Materials Science of Polymers for Engineers

by Osswald, Tim A.; Menges, Georg

• ISBN13: 9781569901922
• ISBN10: 1569901929
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1995-09-01
• Publisher: Hanser Pub Inc

Summary

This unified approach to polymer materials science is divided in three major sections:

Table of Contents

Part I Basic Principles	1	(85)
Introduction to Polymers	3	(16)
Historical Background	3	(3)
Statistical Data	6	(3)
General Properties	9	(10)
References	17	(2)
Structure of Polymers	19	(40)
Macromolecular Structure of Polymers	19	(3)
Molecular Bonds and Inter-Molecular Attraction	22	(1)
Molecular Weight	22	(6)
Conformation and Configuration of Polymer Molecules	28	(3)
Arrangement of Polymer Molecules	31	(14)
Thermoplastic Polymers	31	(1)
Amorphous Thermoplastics	32	(2)
Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics	34	(9)
Thermosets and Cross-Linked Elastomers	43	(2)
Copolymers and Polymer Blends	45	(2)
Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers	47	(12)
Stress Relaxation Test	47	(1)
Time-Temperature Superposition (WLF-Equation)	48	(2)
The Boltzmann Superposition Principle	50	(1)
Applying Linear Viscoelasticity to Describe the Behavior of Polymers	51	(7)
References	58	(1)
Thermal Properties of Polymers	59	(26)
Material Properties	60	(18)
Thermal Conductivity	60	(8)
Specific Heat	68	(3)
Density	71	(3)
Thermal Diffusivity	74	(1)
Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion	75	(1)
Thermal Penetration	76	(1)
Glass Transition Temperature	77	(1)
Melting Temperature	78	(1)
Measuring Thermal Data	78	(7)
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)	78	(2)
Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)	80	(2)
Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)	82	(1)
Thermogravimetry (TGA)	83	(1)
Density Measurements	83	(1)
References	84	(1)
Part II Influence of Processing on Properties	85	(166)
Rheology of Polymer Melts	87	(46)
Introduction	87	(11)
Continuum Mechanics	87	(2)
The Generalized Newtonian Fluid	89	(5)
Normal Stresses in Shear Flow	94	(2)
Deborah Number	96	(2)
Viscous Flow Models	98	(10)
The Power Law Model	98	(2)
The Bird-Carreau-Yasuda Model	100	(1)
The Bingham Fluid	101	(1)
Elongational Viscosity	101	(2)
Rheology of Curing Thermosets	103	(4)
Suspension Rheology	107	(1)
Viscoelastic Flow Models	108	(8)
Differential Viscoelastic Models	108	(3)
Integral Viscoelastic Models	111	(5)
Rheometry	116	(11)
The Melt Flow Indexer	116	(1)
The Capillary Viscometer	116	(3)
Computing Viscosity Using the Bagley and Weissenberg-Rabinowitsch Equations	119	(1)
Viscosity Approximation using the Representative Viscosity Method	120	(1)
The Cone-Plate Rheometer	121	(2)
The Couette Rheometer	123	(1)
Extensional Rheometry	124	(3)
Surface Tension	127	(6)
References	130	(3)
Mixing of Polymer Blends, Solutions and Additives	133	(44)
Mixing	134	(29)
Distributive Mixing	135	(2)
Effect of Orientation	137	(3)
Effect of Viscosity Ratios	140	(2)
Dispersive Mixing	142	(1)
Break-Up of Particulate Agglomerates	142	(2)
Break-Up of Fluid Droplets	144	(4)
Mixing Devices	148	(1)
Static Mixers	149	(1)
Banbury Mixer	150	(2)
Single Screw Extruders	152	(4)
Cokneader	156	(1)
Twin Screw Extruders	157	(3)
Energy Consumption During Mixing	160	(1)
Mixing Quality and Efficiency	161	(2)
Plasticization	163	(6)
Other Polymer Additives	169	(8)
Flame Retardants	169	(2)
Stabilizers	171	(1)
Antistatic Agents	172	(1)
Fillers	172	(1)
Blowing Agents	173	(1)
References	173	(4)
Anisotropy Development During Process	177	(34)
Orientation in the Final Part	177	(13)
Processing Thermoplastic Polymers	177	(8)
Processing Thermoset Polymers	185	(5)
Predicting Orientation	190	(17)
Planar Orientation Distribution Function	191	(2)
Single Particle Motion	193	(2)
Jeffrey's Model	195	(3)
Folgar-Tucker Model	198	(1)
Tensor Representation of Fiber Orientation	199	(2)
Predicting Orientation in Complex Parts Using Computer Simulation	201	(6)
Fiber Damage	207	(4)
References	209	(2)
Solidification of Polymers	211	(40)
Solidification of Thermoplastics	211	(12)
Thermodynamics During Cooling	211	(3)
Morphological Structure	214	(1)
Crystallization	215	(3)
Heat Transfer During Solidification	218	(5)
Solidification of Thermosets	223	(6)
Curing Reaction	223	(2)
Cure Kinetics	225	(2)
Heat Transfer During Cure	227	(2)
Residual Stresses and Warpage of Polymeric Parts	229	(22)
Residual Stress Models	231	(4)
Residual Stress Model Without Phase Change Effects	235	(1)
Model to Predict Residual Stresses with Phase Change Effects	235	(4)
Other Simple Models to Predict Residual Stresses and Warpage	239	(1)
Uneven Mold Temperature	240	(1)
Residual Stress in a Thin Thermoset Part	241	(1)
Residual Stress and Warpage in a Laminated Composite Plate	242	(2)
Anisotropy Induced Curvature Change	244	(1)
Predicitng Warpage in Actual Parts	245	(3)
References	248	(3)
Part III Engineering Design Properties	251	(200)
Mechanical Behavior of Polymers	253	(64)
Basic Concepts of Stress and Strain	253	(2)
Plane Stress	254	(1)
Plane Strain	255	(1)
The Short-Term Tensile Test	255	(16)
Rubber Elasticity	255	(5)
The Tensile Test and Thermoplastic Polymers	260	(11)
Long-Term Tests	271	(5)
Isochronous and Isometric Creep Plots	274	(2)
Dynamic Mechanical Tests	276	(5)
Torsion Pendulum	276	(4)
Sinusoidal Oscillatory Test	280	(1)
Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers	281	(10)
Kelvin Model	281	(1)
Creep Response	282	(1)
Stress Relaxation	283	(1)
Strain Recovery	283	(1)
Dynamic Response	284	(1)
Jeffrey Model	284	(1)
Creep Response	285	(1)
Stress Relaxation	286	(1)
Strain Recovery	286	(1)
Standard Linear Solid Model	287	(1)
Creep Response	288	(1)
Stress Relaxation	288	(1)
Maxwell-Wiechert Model	289	(1)
Stress Relaxation	290	(1)
Dynamic Response	291	(1)
Effects of Structure and Composition on Mechanical Properties	291	(13)
Amorphous Thermoplastics	292	(2)
Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics	294	(2)
Oriented Thermoplastics	296	(6)
Cross-Linked Polymers	302	(2)
Mechanical Behavior of Filled and Reinforced Polymers	304	(9)
Anisotropic Strain-Stress Relation	306	(1)
Aligned Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminates	307	(3)
Transformation of Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminate Properties	310	(2)
Reinforced Composite Laminates with a Fiber Orientation Distribution Function	312	(1)
Strength Stability Under Heat	313	(4)
References	315	(2)
Failure and Damage of Polymers	317	(66)
Fracture Mechanics	317	(7)
Fracture Predictions Based on the Stress Intensity Factor	317	(2)
Fracture Predictions Based on an Energy Balance	319	(3)
Linear Viscoelastic Fracture Predictions Based on J-Integrals	322	(2)
Short-Term Tensile Strength	324	(12)
Brittle Failure	324	(5)
Ductile Failure	329	(4)
Failure of Highly Filled Systems or Composites	333	(3)
Impact Strength	336	(17)
Impact Test Methods	343	(6)
Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Impact Failure	349	(4)
Creep Rupture	353	(4)
Creep Rupture Tests	353	(4)
Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Creep Rupture	357	(1)
Fatigue and Wear	357	(11)
Fatigue Test Methods	358	(9)
Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Fatigue Failure	367	(1)
Friction and Wear	368	(4)
Environmental Effects on Polymer Failure	372	(5)
Weathering	372	(5)
Chemical Degradation	377	(2)
Thermal Degradation of Polymers	379	(4)
References	381	(2)
Electrical Properties of Polymers	383	(24)
Dielectric Behavior	383	(11)
Dielectric Coefficient	383	(3)
Mechanisms of Dielectrical Polarization	386	(4)
Dielectric Dissipation Factor	390	(4)
Implications of Electrical and Thermal Loss in a Dielectric	394	(1)
Electric Conductivity	394	(4)
Electric Resistance	394	(2)
Physical Causes of Volume Conductivity	396	(2)
Application Problems	398	(6)
Electric Breakdown	398	(4)
Electrostatic Charge	402	(1)
Electrets	403	(1)
Electromagnetic Interference Shielding (EMI Shielding)	404	(1)
Magnetic Properties	404	(3)
Magnetizability	404	(1)
Magnetic Resonance	405	(1)
References	406	(1)
Optical Properties of Polymers	407	(24)
Index of Refraction	407	(3)
Photoelasticity and Birefringence	410	(4)
Transparency, Reflection, Absorption and Transmittance	414	(6)
Gloss	420	(2)
Color	422	(2)
Infrared Spectroscopy	424	(2)
Infrared Pyrometry	426	(2)
Heating with Infrared Radiation	428	(3)
References	430	(1)
Permeability Properties of Polymers	431	(14)
Sorption	431	(2)
Diffusion and Permeation	433	(6)
Measuring S. D. and P	439	(1)
Corrosion of Polymers and Cracking	440	(3)
Diffusion of Polymer Molecules and Self-Diffusion	443	(2)
References	444	(1)
Acoustic Properties of Polymers	445	(6)
Speed of Sound	445	(2)
Sound Reflection	447	(1)
Sound Absorption	448	(3)
References	450	(1)
Appendix	451	(12)
Subject Index	463	(8)
Author Index	471