Mathematics for the Trades : A Guided Approach

by Robert A. Carman; Hal M. Saunders

• ISBN13: 9780132325547
• ISBN10: 0132325543
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1995-12-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference

Summary

This easy-to-understand, hands-on guide covers the practical mathematical skills used on a daily basis in a wide variety of trade and technical vocations - such as electronics, auto mechanics, construction trades, air conditioning, machine technology, welding, and drafting. Making learning the subject an enjoyable venture, it integrates real-life applications throughout - with many keyed to specific trades and technical occupations - and provides a wealth of problems to ensure mastery of the material. Clearly explains the fundamental concepts of algebra, geometry and trigonometry and uses a light, conversational style of writing and a pleasant visual approach that helps take the "fear" out of learning math. Provides step-by-step guidance through each concept or calculation, with lucid explanations and ample opportunity for practice. Discusses percent problems and proportions, and includes simplified examples and problems in solid and plane applied geometry. Closes each section with an extensive set of practice problems (identified by the career to which it is applicable), and places calculator displays adjacent to the worked example problems.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. viii
How to Use This Book	p. xii
Arithmetic of Whole Numbers
	p. 1
Working with Whole Numbers	p. 3
Expanded Form	p. 4
Addition of Whole Numbers	p. 6
Rounding Whole Numbers	p. 7
Estimating	p. 9
Subtraction of Whole Numbers	p. 16
Multiplication of Whole Numbers	p. 24
Multiplying by Zero and One	p. 25
Multiplying by Larger Numbers	p. 26
Two-Digit Multiplications	p. 29
Division of Whole Numbers	p. 33
Factors	p. 38
Primes	p. 39
Prime Factors	p. 39
Order of Operations	p. 43
	p. 47
Using a Calculator, I: Whole-Number Calculations	p. 49
Fractions
	p. 55
Working with Fractions	p. 57
Numerator	p. 58
Denominator	p. 58
Proper Fraction	p. 59
Improper Fraction	p. 59
Mixed Numbers	p. 60
Equivalent Fractions	p. 62
Writing in Lowest Terms	p. 63
Comparing Fractions	p. 66
Multiplication of Fractions	p. 68
Division of Fractions	p. 73
Reciprocal	p. 74
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions	p. 79
Addition	p. 79
Like Fractions	p. 80
Unlike Fractions	p. 81
Least Common Denominator	p. 81
Subtraction	p. 87
Using a Calculator, II: Fractions	p. 91
	p. 93
Decimal Numbers
	p. 97
Addition and Subtraction of Decimals	p. 99
Place Value of Decimal Numbers	p. 99
Expanded Form	p. 101
Decimal Digits	p. 102
Addition	p. 103
Subtraction	p. 106
Multiplication and Division of Decimal Numbers	p. 110
Multiplication	p. 111
Division	p. 114
Rounding Decimal Numbers	p. 119
Rounding During Division	p. 121
Averages	p. 121
Decimal Fractions	p. 125
Repeating Decimals	p. 128
Terminating Decimals	p. 129
Decimal-Fraction Equivalents	p. 130
	p. 135
Using a Calculator, III: Decimals	p. 139
Ratio, Proportion, and Percent
	p. 141
Ratio and Proportion	p. 145
Ratio	p. 145
Simple Equations	p. 148
Proportions	p. 149
Problem Solving Using Proportions	p. 153
Introduction to Percent	p. 157
Changing Decimal Numbers to Percents	p. 159
Changing Fractions to Percents	p. 160
Changing Percents to Decimal Numbers	p. 162
Changing Percents to Fractions	p. 163
Percent Problems	p. 166
When P Is Unknown	p. 166
When R Is Unknown	p. 169
When B Is Unknown	p. 170
Applications of Percent Calculations	p. 174
Discount	p. 174
Sales Tax	p. 179
Interest	p. 180
Commission	p. 182
Efficiency	p. 185
Tolerances	p. 185
Percent Change	p. 188
Applications of Ratio and Proportion	p. 194
Scale Drawings	p. 195
Similar Figures	p. 197
Direct and Inverse Proportion	p. 198
Gears and Pulleys	p. 201
	p. 209
Measurement
	p. 215
Working with Measurement Numbers	p. 217
Units	p. 217
Significant Digits	p. 218
Precision and Accuracy	p. 219
Addition and Subtraction of Measurement Numbers	p. 221
Multiplication and Division of Measurement Numbers	p. 223
Rounding Products and Quotients	p. 226
Decimal Equivalents	p. 227
English Units and Unit Conversion	p. 231
Unity Fractions	p. 233
Compound Units	p. 237
Area	p. 238
Volume	p. 239
Speed	p. 242
Metric Units	p. 245
Length	p. 245
Weight	p. 249
Area	p. 252
Volume	p. 253
Speed	p. 255
Temperature	p. 256
Direct Measurements	p. 262
Length Measurements	p. 262
Micrometers	p. 266
Vernier Micrometers	p. 270
Vernier Calipers	p. 272
Protractors	p. 275
Meters	p. 277
Gauge Blocks	p. 279
	p. 285
Pre-Algebra
	p. 289
Addition of Signed Numbers	p. 291
The Meaning of Signed Numbers	p. 291
Addition of Signed Numbers	p. 293
Absolute Value	p. 295
Subtraction of Signed Numbers	p. 300
Opposites	p. 300
Subtraction of Signed Numbers	p. 300
Multiplication and Division of Signed Numbers	p. 305
Multiplication of Signed Numbers	p. 305
Rules for Multiplication	p. 305
Division of Signed Numbers	p. 306
Exponents and Square Roots	p. 309
Exponents	p. 309
Order of Operations with Exponents	p. 312
Square Roots	p. 313
	p. 319
Basic Algebra
	p. 323
Algebraic Language and Formulas	p. 327
Multiplication	p. 327
Parentheses	p. 328
Division	p. 328
Algebraic Expressions	p. 329
Evaluating Formulas	p. 330
Adding and Subtracting Algebraic Expressions	p. 338
Combining Like Terms	p. 338
Expressions with Parentheses	p. 340
Solving Simple Equations	p. 345
Solution	p. 345
Equivalent Equations	p. 346
Solving Equations	p. 347
Solving Equations Involving Two Operations	p. 355
Solving More Equations and Formulas	p. 363
Parentheses in Equations	p. 363
Variable on Both Sides	p. 367
Solving Formulas	p. 372
Solving Word Problems	p. 379
Translating English to Algebra	p. 379
Translating Sentences to Equations	p. 382
General Word Problems	p. 384
Multiplying and Dividing Algebraic Expressions	p. 389
Multiplying Simple Factors	p. 389
Rule for Multiplication	p. 390
Dividing Simple Factors	p. 391
Negative Exponents	p. 392
Scientific Notation	p. 394
Definition of Scientific Notation	p. 394
Converting to Scientific Notation	p. 395
Converting from Scientific Notation to Decimal Form	p. 396
Multiplying and Dividing in Scientific Notation	p. 397
	p. 403
Practical Plane Geometry
	p. 409
Angle Measurement	p. 411
Labeling Angles	p. 411
Measuring Angles	p. 413
Classifying Angles	p. 413
Drawing Angles	p. 415
Angle Facts	p. 416
Area and Perimeter of Polygons	p. 423
Polygons	p. 423
Perimeter	p. 424
Quadrilaterals	p. 425
Rectangles	p. 427
Squares	p. 430
Parallelograms	p. 431
Trapezoids	p. 434
Triangles, Hexagons, and Irregular Polygons	p. 438
Types of Triangles	p. 438
Pythagorean Theorem	p. 440
Area of a Triangle	p. 443
Hexagons	p. 448
Irregular Polygons	p. 452
Circles	p. 458
Circumference	p. 458
Parts of Circles	p. 460
Area of a Circle	p. 462
Rings	p. 464
	p. 471
Solid Figures
	p. 477
Prisms	p. 479
Surface Area and Volume	p. 481
Volume Conversion	p. 483
Pyramids and Frustums of Pyramids	p. 489
Pyramids	p. 489
Frustum of a Pyramid	p. 493
Cylinders and Spheres	p. 497
Cylinders	p. 497
Spheres	p. 501
Cones and Frustums of Cones	p. 505
Cones	p. 505
Frustum of a Cone	p. 508
	p. 515
Triangle Trigonometry
	p. 519
Angles and Triangles	p. 523
Angle Measurement	p. 524
Radian Measure	p. 526
Sectors	p. 527
Linear and Angular Speed	p. 528
Right Triangles	p. 529
Pythagorean Theorem	p. 530
Special Right Triangles	p. 531
Trigonometric Ratios	p. 537
Sine Ratio	p. 539
Cosine Ratio	p. 541
Tangent Ratio	p. 542
Finding Values of Trigonometric Functions	p. 544
Angles in Degrees and Minutes	p. 545
Finding the Angle	p. 545
Solving Right Triangles	p. 547
Oblique Triangles (Optional)	p. 555
Oblique Triangles	p. 555
Law of Sines	p. 556
Law of Cosines	p. 562
	p. 569
Advanced Algebra
	p. 573
Systems of Equations	p. 575
Solution by Substitution	p. 577
Dependent and Inconsistent Systems	p. 580
Solution by Elimination	p. 582
Multiplication with the Elimination Method	p. 585
Multiplying Both Equations	p. 589
Word Problems	p. 591
Quadratic Equations	p. 596
Standard Form	p. 597
Solutions to Quadratic Equations	p. 598
Solving x[superscript 2] - a = 0	p. 599
Quadratic Formula	p. 601
Word Problems and Quadratic Equations	p. 605
	p. 611
Answers to Previews	p. 613
Answers	p. 616
Index	p. 651
Index of Applications	p. 656
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