Massive Neutrinos in Physics and Astrophysics

by Mohapatra, R. N.; Pal, Palash B.

• ISBN13: 9789812380708
• ISBN10: 9812380701
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-04-01
• Publisher: WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUB CO INC

Summary

The recent groundbreaking discovery of nonzero neutrino masses and oscillations has put the spotlight on massive neutrinos as one of the key windows on physics beyond the standard model as well as into the early universe. This third edition of the invaluable book "Massive Neutrinos in Physics and Astrophysics is an introduction to the various issues related to the theory and phenomenology of massive neutrinos for the nonexpert, providing at the same time a complete and up-to-date discussion on the latest results in the field for the active researcher. It is designed not merely to be a guide but also as a self-contained tool for research with all the necessary techniques and logics included. Specially emphasized are the various implications of neutrino discoveries for the nature of new forces. Elementary discussions on topics such as grand unification, left?right symmetry and supersymmetry are presented. The most recent cosmological and astrophysical implications of massive neutri

Table of Contents

Preface to the third edition	vii
Preface to the second edition	ix
From the preface to the first edition	xi
Notations	xiii
I From massless to massive neutrinos	1	(134)
Introduction	3	(18)
History	3	(2)
Four-Fermi interaction	5	(6)
Modern form of four-Fermi interaction	5	(3)
Fierz transformation	8	(3)
Problems with the four-Fermi interaction	11	(1)
Symmetries and forces	11	(8)
Global symmetries	12	(1)
Local symmetries	13	(2)
Spontaneous breaking of symmetries	15	(4)
Renormalizability and anomalies	19	(2)
The standard model and the neutrino	21	(21)
Gauge interactions in the standard model	22	(4)
Neutral current interactions of neutrinos	26	(3)
Neutrino-electron scattering in the standard model	29	(6)
νee and νee scattering	29	(4)
νμe and νμe scattering	33	(1)
Neutrino pair production	34	(1)
Neutrino-nucleon scattering in the standard model	35	(4)
Quasi-elastic νeN and νeN scattering	35	(1)
Deep inelastic scattering of neutrinos off nucleons	36	(3)
Neutrino mass in the standard model	39	(3)
Massive neutrinos	42	(9)
Introduction	42	(1)
Theoretical motivations for neutrino mass	43	(1)
Questions related to neutrino mass	44	(2)
Tests of neutrino mass	46	(3)
Kinematic tests	46	(1)
Exclusive tests	47	(2)
Evidences of neutrino mass	49	(2)
Dirac versus Majorana masses	51	(27)
Two-component spinor field	51	(3)
Mathematical definition of a Majorana field	54	(3)
Different representations of Dirac matrices	57	(4)
Dirac representation	58	(1)
Majorana representation	59	(1)
Other representations	60	(1)
Majorana neutrinos and discrete symmetries of space-time	61	(5)
Properties under C	61	(2)
Properties under CP	63	(1)
Properties under CPT	64	(2)
Majorana basis of mass terms	66	(3)
The two-component basis in a different notation	69	(4)
Feynman rules involving Majorana neutrinos	73	(2)
Diagonalization of fermion mass matrices	75	(3)
Neutrino oscillations	78	(29)
Theory of neutrino oscillations	78	(7)
Oscillation formula for mono-energetic neutrinos	79	(2)
Oscillation formula for three flavors	81	(2)
More sophisticated derivations	83	(2)
Experimental searches	85	(7)
Basic strategies	85	(2)
Effect of energy spread	87	(2)
Results	89	(3)
Atmospheric neutrinos	92	(2)
Oscillation with unstable neutrinos	94	(2)
Neutrino oscillations in matter	96	(11)
Uniform matter background	96	(5)
Non-uniform matter background and resonant oscillation	101	(6)
Solar neutrinos	107	(28)
Source of neutrinos in the sun	108	(2)
Solar neutrino detection techniques	110	(5)
Radiochemical detection	111	(1)
Water Cerenkov detection	112	(2)
Heavy water detection	114	(1)
History of solar neutrino detection	115	(4)
The solar neutrino puzzle	115	(1)
Reflections on the puzzle	116	(2)
New light on the puzzle	118	(1)
Solar neutrino flux and neutrino oscillations	119	(8)
Vacuum oscillations	119	(1)
Resonant oscillation in solar matter	120	(7)
Other factors that might affect solar neutrino flux	127	(5)
Neutrino decay	127	(1)
Neutrino magnetic moment	127	(3)
Violation of the equivalence principle for neutrinos	130	(2)
Implications and outlook	132	(3)
II Models of neutrino mass	135	(106)
Neutrino mass in SU(2)L X U(1)Y models	137	(26)
Introduction	137	(1)
Models with enlarged fermion sector	138	(6)
A simple model with Dirac neutrinos	139	(1)
Neutrino mixing	140	(1)
Shortcomings of the model	140	(1)
The complete model with right handed neutrinos	141	(3)
Models with expanded Higgs sector	144	(8)
Adding a triplet Δ	146	(2)
Model with a singly charged singlet	148	(3)
Model with doubly charged singlet	151	(1)
The method of flavor diagrams	152	(2)
Models with spontaneous B -- L violation	154	(9)
Constraints on Majoron models	155	(2)
Majoron in the model with right-handed neutrinos	157	(2)
Majorons in models with extended Higgs sector	159	(4)
Neutrino mass in Left-Right symmetric models	163	(23)
The gauge sector	164	(8)
Symmetry breaking	164	(6)
Constraints on the masses of the gauge bosons	170	(2)
Majorana neutrinos	172	(4)
The see-saw mechanism	172	(2)
Implications of TeV scale WR models for leptons	174	(2)
Physics involving right-handed neutrinos	176	(4)
Flavor changing neutral currents	177	(1)
Decay of the right-handed neutrinos	178	(2)
Naturalness of the see-saw formula	180	(3)
Dirac neutrinos	183	(3)
Neutrino mass in Grand unified models	186	(22)
SU(5)	187	(3)
Neutrino masses in SU(5) model	190	(1)
SO(10)	191	(4)
Neutrino mass in SO(10) models	195	(6)
Predictive SO(10) scenarios for neutrino masses	201	(3)
Neutrino masses in E6	204	(4)
Neutrino mass in supersymmetric models	208	(14)
Introduction	208	(2)
The Lagrangian for supersymmetric field theories	210	(2)
Soft breaking of supersymmetry	212	(2)
Supersymmetric standard model	214	(2)
Neutrino mass in MSSM	216	(4)
Supersymmetric Left-Right model	220	(2)
Large neutrino mixings	222	(19)
Introduction	222	(1)
Hints for understanding large mixings	223	(1)
Mass matrices for neutrinos	224	(8)
Diagonalization of the neutrino mass matrix	224	(3)
Example of the Zee model	227	(2)
Patterns for mass matrices	229	(3)
Symmetries and neutrino mass textures	232	(4)
Two generation example with a discrete symmetry	232	(1)
Three generation case with continuous symmetries	233	(1)
Maximal mixing matrix	234	(2)
Radiative corrections and large mixings	236	(2)
Sum-rules and large mixings	238	(3)
III Implications of neutrino mass	241	(170)
Kinematic tests of neutrino mass	243	(14)
Beta decay and the mass of the νe	243	(8)
The electron spectrum	244	(3)
Discussion of experimental efforts	247	(3)
Effect of neutrino mixing	250	(1)
Pion decay and the mass of the νμ	251	(2)
Tau decay and the mass of the ντ	253	(1)
The confusion theorem	253	(4)
Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos	257	(24)
Electromagnetic form factors of a neutrino	257	(6)
Form factors of a Dirac neutrino	258	(2)
Form factors of a Majorana neutrino	260	(2)
Form factors for a Weyl neutrino	262	(1)
Kinematics of radiative decays	263	(1)
Model calculations of dipole moments and radiative lifetime	264	(11)
SU(2)L X U(1)Y model with Dirac neutrinos	265	(4)
SU(2)L X U(1)Y models with Majorana neutrinos	269	(3)
Left-right symmetric model	272	(3)
Large magnetic moment and small neutrino mass	275	(6)
Double beta decay	281	(22)
Introduction	281	(2)
Kinematical properties	283	(5)
Neutrinoless double beta decay in SU(2)L X U(1)Y models	288	(4)
Light Majorana neutrino exchange	288	(3)
Heavy Majorana neutrino exchange	291	(1)
Exchange of doubly charged Higgs boson	291	(1)
Neutrinoless double beta decay in Left-Right models	292	(4)
Light neutrino exchange	293	(1)
Heavy Majorana neutrino exchange	293	(1)
Heavy-light neutrino mixing	294	(1)
Higgs exchange contribution	295	(1)
Neutrinoless double beta decay in supersymmetric models	296	(2)
Majoron emission in ββ0ν decay	298	(1)
Neutrino mass and ββ0ν decay	299	(4)
Related processes	303	(19)
Lepton flavor changing processes	303	(9)
Radiative decays of muon and tau	303	(3)
Decays of μ and τ into charged leptons	306	(3)
Muonium-antimuonium transition	309	(2)
Semi-leptonic processes	311	(1)
CP-violation in the leptonic sector	312	(10)
CP-violating phases in the fermion mass matrix	313	(2)
Rephasing invariants	315	(1)
CP violation in the light neutrino sector	316	(2)
Electric dipole moment of the electron	318	(4)
Neutrino properties in material media	322	(18)
Dispersion relation of neutrinos in a medium	323	(6)
The general structure	323	(2)
Propagators in a thermal medium	325	(2)
Calculation of the dispersion relation of neutrinos	327	(2)
Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos in a medium	329	(9)
General considerations	329	(3)
Calculation of the vertex in a background of electrons	332	(3)
Induced electric charge of neutrinos	335	(1)
Radiative neutrino decay in a medium	336	(2)
Other effects	338	(2)
Neutrinos from supernovae	340	(19)
Qualitative picture of supernova collapse	340	(2)
Flux of supernova neutrinos	342	(3)
Neutrino properties implied by SN1987A observations	345	(12)
Neutrino mass	346	(1)
Neutrino lifetime	347	(1)
Magnetic moment of the neutrino	347	(4)
Electric charge of neutrino	351	(1)
Strength of right-handed weak interactions	352	(1)
Radiative decay of neutrinos	352	(2)
Bounds on Majoronic decay modes	354	(1)
Bound on neutrino mixings	355	(1)
Test of weak equivalence principle for neutrinos	356	(1)
Inferring neutrino spectrum from nearby supernovae	357	(2)
Neutrino cosmology	359	(43)
The Big Bang model	359	(7)
Cosmological evolution	359	(5)
Early universe	364	(2)
Neutrino decoupling	366	(2)
Nucleosynthesis and the number of neutrino species	368	(3)
Constraints on stable neutrino properties	371	(9)
Bound on the degeneracy of massless neutrinos	372	(1)
Bound on light neutrino masses	372	(2)
Bound on degenerate light neutrinos	374	(1)
Bound on heavy stable neutrino masses	375	(5)
Constraints on heavy unstable neutrinos	380	(2)
Limits for radiative neutrino decays	382	(4)
Limits on neutrino properties from nucleosynthesis	386	(3)
Limit on interaction of right-handed neutrinos	386	(1)
Neutrino mass	387	(1)
Neutrino magnetic moment	388	(1)
Neutrinos and dark matter in the universe	389	(6)
Galactic halos and neutrinos	389	(4)
Galaxy formation and neutrinos	393	(2)
Leptogenesis and baryogenesis	395	(7)
Connection between baryogenesis and neutrinos	395	(3)
Details of the right handed neutrino decay mechanism	398	(4)
Sterile neutrinos	402	(9)
Results from the LSND experiment	403	(1)
Theoretical implications	403	(1)
Cosmological constraints	404	(2)
Understanding the sterile neutrino	406	(3)
Conclusion	409	(2)
IV Appendices	411	(2)
References	413	(32)
Index	445