Massive Neutrinos in Physics and Astrophysics

by Mohapatra, R. N.; Pal, Palash B.

• ISBN13: 9789810233730
• ISBN10: 9810233736
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-03-01
• Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Inc

Summary

This book provides a complete and up-to-date discussion on the theory, phenomenology, cosmology and astrophysics of massive neutrinos. Starting with a chapter on mathematical preliminaries that lead to the derivation of the standard model and its properties, it gives a discussion on the nature of Dirac and Majorana masses for neutrinos and the various extensions of the standard model (left-right, supersymmetric, etc.) that explain the small neutrino mass. Various phenomena related to neutrino mass such as rare decays of muons and kaons, double beta decay, and neutrinos in a medium, are discussed. The final chapters include discussions on solar and supernova neutrinos and neutrino cosmology. Extensive references to the existing literature are included.

Table of Contents

Preface to the second edition	vii	(2)
From the preface to the first edition	ix	(2)
Notations	xi
I Preliminaries	1	(72)
1 Introduction	3	(17)
1.1 History	3	(2)
1.2 Four-Fermi interaction	5	(6)
1.2.1 Modern form of four-Fermi interaction	5	(2)
1.2.2 Fierz-Michel transformation	7	(3)
1.2.3 Problems with the four-Fermi interaction	10	(1)
1.3 Symmetries and forces	11	(7)
1.3.1 Global symmetries	11	(1)
1.3.2 Local symmetries	12	(2)
1.3.3 Spontaneous breaking of symmetries	14	(4)
1.4 Renormalizability and anomalies	18	(2)
2 The Standard model and the neutrion	20	(20)
2.1 Gauge interactions in the standard model	21	(4)
2.2 Neutral current interactions of neutrinos	25	(3)
2.3 Neutrino-electron scattering in the standard model	28	(6)
2.3.1 V(e)e and V(e)e scattering	28	(4)
2.3.2 V(Mu)e and V(Mu)e scattering	32	(1)
2.3.3 Neutrino pair production	33	(1)
2.4 Neutrino-nucleon scattering in the standard model	34	(4)
2.4.1 Quasi-elastic V(e)N and V(e)N scattering	34	(2)
2.4.2 Deep inelastic scattering of neutrinos off nucleons	36	(2)
2.5 Neutrino mass in the standard model	38	(2)
3 Massive neutrions	40	(9)
3.1 Motivations for neutrino mass	40	(4)
3.1.1 Theoretical motivations in Particle physics	41	(1)
3.1.2 Motivations from Astrophysics and Cosmology	42	(2)
3.2 Questions related to neutrino mass	44	(2)
3.3 Tests of neutrino mass	46	(3)
3.3.1 Kinematic tests	46	(1)
3.3.2 Exclusive tests	47	(2)
4 Dirac vs. Majorana masses	49	(24)
4.1 Two-component spinor field	49	(3)
4.2 Mathematical definition of a Majorana field	52	(3)
4.3 Different representations of Dirac matrices	55	(4)
4.3.1 Dirac representation	56	(1)
4.3.2 Majorana representation	57	(1)
4.3.3 Other representations	58	(1)
4.4 Majorana neutrinos and discrete symmetries of space-time	59	(5)
4.4.1 Properties under C	59	(2)
4.4.2 Properties under CP	61	(1)
4.4.3 Properties under CPT	62	(2)
4.5 The Majorana basis of mass terms	64	(3)
4.6 The two-component basis in a different notation	67	(4)
4.7 Diagonalization of fermion mass matrices	71	(2)
II Models of neutrino mass	73	(86)
5 Neutrino mass in SU(2)(L) X u(1) y models	75	(25)
5.1 Models with enlarged fermion sector	75	(6)
5.1.1 A simple model with Dirac neutrinos	76	(1)
5.1.2 Neutrino mixing	77	(1)
5.1.3 Shortcomings of the model	77	(1)
5.1.4 The complete model with right-handed neutrinos	78	(3)
5.2 Models with expanded Higgs sector	81	(8)
5.2.1 Adding a triplet delta	82	(3)
5.2.2 Model with a singly charged singlet	85	(2)
5.2.3 Model with doubly charged singlet	87	(2)
5.3 The method of flavor diagrams	89	(2)
5.4 Models with spontaneous B-L violation	91	(9)
5.4.1 Constraints on Majoron models	92	(2)
5.4.2 Majoron in the model with right-handed neutrinos	94	(3)
5.4.3 Majorons in models with extended Higgs sector	97	(3)
6 Neutrino mass in Left-Right symmetric models	100	(24)
6.1 The gauge sector	101	(8)
6.1.1 Symmetry breaking	101	(5)
6.1.2 Constraints on the masses of the gauge bosons	106	(3)
6.2 Majorana neutrinos	109	(5)
6.2.1 The see-saw mechanism	109	(2)
6.2.2 Constraints on the eV-keV-MeV spectrum	111	(3)
6.3 Physics involving right-handed neutrinos	114	(4)
6.3.1 Flavor changing neutral currents	114	(1)
6.3.2 Decay of the right-handed neutrinos	115	(3)
6.4 Naturalness of the see-saw formula	118	(3)
6.5 Dirac neutrinos	121	(3)
7 Neutrino mass in Grand unified models	124	(21)
7.1 SU(5)	124	(3)
7.2 Neutrino masses in SU(5) model	127	(2)
7.3 SO(10)	129	(4)
7.4 Neutrino mass in SO(10) models	133	(7)
7.5 Predictive SO(10) scenarios for neutrino masses	140	(2)
7.6 Neutrino masses in E6	142	(3)
8 Neutrino mass in supersymmetric models	145	(14)
8.1 Introduction	145	(2)
8.2 The Lagrangian for supersymmetric field theories	147	(2)
8.3 Soft breaking of supersymmetry	149	(2)
8.4 Supersymmetric standard model	151	(2)
8.5 Neutrino mass in MSSM	153	(4)
8.6 Supersymmetric Left-Right model	157	(2)
III Phenomenology	159	(112)
9 Kinematic tests of neutrino mass	161	(12)
9.1 Beta decay and the mass of the vEpsilon	161	(8)
9.1.1 The electron spectrum	162	(3)
9.1.2 Discussion of experimental efforts	165	(3)
9.1.3 Effect of neutrino mixing	168	(1)
9.2 Pion decay and the mass of the Nu Mu	169	(1)
9.3 Tau decay and the mass of the Tan	170	(1)
9.4 Other processes	171	(2)
9.4.1 Electron capture: mass of the vEpsilon	171	(1)
9.4.2 Kaon decay: mass of the Nu Tan	171	(2)
10 Neutrino oscillations	173	(20)
10.1 Neutrino oscillations in vacuum	173	(10)
10.1.1 Theory of neutrino oscillations	174	(2)
10.1.2 Experimental searches of neutrino oscillations	176	(2)
10.1.3 Understanding the experimental results	178	(4)
10.1.4 Wave packet treatment of neutrino oscillations	182	(1)
10.2 Atmospheric neutrinos	183	(3)
10.2.1 Summary of experimental data	183	(2)
10.2.2 Neutrino masses and mixings implied by data	185	(1)
10.3 Oscillation with unstable neutrinos	186	(2)
10.4 Neutrino oscillations in matter	188	(5)
11 Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos	193	(23)
11.1 Electromagnetic form factors of a neutrino	194	(6)
11.1.1 Form factors of a Dirac neutrino	195	(1)
11.1.2 Form factors of a Majorana neutrino	196	(3)
11.1.3 Form factors for a Weyl neutrino	199	(1)
11.2 Kinematics of radiative decays	200	(1)
11.3 Model calculations	201	(11)
11.3.1 SU(2)(L) X U(1)(Y) model with Dirac neutrinos	202	(4)
11.3.2 SU(2)(L) X U(1)(Y) models with Majorana neutrinos	206	(3)
11.3.3 Left-right symmetric model	209	(3)
11.4 Large magnetic moment and small neutrino mass	212	(4)
12 Double beta decay	216	(20)
12.1 Introduction	216	(2)
12.2 Kinematical properties	218	(4)
12.3 Neutrinoless double beta decay in SU(2)(L) X U(1)(Y) models	222	(4)
12.3.1 Light Majorana neutrino exchange	223	(2)
12.3.2 Heavy Majorana neutrino exchange	225	(1)
12.3.3 Exchange of doubly charged Higgs boson	226	(1)
12.4 Neutrinoless double beta decay in Left-Right models	226	(5)
12.4.1 Light neutrino exchange	227	(1)
12.4.2 Heavy Majorana neutrino exchange	228	(1)
12.4.3 Left-right mixing contribution	228	(2)
12.4.4 Higgs exchange contribution	230	(1)
12.5 Neutrinoless double beta decay in supersymmetric models	231	(1)
12.6 Majoron emission in XXXXX decay	232	(2)
12.7 Neutrino mass and XXXXX decay	234	(2)
13 Related processes	236	(16)
13.1 Lepton flavor changing processes	236	(10)
13.1.1 Radiative decays of muon and tau	236	(3)
13.1.2 Decays of Mu and Tan into charged leptons	239	(2)
13.1.3 Muonium-antimuonium transition	241	(4)
13.1.4 Semi-leptonic processes	245	(1)
13.2 CP-violation in the leptonic sector	246	(6)
13.2.1 CP-violating phases in the fermion mass matrix	246	(2)
13.2.2 Electric dipole moment of the electron	248	(4)
14 Neutrino properties in material media	252	(19)
14.1 The dispersion relation of neutrinos in a medium	253	(6)
14.1.1 The general structure	253	(2)
14.1.2 Propagators in the thermal medium	255	(2)
14.1.3 Calculation of the dispersion relation of neutrinos	257	(2)
14.2 Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos in a medium	259	(9)
14.2.1 General considerations	259	(3)
14.2.2 Calculation of the vertex in a background of electrons	262	(3)
14.2.3 Induced electric charge of neutrinos	265	(1)
14.2.4 Radiative neutrino decay in a medium	266	(2)
14.3 Other effects	268	(3)
IV Astrophysics and Cosmology	271	(80)
15 Solar neutrinos	273	(27)
15.1 Production and detection of solar neutrinos	274	(8)
15.1.1 Source of neutrinos in the sun	274	(3)
15.1.2 Detection of solar neutrinos	277	(2)
15.1.3 The solar neutrino puzzle	279	(3)
15.2 Solution using neutrino oscillations	282	(9)
15.2.1 Vacuum oscillations	282	(1)
15.2.2 Resonant oscillations in solar matter	283	(8)
15.3 Solution using neutrino decay	291	(1)
15.4 Solution using neutrino magnetic moment	291	(4)
15.5 Violation of the equivalence principle for neutrinos	295	(2)
15.6 Implications and outlook	297	(3)
15.6.1 Time variation of the solar neutrino flux	297	(1)
15.6.2 Outlook	298	(2)
16 Neutrinos from supernovae	300	(18)
16.1 Qualitative picture of supernova collapse	300	(2)
16.2 Flux of supernova neutrinos	302	(3)
16.3 Neutrino properties implied by SN1987A observations	305	(13)
16.3.1 Neutrino mass	306	(1)
16.3.2 Neutrino lifetime	307	(1)
16.3.3 Magnetic moment of the neutrino	307	(4)
16.3.4 Electric charge of neutrino	311	(1)
16.3.5 Strength of right-handed weak interactions	311	(1)
16.3.6 Radiative decay of neutrinos	312	(2)
16.3.7 Bounds on majoronic decay modes	314	(1)
16.3.8 Bounds on V(Tan) -> Nu(Epsilon)e(+)e(-) decay mode	315	(1)
16.3.9 Bound on neutrino mixings	316	(1)
16.3.10 Test of weak equivalence principle for neutrinos	317	(1)
17 Neutrino cosmology	318	(33)
17.1 The Big Bang model	318	(4)
17.2 Neutrino decoupling	322	(2)
17.3 Nucleosynthesis and the number of neutrino species	324	(3)
17.4 Constraints on stable neutrino properties	327	(7)
17.4.1 Bound on the degeneracy of massless neutrinos	328	(1)
17.4.2 Bound on light neutrino masses	328	(2)
17.4.3 Bound on heavy stable neutrino masses	330	(4)
17.5 Constraints on heavy unstable neutrinos	334	(2)
17.6 Limits for radiative neutrino decays	336	(4)
17.7 Limits on neutrino properties from nucleosynthesis	340	(3)
17.7.1 Limit on interaction of right-handed neutrinos	340	(1)
17.7.2 Neutrino mass	341	(1)
17.7.3 Neutrino magnetic moment	342	(1)
17.8 Neutrinos and dark matter in the universe	343	(8)
17.8.1 Galactic halos and neutrinos	343	(4)
17.8.2 Galaxy formation and neutrinos	347	(4)
V Epilogue	351	(16)
18 Summary and outlook of neutrino physics	353	(14)
18.1 Introduction	353	(5)
18.1.1 Solar neutrino deficit	354	(1)
18.1.2 Atmospheric neutrino deficit	355	(1)
18.1.3 Results from the LSND experiment	355	(1)
18.1.4 Hot dark matter	356	(1)
18.1.5 Other constraints	357	(1)
18.2 Neutrino mass textures consistent with data	358	(2)
18.2.1 Are neutrinos degenerate?	358	(1)
18.2.2 The need for a sterile neutrino	359	(1)
18.3 Higher unification: two types of see-saw mechanism	360	(3)
18.4 Predictions from minimal SO(10) grand unification models	363	(1)
18.5 Beyond grand unification: into the shadow universe	364	(1)
18.6 Conclusions	365	(2)
References	367	(26)
Index	393