440	(1)
The Source of Chemicals in Fertilizers	436	(5)
Crystal Chemistry of Rock-Forming Silicates	441	(50)
Nesosilicates	445	(3)
Sorosilicates	448	(1)
Cyclosilicates	449	(3)
Inosilicates	452	(10)
Pyroxene Group	452	(4)
Pyroxenoid Group	456	(1)
Amphibole Group	457	(5)
Phyllosilicates	462	(13)
Tectosilicates	475	(15)
SiO2 Group	475	(1)
Feldspar Group	476	(8)
Feldspathoid Group	484	(2)
Zeolite Group	486	(4)
References and Selected Reading	490	(1)
Systematic Descriptions of Rock-Forming Silicates	491	(73)
Nesosilicates	491	(15)
Phenacite Group	491	(1)
Olivine Group	492	(3)
Garnet Group	495	(4)
Al2SiO5 Group	499	(4)
Humite Group	503	(3)
Sorosilicates	506	(4)
Epidote Group	507	(3)
Cyclosilicates	510	(4)
Inosilicates	514	(13)
Pyroxene Group	514	(6)
Pyroxenoid Group	520	(3)
Amphibole Group	523	(4)
Phyllosilicates	527	(16)
Serpentine Group	528	(2)
Clay Mineral Group	530	(4)
Mica Group	534	(4)
Chlorite Group	538	(3)
Related Species	541	(2)
Tectosilicates	543	(19)
SiO2 Group	543	(5)
Feldspar Group	548	(6)
Feldspathoid Group	554	(3)
Scapolite Series	557	(2)
Zeolite Group	559	(3)
References and Selected Reading	562	(2)
The Two Most Common Rock Types: Basalt and Granite	516	(16)
Clay Minerals and some of Their Applications	532	(14)
Mineral Dust in the Environment	546	(4)
Minerals in Pegmatites	550	(10)
Zeolites and their Many Unique Properties	560	(4)
Gem Minerals	564	(20)
Gem Minerals	564	(1)
Gem Qualifications	565	(1)
Types of Gem Cuts	565	(1)
The Early Uses of Gems	566	(1)
Important Gems---Yesterday and Today	567	(5)
Diamond	567	(1)
Beryl	567	(1)
Ruby and Sapphire	568	(1)
Opal	569	(1)
Jade	569	(1)
Chrysoberyl	570	(1)
Topaz	570	(1)
Tourmaline	570	(1)
Quartz	571	(1)
Turquoise	571	(1)
Garnet	571	(1)
Zircon	571	(1)
Olivine	571	(1)
Gem Properties and Instruments for Their Determination	572	(6)
Physical Properties	572	(1)
Instruments for Studying Gems	573	(5)
Synthesis of Gem Materials	578	(1)
Verneuil Process	578	(1)
Czochralski Process	578	(1)
Flux Growth	578	(1)
Hydrothermal Growth	578	(1)
Treatment of Gemstones	579	(1)
Dyeing	579	(1)
Heat Treatment	579	(1)
Irradiation	579	(1)
Synthetic and Treated Gems	579	(3)
Beryl	579	(1)
Chrysoberyl	580	(1)
Corundum (Ruby and Sapphire)	580	(1)
Diamond	580	(1)
Jade	581	(1)
Opal	581	(1)
Quartz	581	(1)
Rutile	582	(1)
Spinel	582	(1)
Turquoise	582	(1)
Manufactured Gem Materials Without Natural Counterparts	582	(1)
Garnet	582	(1)
Strontium Titanate, SrTiO3	583	(1)
Cubic Zirconia	583	(1)
References and Selected Reading	583	(1)
Determinative Tables	584	(35)
General Classification of the Tables	585	(34)
Luster---Metallic or Submetallic	585	(1)
Luster---Nonmetallic	585	(1)
Minerals Arranged by Several Physical Properties	586	(29)
Minerals Arranged According to Increasing Specific Gravity	615	(2)
Nonopaque Minerals and Some Synthetic Compounds Arranged According to Increasing Refractive Index	617	(2)
Mineral Index	619	(14)
Subject Index	633