A March of Liberty A Constitutional History of the United States Volume II: From 1877 to the Present

by Urofsky, Melvin I.; Finkelman, Paul

• ISBN13: 9780195126372
• ISBN10: 0195126378
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-08-16
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

A March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States, 2/e, is a clearly written, comprehensive overview of American constitutional development. Covering the country's history from the founding of the English colonies up through the latest decisions of the Supreme Court, this two-volume work presents the most complete discussion of American constitutional history currently available. Reflecting the latest in contemporary scholarship, the authors successfully blend cases and court doctrines into the larger fabric of American political, economic, and social history. They discuss in detail the great cases handed down by the Supreme Court, showing how these cases played out in society and how constitutional growth parallels changes in American culture. In addition, this two-volume set examines lesser-known decisions that played important roles in affecting change, and also contains in-depth analyses of the intellects and personalities of the Supreme Court justices who made these influential decisions. This second edition of A March of Liberty addresses recent scholarship on race and gender, covers both constitutional and legal history, and examines federal, state, and private law. The text exemplifies the current trends in American constitutional history through its holistic approach of integrating the decisions of the state and lower federal courts with the decisions of the Supreme Court. Volume II addresses Reconstruction to the present and covers key issues including police power, criminal law, income tax, child labor, desegregation, school prayer, and foreign policy. It also examines control over issuing legal tender and control of and limits on conducting commerce. A March of Liberty, 2/e, features useful supplemental materials including the text of the Constitution, a chronological list of Supreme Court justices, and suggested further readings. Gracefully written and clearly explained, this popular two-volume set is indispensable for courses in American constitutional history and law.

Author Biography

Melvin I. Urofsky is Professor of History and Public Policy at Virginia Commonwealth University Paul Finkelman is Chapman Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Tulsa College of Law

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
The Court and Civil Rights	479	(21)
The Abandonment of the Freedmen	480	(1)
The Civil Rights Cases	481	(1)
Jim Crow Enthroned	482	(3)
The Treatment of Native Americans	485	(2)
The Chinese Cases	487	(2)
The Insular Cases	489	(1)
The Incorporation Theory	490	(2)
Women and the Law	492	(2)
The Court Draws Limits	494	(1)
The Peonage Cases	495	(2)
A Few Small Steps	497	(1)
Conclusion	498	(1)
For Further Reading	498	(2)
The Constitutional World of the Late Nineteenth Century	500	(21)
Classical Legal Thought	500	(4)
The Emergence of Substantive Due Process	504	(3)
Due Process Enthroned	507	(2)
Freedom of Contract	509	(2)
The Law Writers	511	(2)
The Importance of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.	513	(2)
The Emergence of the Modern Legal Profession	515	(3)
Conclusion	518	(1)
For Further Reading	518	(3)
The Regulation of Commerce, 1877-1914	521	(24)
Farmers, Railroads, and Elevators	522	(1)
Munn v. Illinois	523	(1)
Removal to Federal Courts	524	(2)
The Interstate Commerce Commission	526	(2)
The Courts and the ICC	528	(1)
Courts and Rate-Making	529	(2)
Congress Strengthens the ICC	531	(1)
The Court Acquiesces	532	(1)
The Growth of Monopolies	533	(1)
The Sherman Act	534	(1)
The Knight Case	535	(1)
The Court Changes Its Mind	536	(1)
The Northern Securities Case	537	(1)
The Rule of Reason	538	(1)
The Income Tax	539	(4)
Conclusion	543	(1)
For Further Reading	543	(2)
Protective Legislation and the Police Power	545	(27)
The Progressive Agenda	546	(1)
Conservative Opposition	546	(1)
The Police Power	547	(1)
Child Labor and State Courts	548	(1)
Child Labor in the Supreme Court	549	(2)
Hours for Women Workers	551	(2)
A Feminist Critique of Muller	553	(2)
Separating Factory from Home	555	(1)
Hours on Public Works	556	(1)
Hours for Men	556	(2)
The Lochner Decision	558	(2)
Wage Regulation	560	(3)
Employers' Liability	563	(1)
Workmen's Compensation	564	(1)
Federal Employers' Liability	565	(1)
The Debs Case	566	(1)
The Courts and Labor Unions	567	(3)
For Further Reading	570	(2)
Progressivism Triumphant, 1901-1917	572	(26)
Democracy and Efficiency	572	(1)
The Roosevelt Presidency	573	(2)
The Federal Police Power	575	(4)
The Attack on the Courts	579	(2)
Judicial Recall	581	(1)
State Courts and the Constitution	582	(1)
The Taft Record	583	(1)
Reforming the House	584	(1)
Woodrow Wilson's Views on the Presidency	585	(1)
Tariffs and Taxes	586	(2)
Banking Reform	588	(1)
Antitrust Legislation	589	(2)
Completing the Reform Agenda	591	(1)
Race and the Progressive Era	592	(1)
The Court Draws Limits	593	(2)
A Few Small Steps	595	(1)
Conclusion	595	(1)
For Further Reading	596	(2)
Constitutional Problems During World War I	598	(26)
Preparedness	599	(1)
Control of the Railroads	600	(1)
The Draft Cases	601	(1)
The Lever Act	602	(2)
Rent Control	604	(1)
The Overman Act	604	(2)
Prohibition	606	(1)
Women's Suffrage	607	(2)
Wilson and Foreign Policy	609	(1)
The Treaty of Versailles	610	(2)
An Incapacitated President	612	(1)
Free Speech in Wartime	613	(1)
The Speech Tradition Before Schenck	614	(1)
Clear and Present Danger	615	(2)
The Beginnings of the Free Speech Tradition	617	(2)
The American Civil Liberties Union	619	(1)
The Red Scare	620	(2)
For Further Reading	622	(2)
``The Business of America is Business!''	624	(20)
The Taft Court Forms	625	(2)
William Howard Taft as Chief Justice	627	(1)
Crippling the Regulatory Agencies	628	(2)
Maintaining the National Power	630	(2)
Federal Grants-in-Aid	632	(1)
Utilities Regulation	633	(1)
Labor and the Taft Court	634	(3)
The Adkins Case	637	(2)
The Fate of Reform Legislation	639	(2)
Euclid v. Ambler Reality	641	(1)
Conclusion	642	(1)
For Further Reading	642	(2)
A Tangled Skein of Liberties	644	(19)
The Reform Remnant	644	(1)
Legal Realism	645	(1)
Realism and Reform on the Bench	646	(2)
Political Fundamentalism	648	(2)
The Nationalization of Standards	650	(1)
The ``Incorporation'' of Free Speech	651	(2)
Whitney v. California	653	(2)
Criminal Justice	655	(1)
Wire Tapping and Privacy	656	(1)
Lynch Law	656	(1)
Race and Alienage	657	(3)
Incorporating Freedom of the Press	660	(1)
For Further Reading	661	(2)
The Depression, The New Deal, and The Court	663	(24)
The Depression and the Need for Action	663	(1)
The Hughes Court	664	(2)
State Legislation Before the Court	666	(3)
A Change in Philosophy	669	(1)
The New Deal Begins	670	(1)
Agricultural Reform	671	(1)
Inflation and Relief Measures	672	(1)
Reviving the Economy	673	(2)
Constitutional Considerations and Problems	675	(1)
The New Deal in Court	676	(2)
Black Monday	678	(3)
The Court and the Agricultural Adjustment Act	681	(2)
The Carter Coal Case	683	(1)
Conclusion: The Court Versus the New Deal	683	(2)
For Further Reading	685	(2)
Crisis and Resolution	687	(26)
The Second Hundred Days	687	(2)
The Roosevelt Court Plan	689	(4)
The ``Switch in Time,''	693	(2)
An Alternate View	695	(3)
Roosevelt Reshapes the Court	698	(2)
The Failure of Reorganization	700	(1)
A National Labor Policy	701	(2)
The Commerce Power and Agriculture	703	(1)
The Reach of the Commerce Power	704	(1)
The Demise of ``Old Swifty,''	705	(3)
The Court and State Powers	708	(1)
Conclusion: The Crisis Survived	709	(2)
For Further Reading	711	(2)
Civil Liberties and The Roosevelt Court	713	(18)
Rights of Labor	713	(1)
The Bar, the Justice Department, and Civil Liberties	714	(2)
Cardozo and Selective Incorporation	716	(1)
Black and Total Incorporation	717	(2)
Frankfurter and the Limits of Restraint	719	(1)
Labor and the First Amendment	719	(2)
Religion	721	(1)
The Flag Salute Cases	722	(3)
Civil Liberties in Wartime	725	(2)
Treason and Espionage	727	(2)
For Further Reading	729	(2)
World War II	731	(21)
Neutrality Legislation	731	(1)
The Ludlow Amendment	732	(1)
Internal Security	733	(1)
Executive Agreements	734	(2)
Presidential Power	736	(2)
Organizing for War	738	(1)
The Court and Wartime Regulations	739	(1)
Anti-Japanese Sentiment	740	(1)
Japanese Relocation	741	(2)
The Relocation Cases	743	(2)
Milligan Redux	745	(1)
The Judgment of History	746	(1)
The War Crimes Trials	747	(2)
The United Nations	749	(1)
For Further Reading	750	(2)
Fair Deal and Cold War	752	(21)
Conservative Reaction	752	(2)
The Taft-Hartley Law	754	(2)
Government Loyalty Programs	756	(2)
Smith Act Prosecutions	758	(2)
Dennis v. United States	760	(2)
Justice Harlan's Solution	762	(1)
The McCarran Act	763	(1)
McCarthyism	764	(2)
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization	766	(1)
The Bricker Amendment	767	(1)
The Korean Police Action	768	(1)
Civilian Control of the Military	769	(1)
The Steel Seizure Case	770	(1)
For Further Reading	771	(2)
The Struggle for Civil Rights	773	(20)
Truman and the First Steps	773	(1)
The NAACP Intensifies Its Efforts	774	(2)
The Vinson Court and Civil Rights	776	(2)
Enter Earl Warren	778	(1)
The Five School Cases	779	(2)
Brown v. Board of Education	781	(2)
The Reaction to Brown	783	(2)
Implementation	785	(2)
``All Deliberate Speed,''	787	(2)
Eisenhower and Little Rock	789	(2)
For Further Reading	791	(2)
``We Shall Overcome!''	793	(24)
The Civil Rights Movement Begins	793	(2)
Early Civil Rights Legislation	795	(1)
The Kennedy Commitment	795	(1)
``The Schoolhouse Door,''	796	(1)
The 1964 Civil Rights Act	797	(2)
The Court Loses Patience	799	(2)
Attacking Segregation Everywhere	801	(1)
State Action and Racial Classification	802	(1)
Civil Rights and the First Amendment	802	(1)
The Sit-In Cases	803	(3)
The Court and the 1964 Civil Rights Act	806	(1)
Voting Rights	807	(1)
The 1965 Voting Rights Act	808	(1)
South Carolina v. Katzenbach	809	(2)
New Uses for Old Laws	811	(1)
What Has Been Accomplished	812	(2)
Conclusion: An Unfinished Agenda	814	(1)
For Further Reading	815	(2)
The Warren Court and the Bill of Rights	817	(26)
The First Amendment	818	(1)
The Overbreadth Doctrine	819	(1)
Symbolic Speech	820	(1)
Libel and the First Amendment	820	(3)
Obscenity	823	(3)
The Religion Clauses	826	(3)
Prayer, Bible Reading, and Evolution	829	(2)
Aid to Schools	831	(1)
Search and Seizure	832	(1)
Self-Incrimination	833	(3)
The Right to Counsel	836	(1)
The Right to Privacy	837	(3)
Conclusion: Judicial Activism and Civil Liberties	840	(1)
For Further Reading	841	(2)
A Nation in Turmoil	843	(24)
Internal Security	843	(2)
The Decline of HUAC	845	(1)
Reapportionment	846	(4)
Opposition to the Apportionment Rulings	850	(1)
The Great Society	851	(1)
Johnson and Presidential Prerogatives	852	(1)
Vietnam and the Tonkin Gulf Resolution	853	(2)
War Issues and the Court	855	(2)
Impatience over Civil Rights	857	(1)
Criminal Law	858	(2)
The Commission on Law Enforcement	860	(1)
The Omnibus Crime Control Act	861	(1)
The Fortas Affair	861	(2)
Warren's Final Term	863	(2)
Conclusion	865	(1)
For Further Reading	865	(2)
Richard Nixon and the Corruption of Power	867	(28)
A Moderate Start	868	(1)
Powers of the Commander-in-Chief	869	(2)
The Cambodian Rider	871	(1)
The War Powers Act of 1973	872	(4)
Expansion of Domestic Powers	876	(1)
The Pocket Veto	877	(1)
Budgets and Impoundments	878	(3)
The Congressional Budget Act	881	(1)
Watergate	882	(3)
Executive Privilege	885	(1)
Spiro Agnew Departs	886	(1)
United States v. Nixon	887	(1)
Resignation	888	(2)
The Lessons of Watergate	890	(3)
The ``Plebiscitary Presidency,''	893	(1)
For Further Reading	893	(2)
The Burger Court and Equal Protection	895	(24)
The Burger Court Forms	896	(2)
Continuing Desegregation	898	(2)
Busing	900	(1)
Desegregation in the North	901	(2)
Bakke and Affirmative Action	903	(4)
Gender Discrimination	907	(4)
The Equal Rights Amendment	911	(1)
Poverty and Disability	912	(1)
The Abortion Decisions	913	(2)
Post-Roe Decisions	915	(2)
For Further Reading	917	(2)
The Burger Court and Civil Liberties	919	(27)
Obscenity	920	(3)
Commercial Speech	923	(2)
Campaign Funds as Political Speech	925	(1)
Freedom of the Press	926	(2)
A Right of Access	928	(2)
Reporter's Privilege	930	(1)
Church and State	931	(2)
The Drive to Reinstate School Prayer	933	(2)
Free Exercise of Religion	935	(1)
Rights of the Accused: Search and Seizure	936	(2)
The Exclusionary Rule	938	(1)
Miranda Warnings	939	(2)
The Death Penalty	941	(2)
Conclusion	943	(1)
For Further Reading	944	(2)
The Rehnquist Court: Equal Protection and Individual Autonomy	946	(29)
The Rehnquist Court Forms	947	(2)
Civil Rights	949	(3)
Affirmative Action	952	(4)
Race-Conscious Districting	956	(4)
The Civil Rights Act of 1991	960	(1)
Gender Discrimination	961	(1)
Sexual Harassment	962	(3)
Abortion	965	(4)
The Right to Die	969	(3)
Conclusion	972	(1)
For Further Reading	973	(2)
The Rehnquist Court, Federalism, and Civil Liberties	975	(23)
Federalism	976	(3)
The First Amendment	979	(3)
Speech ``Plus,''	982	(2)
Flag Burning	984	(2)
Free Exercise of Religion	986	(1)
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act	987	(2)
Church and State	989	(5)
Rights of the Accused	994	(2)
Conclusion	996	(1)
For Further Reading	997	(1)
Constitutional Issues at the End of the Twentieth Century	998
Congress and Foreign Policy	998	(4)
The Courts and Foreign Policy	1002	(1)
The Legislative Veto	1003	(3)
Control of the Budget	1006	(1)
The Twenty-seventh Amendment	1007	(2)
Term Limits	1009	(1)
Iran-Contra	1010	(2)
The Bork Nomination	1012	(3)
The Thomas Nomination	1015	(2)
The Line Item Veto	1017	(2)
The Role of the Independent Counsel	1019	(1)
Clinton's Impeachment	1020	(2)
The Election of 2000	1022	(4)
Conclusion	1026	(1)
For Further Reading	1026
APPENDIXES
The Declaration of Independence	A1	(1)
Constitution of the United States	A5	(1)
Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court	A22	(1)
Case Index	I1	(1)
Subject Index	I17