Marine Biology

by Castro, Peter; Huber, Michael E.

• ISBN13: 9780072830644
• ISBN10: 0072830646
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-12-01
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill College

Summary

The new, sixth edition of Marine Biology covers the basics of marine biology and takes a global, non-regional perspective, emphasizing that the world's oceans and seas are an integrated system that cannot be understood by looking in any one person's own backyard. For many students this is a new perspective. This introductory, one-semester text is designed for non-majors.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Part One Principles of Marine Science
The Science of Marine Biology	3	(19)
The Science of Marine Biology	4	(7)
The History of Marine Biology	4	(4)
Marine Biology Today	8	(3)
The Scientific Method	11	(10)
Observation: The Currency of Science	12	(1)
Two Ways of Thinking	13	(3)
Testing Ideas	16	(4)
Limitations of the Scientific Method	20	(1)
Interactive Exploration	21	(1)
The Sea Floor	22	(22)
The Water Planet	22	(3)
The Geography of the Ocean Basins	22	(1)
The Structure of the Earth	23	(2)
The Origin and Structure of the Ocean Basins	25	(12)
Early Evidence of Continental Drift	25	(1)
The Theory of Plate Tectonics	25	(9)
Geological History of the Earth	34	(3)
The Geological Provinces of the Ocean	37	(6)
Continental Margins	37	(2)
Deep-Ocean Basins	39	(1)
The Mid-Ocean Ridge and Hydrothermal Vents	39	(4)
Interactive Exploration	43	(1)
Chemical and Physical Features of Seawater and the World Ocean	44	(26)
The Waters of the Ocean	44	(9)
The Unique Nature of Pure Water	44	(3)
Seawater	47	(6)
Ocean Circulation	53	(8)
Surface Circulation	53	(5)
Thermohaline Circulation and the Great Ocean Conveyor	58	(3)
Waves and Tides	61	(8)
Waves	61	(4)
Tides	65	(4)
Interactive Exploration	69	(1)
Fundamentals of Biology	70	(23)
The Ingredients of Life	70	(4)
The Building Blocks	70	(2)
The Fuel of Life	72	(2)
Living Machinery	74	(3)
Cells and Organelles	75	(1)
Levels of Organization	76	(1)
Challenges of Life in the Sea	77	(5)
Salinity	78	(3)
Temperature	81	(1)
Surface-to-Volume Ratio	82	(1)
Perpetuating Life	82	(2)
Modes of Reproduction	83	(1)
Reproductive Strategies	84	(1)
The Diversity of Life in the Sea	84	(6)
Natural Selection and Adaptation	86	(1)
Classifying Living Things	86	(4)
Interactive Exploration	90	(3)
Part Two The Organisms of the Sea
The Microbial World	93	(14)
Prokaryotes	94	(6)
Bacteria	94	(2)
Archaea	96	(2)
Prokaryote Metabolism	98	(2)
Unicellular Algae	100	(3)
Diatoms	100	(2)
Dinoflagellates	102	(1)
Other Unicellular Algae	102	(1)
Protozoans: The Animal-like Protists	103	(2)
Foraminiferans	104	(1)
Radiolarians	105	(1)
Ciliates	105	(1)
Fungi	105	(2)
Multicellular Primary Producers: Seaweeds and Plants	107	(13)
Multicellular Algae: The Seaweeds	108	(6)
General Structure	108	(1)
Types of Seaweeds	109	(3)
Life History	112	(2)
Economic Importance	114	(1)
Flowering Plants	114	(6)
Seagrasses	116	(1)
Salt-Marsh Plants	116	(2)
Mangroves	118	(2)
Marine Animals without a Backbone	120	(34)
Sponges	121	(2)
Cnidarians: Radial Symmetry	123	(3)
Types of Cnidarians	124	(1)
Biology of Cnidarians	125	(1)
Comb Jellies: Radial Symmetry Revisited	126	(1)
Bilaterally Symmetrical Worms	127	(4)
Flatworms	127	(1)
Ribbon Worms	128	(1)
Nematodes	129	(1)
Segmented Worms	129	(2)
Peanut Worms	131	(1)
Echiurans	131	(1)
Molluscs: The Successful Soft Body	131	(6)
Types of Molluscs	133	(3)
Biology of Molluscs	136	(1)
Arthropods: The Armored Achievers	137	(6)
Crustaceans	138	(2)
Biology of Crustaceans	140	(1)
Other Marine Arthropods	141	(2)
Lophophorates	143	(1)
Bryozoans	143	(1)
Phoronids	143	(1)
Lamp Shells	143	(1)
Arrow Worms	143	(1)
Echinoderms: Five-Way Symmetry	144	(3)
Types of Echinoderms	145	(1)
Biology of Echinoderms	146	(1)
Hemichordates: A ``Missing Link''?	147	(1)
Chordates without a Backbone	148	(6)
Tunicates	148	(1)
Lancelets	149	(5)
Marine Fishes	154	(26)
Vertebrates: An Introduction	154	(1)
Types of Fishes	154	(7)
Jawless Fishes	155	(1)
Cartilaginous Fishes	155	(5)
Bony Fishes	160	(1)
Biology of Fishes	161	(19)
Body Shape	161	(1)
Coloration	161	(1)
Locomotion	162	(1)
Feeding	163	(1)
Digestion	164	(1)
Circulatory System	165	(1)
Respiratory System	165	(2)
Regulation of the Internal Environment	167	(1)
Nervous System and Sensory Organs	167	(3)
Behavior	170	(3)
Reproduction and Life History	173	(7)
Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals	180	(35)
Marine Reptiles	182	(3)
Sea Turtles	182	(2)
Other Marine Reptiles	184	(1)
Seabirds	185	(2)
Penguins	185	(1)
Tubenoses	186	(1)
Pelicans and Related Birds	186	(1)
Gulls and Related Birds	187	(1)
Shorebirds	187	(1)
Marine Mammals	187	(28)
Types of Marine Mammals	188	(11)
Biology of Marine Mammals	199	(16)
Part Three Structure and Function of Marine Ecosystems
An Introduction to Marine Ecology	215	(20)
The Organization of Communities	216	(7)
How Populations Grow	216	(1)
Ways That Species Interact	217	(6)
Major Marine Lifestyles and Environments	223	(1)
The Flow of Energy and Materials	224	(10)
Trophic Structure	224	(5)
Cycles of Essential Nutrients	229	(5)
Interactive Exploration	234	(1)
Between the Tides	235	(24)
Rocky Shore Intertidal Communities	236	(17)
Exposure at Low Tide	236	(3)
The Power of the Sea	239	(3)
The Battle for Space	242	(2)
Vertical Zonation of Rocky Shores	244	(9)
Soft-Bottom Intertidal Communities	253	(5)
The Shifting Sediments	253	(1)
Living in the Sediment	254	(4)
Interactive Exploration	258	(1)
Estuaries: Where Rivers Meet the Sea	259	(18)
Origins and Types of Estuaries	259	(1)
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries	260	(2)
Salinity	260	(2)
Substrate	262	(1)
Other Physical Factors	262	(1)
Estuaries as Ecosystems	262	(11)
Living in an Estuary	262	(2)
Types of Estuarine Communities	264	(9)
Feeding Interactions among Estuarine Organisms	273	(1)
Human Impact on Estuarine Communities	273	(3)
Interactive Exploration	276	(1)
Life on the Continental Shelf	277	(20)
Physical Characteristics of the Subtidal Environment	277	(1)
Continental Shelf Bottom Communities	278	(18)
Soft-Bottom Subtidal Communities	279	(8)
Hard-Bottom Subtidal Communities	287	(9)
Interactive Exploration	296	(1)
Coral Reefs	297	(27)
The Organisms That Build Reefs	297	(9)
Reef Corals	298	(3)
Other Reef Builders	301	(1)
Conditions for Reef Growth	302	(4)
Kinds of Coral Reefs	306	(7)
Fringing Reefs	307	(1)
Barrier Reefs	308	(2)
Atolls	310	(3)
The Ecology of Coral Reefs	313	(10)
The Trophic Structure of Coral Reefs	313	(1)
Coral Reef Communities	314	(9)
Interactive Exploration	323	(1)
Life Near the Surface	324	(30)
The Organisms of the Epipelagic	325	(8)
The Plankton: A New Understanding	325	(1)
The Phytoplankton	326	(1)
The Zooplankton	327	(6)
The Nekton	333	(1)
Living in the Epipelagic	333	(6)
Staying Afloat	333	(3)
Predators and Their Prey	336	(3)
Epipelagic Food Webs	339	(14)
Trophic Levels and Energy Flow	339	(3)
The Microbial Loop	342	(1)
Patterns of Production	342	(7)
The El Nino-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon	349	(4)
Interactive Exploration	353	(1)
The Ocean Depths	354	(23)
The Twilight World	356	(8)
The Animals of the Mesopelagic	356	(2)
Adaptations of Midwater Animals	358	(6)
The World of Perpetual Darkness	364	(4)
The Lack of Food	365	(1)
Sex in the Deep Sea	366	(1)
Living under Pressure	367	(1)
The Deep-Ocean Floor	368	(5)
Feeding in the Deep-Sea Benthos	368	(3)
The Nature of Life in the Deep-Sea Benthos	371	(1)
Bacteria in the Deep Sea	371	(2)
Hot Springs, Cold Seeps, and Dead Bodies	373	(2)
Interactive Exploration	375	(2)
Part Four Humans and the Sea
Resources from the Sea	377	(25)
The Living Resources of the Sea	377	(18)
Food from the Sea	377	(17)
Marine Life as Items of Commerce and Recreation	394	(1)
Non-Living Resources from the Sea Floor	395	(2)
Oil and Gas	395	(1)
Ocean Mining	396	(1)
Non-Living Resources from Seawater	397	(3)
Fresh Water	397	(1)
Minerals	398	(1)
Energy	398	(2)
Interactive Exploration	400	(2)
The Impact of Humans on the Marine Environment	402	(22)
Modification and Destruction of Habitats	402	(2)
Coral Reefs	403	(1)
Trawling	404	(1)
Pollution	404	(10)
Eutrophication	404	(1)
Sewage	405	(2)
Oil	407	(3)
Persistent Toxic Substances	410	(3)
Solid Waste	413	(1)
Thermal Pollution	414	(1)
Threatened and Endangered Species	414	(4)
Conserving and Enhancing the Environment	418	(4)
Conservation	418	(1)
Restoration of Habitats	419	(1)
Artificial Reefs	420	(2)
Interactive Exploration	422	(2)
The Oceans and Human Affairs	424	(9)
Oceans as Barriers and Avenues	424	(1)
Oceans and Cultures	425	(4)
Oceans and Recreation	429	(2)
Prospects for the Future	431	(1)
Interactive Exploration	432	(1)
Appendix A Units of Measurement	433	(1)
Appendix B Selected Field Guides and Other Useful References for the Identification of Marine Organisms	434	(2)
Glossary	436	(12)
Credits	448	(2)
Index	450