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![Matter and Interactions, Volume 2: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4th Edition [Rental Edition] book cover, ISBN 9781119625490](https://simages.ecampus.com/images/d/5/490/9781119625490.jpg "Matter and Interactions, Volume 2: Electric and Magnetic Interactions, 4th Edition [Rental Edition],9781119625490")
Volume I Modern Mechanics
Chapter 1 Interactions and Motion 1
1.1 Kinds of Matter 1
1.2 Detecting Interactions 4
1.3 Newton’s First Law of Motion 6
1.4 Describing the 3D World: Vectors 8
1.5 SI Units 17
1.6 Speed and Velocity 18
1.7 Predicting a New Position 20
1.8 Momentum 24
1.9 Using Momentum to Update Position 27
1.10 Momentum at High Speeds 28
1.11 Computational Modeling 31
1.12 *The Principle of Relativity 33
1.13 *Updating Position at High Speed 36
Summary 37
Questions 38
Problems 39
Computational Problems 42
Answers to Checkpoints 44
Chapter 2 The Momentum Principle 45
2.1 The Momentum Principle 45
2.2 Large Forces and Short Times 50
2.3 Predicting the Future 55
2.4 Iterative Prediction: Constant Net Force 57
2.5 Analytical Prediction: Constant Net Force 60
2.6 Iterative Prediction: Varying Net Force 65
2.7 Iterative Calculations on a Computer 72
2.8 *Derivation: Special-Case Average Velocity 75
2.9 *Relativistic Motion 77
2.10 *Measurements and Units 79
Summary 81
Questions 81
Problems 82
Computational Problems 86
Answers to Checkpoints 87
Chapter 3 The Fundamental Interactions 88
3.1 The Fundamental Interactions 88
3.2 The Gravitational Force 89
3.3 Approximate Gravitational Force Near the Earth’s Surface 93
3.4 Reciprocity 95
3.5 Predicting Motion of Gravitationally Interacting Objects 96
3.6 Gravitational Force in Computational Models 100
3.7 The Electric Force 102
3.8 The Strong Interaction 104
3.9 The Weak Interaction 106
3.10 Conservation of Momentum 107
3.11 The Multiparticle Momentum Principle 110
3.12 Collisions: Negligible External Forces 113
3.13 Newton and Einstein 116
3.14 Predicting the Future of Complex Systems 117
3.15 Determinism 119
3.16 Points and Spheres 121
3.17 Measuring the Gravitational Constant G 122
Summary 122
Questions 123
Problems 123
Computational Problems 128
Answers to Checkpoints 129
Chapter 4 Contact Interactions 130
4.1 Beyond Point Particles 130
4.2 The Ball–Spring Model of a Solid 131
4.3 Tension Forces 132
4.4 Length of an Interatomic Bond 133
4.5 The Stiffness of an Interatomic Bond 135
4.6 Stress, Strain, and Young’s Modulus 138
4.7 Compression (Normal) Forces 141
4.8 Friction 141
4.9 Speed of Sound in a Solid and Interatomic Bond Stiffness 144
4.10 Derivative Form of the Momentum Principle 146
4.11 Analytical Solution: Spring–Mass System 148
4.12 Analytical vs. Iterative Solutions 152
4.13 Analytical Expression for Speed of Sound 154
4.14 Contact Forces Due to Gases 156
4.15 *Acceleration 160
4.16 *A Vertical Spring–Mass System 161
4.17 *General Solution for the Mass–Spring System 161
Summary 163
Questions 164
Problems 166
Computational Problems 170
Answers to Checkpoints 172
Chapter 5 Determining Forces from Motion 173
5.1 Unknown Forces 173
5.2 Identifying all Forces 173
5.3 Determining Unknown Forces 174
5.4 Uniform Motion 176
5.5 Changing Momentum 184
5.6 Force and Curving Motion 185
5.7 dp/dt for Curving Motion 190
5.8 Unknown Forces: Curving Motion 195
5.9 Kinesthetic Sensations 200
5.10 More Complex Problems 202
Summary 205
Questions 206
Problems 206
Computational Problems 213
Answers to Checkpoints 214
Chapter 6 The Energy Principle 215
6.1 The Energy Principle 215
6.2 Energy of a Single Particle 216
6.3 Work: Mechanical Energy Transfer 221
6.4 Work and Energy 227
6.5 Change of Rest Energy 231
6.6 Proof of the Energy Principle for a Particle 234
6.7 Potential Energy in Multiparticle Systems 235
6.8 Gravitational Potential Energy 240
6.9 Electric Potential Energy 249
6.10 Plotting Energy vs. Separation 250
6.11 General Properties of Potential Energy 255
6.12 The Mass of a Multiparticle System 258
6.13 Reflection: Why Energy? 263
6.14 Identifying Initial and Final States 264
6.15 Energy in Computational Models 268
6.16 *A Puzzle 269
6.17 *Gradient of Potential Energy 270
6.18 *Integrals and Antiderivatives 271
6.19 *Approximation for Kinetic Energy 272
6.20 *Finding the Expression for Particle Energy 273
6.21 *Finding an Angle from the Dot Product 274
Summary 274
Questions 275
Problems 276
Computational Problems 282
Answers to Checkpoints 283
Chapter 7 Internal Energy 284
7.1 Extended Objects 284
7.2 Potential Energy of Macroscopic Springs 284
7.3 Potential Energy of a Pair of Neutral Atoms 290
7.4 Internal Energy 292
7.5 Energy Transfer Due to a Temperature Difference 297
7.6 Power: Energy per Unit Time 300
7.7 Open and Closed Systems 300
7.8 The Choice of System Affects Energy Accounting 302
7.9 The Choice of Reference Frame Affects Energy Accounting 304
7.10 Energy Dissipation 306
7.11 Energy Dissipation in Computational Models 312
7.12 *Resonance 314
Summary 315
Questions 316
Problems 317
Computational Problems 320
Answers to Checkpoints 321
Chapter 8 Energy Quantization 323
8.1 Photons 323
8.2 Electronic Energy Levels 324
8.3 The Effect of Temperature 334
8.4 Vibrational Energy Levels 335
8.5 Rotational Energy Levels 338
8.6 Other Energy Levels 339
8.7 Comparison of Energy-Level Spacings 339
8.8 *Random Emission Time 340
8.9 *Case Study: How a Laser Works 340
8.10 *Wavelength of Light 342
Summary 343
Questions 343
Problems 344
Computational Problems 346
Answers to Checkpoints 348
Chapter 9 Translational, Rotational, and Vibrational Energy 349
9.1 Separation of Multiparticle System Energy 349
9.2 Rotational Kinetic Energy 353
9.3 Comparing Two Models of a System 359
9.4 Modeling Friction in Detail 368
9.5 *Derivation: Kinetic Energy of a Multiparticle System 373
9.6 *Derivation: The Point Particle Energy Equation 374
Summary 376
Questions 376
Problems 377
Answers to Checkpoints 382
Chapter 10 Collisions 383
10.1 Collisions 383
10.2 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions 384
10.3 A Head-on Collision of Equal Masses 386
10.4 Head-on Collisions Between Unequal Masses 389
10.5 Frame of Reference 391
10.6 Scattering: Collisions in 2D and 3D 392
10.7 Discovering the Nucleus Inside Atoms 395
10.8 Distribution of Scattering Angles 398
10.9 Computational and Analytical Approaches 400
10.10 Relativistic Momentum and Energy 401
10.12 Collisions in Other Reference Frames 405
Summary 410
Questions 410
Problems 411
Computational Problems 414
Answers to Checkpoints 415
Chapter 11 Angular Momentum 416
11.1 Translational Angular Momentum 416
11.2 Rotational Angular Momentum 422
11.3 Total Angular Momentum 425
11.4 Torque 426
11.5 The Angular Momentum Principle 428
11.6 Multiparticle Systems 430
11.7 Systems with Zero Torque 432
11.8 Systems with Nonzero Torques 441
11.9 Predicting Positions When There is Rotation 443
11.10 Computation and Angular Momentum 445
11.11 Angular Momentum Quantization 445
11.12 *Gyroscopes 450
11.13 *More on Moment of Inertia 455
Summary 457
Questions 458
Problems 459
Computational Problems 469
Answers to Checkpoints 471
Chapter 12 Entropy: Limits on the Possible 472
12.1 Irreversibility 472
12.2 The Einstein Model of a Solid 473
12.3 Thermal Equilibrium of Blocks in Contact 480
12.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 484
12.5 What is Temperature? 485
12.6 Specific Heat of a Solid 488
12.7 Computational Models 493
12.8 The Boltzmann Distribution 494
12.9 The Boltzmann Distribution in a Gas 498
Summary 506
Questions 507
Problems 508
Computational Problems 511
Answers to Checkpoints 512
Volume II Electric and Magnetic Interactions
Chapter 13 Electric Field 513
13.1 New Concepts 513
13.2 Electric Charge and Force 513
13.3 The Concept of “Electric Field” 515
13.4 The Electric Field of a Point Charge 519
13.5 Superposition of Electric Fields 522
13.6 The Electric Field of a Dipole 524
13.7 Choice of System 532
13.8 Is Electric Field Real? 533
13.9 Computational Modeling of Electric Fields 535
Summary 538
Questions 539
Problems 540
Computational Problems 544
Answers to Checkpoints 545
Chapter 14 Electric Fields and Matter 546
14.1 Charged Particles in Matter 546
14.2 How Objects Become Charged 548
14.3 Polarization of Atoms 551
14.4 Polarization of Insulators 557
14.5 Polarization of Conductors 558
14.6 Charge Motion in Metals 561
14.7 Charge Transfer 568
14.8 Practical Issues in Measuring Electric Field 570
Summary 571
Experiments 572
Questions 578
Problems 580
Answers to Checkpoints 586
Chapter 15 Electric Field of Distributed Charges 588
15.1 A Uniformly Charged Thin Rod 588
15.2 Procedure for Calculating Electric Field 595
15.3 A Uniformly Charged Thin Ring 597
15.4 A Uniformly Charged Disk 599
15.5 Two Uniformly Charged Disks: A Capacitor 603
15.6 A Spherical Shell of Charge 606
15.7 A Solid Sphere Charged Throughout its Volume 608
15.8 Infinitesimals and Integrals in Science 609
15.9 3D Numerical Integration with a Computer 610
15.10 *Integrating the Spherical Shell 613
Summary 614
Questions 616
Problems 617
Computational Problems 624
Answers to Checkpoints 625
Chapter 16 Electric Potential 626
16.1 A Review of Potential Energy 626
16.2 Systems of Charged Objects 629
16.3 Potential Difference in a Uniform Field 632
16.4 Sign of Potential Difference 635
16.5 Potential Difference in a Nonuniform Field 637
16.6 Path Independence 644
16.7 The Potential at One Location 648
16.8 Computing Potential Differences 652
16.9 Potential Difference in an Insulator 653
16.10 Energy Density and Electric Field 656
16.11 *Potential of Distributed Charges 658
16.12 *Integrating the Spherical Shell 658
16.13 *Numerical Integration Along a Path 660
Summary 661
Questions 661
Problems 663
Computational Problems 672
Answers to Checkpoints 672
Chapter 17 Magnetic Field 673
17.1 Electron Current 673
17.2 Detecting Magnetic Fields 674
17.3 Biot–Savart Law: Single Moving Charge 676
17.4 Relativistic Effects 678
17.5 Electron Current and Conventional Current 679
17.6 The Biot–Savart Law for Currents 682
17.7 The Magnetic Field of Current Distributions 683
17.8 A Circular Loop of Wire 686
17.9 Computation and 3D Visualization 689
17.10 Magnetic Dipole Moment 690
17.11 The Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet 691
17.12 The Atomic Structure of Magnets 693
17.13 *Estimate of Orbital Angular Momentum of an Electron in an Atom 699
17.14 *Magnetic Field of a Solenoid 700
Summary 702
Experiments 703
Questions 707
Problems 708
Computational Problems 713
Answers to Checkpoints 715
Chapter 18 Electric Field and Circuits 716
18.1 A Circuit Is Not in Equilibrium 716
18.2 Current in Different Parts of a Circuit 717
18.3 Electric Field and Current 720
18.4 What Charges Make the Electric Field Inside the Wires? 722
18.5 Surface Charge Distributions 726
18.6 Connecting a Circuit: The Initial Transient 732
18.7 Feedback 734
18.8 Surface Charge and Resistors 735
18.9 Energy in a Circuit 738
18.10 Applications of the Theory 742
18.11 Detecting Surface Charge 747
18.12 *Computational Model of a Circuit 749
Summary 751
Experiments 752
Questions 755
Problems 757
Answers to Checkpoints 763
Chapter 19 Circuit Elements 765
19.1 Capacitors 765
19.2 Resistors 771
19.3 Conventional Symbols and Terms 776
19.4 Work and Power in a Circuit 777
19.5 Batteries 779
19.6 Ammeters, Voltmeters, and Ohmmeters 781
19.7 Quantitative Analysis of an RC Circuit 783
19.8 Reflection: The Macro-Micro Connection 786
19.9 *What Are AC and DC? 787
19.10 *Electrons in Metals 789
19.11 *A Complicated Resistive Circuit 789
Summary 792
Experiments 792
Questions 794
Problems 797
Answers to Checkpoints 803
Chapter 20 Magnetic Force 805
20.1 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge 805
20.2 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 810
20.3 Combining Electric and Magnetic Forces 812
20.4 The Hall Effect 814
20.5 Motional Emf 819
20.6 Magnetic Force in a Moving Reference Frame 824
20.7 Magnetic Torque 828
20.8 Potential Energy for a Magnetic Dipole 829
20.9 Motors and Generators 834
20.10 *Case Study: Sparks in Air 836
20.11 *Relativistic Field Transformations 846
Summary 850
Experiments 851
Questions 851
Problems 854
Computational Problems 864
Answers to Checkpoints 866
Chapter 21 Patterns of Field in Space 867
21.1 Patterns of Electric Field: Gauss’s Law 867
21.2 Definition of “Electric Flux” 869
21.3 Gauss’s Law 871
21.4 Reasoning from Gauss’s Law 877
21.5 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism 882
21.6 Patterns of Magnetic Field: Ampere’s Law 883
21.7 Maxwell’s Equations 889
21.8 Semiconductor Devices 889
21.9 *The Differential Form of Gauss’s Law 889
21.10 *The Differential Form of Ampere’s Law 895
Summary 896
Questions 897
Problems 897
Computational Problem 901
Answers to Checkpoints 901
Chapter 22 Faraday’s Law 902
22.1 Curly Electric Fields 902
22.2 Faraday’s Law 905
22.3 Faraday’s Law and Motional Emf 912
22.4 Maxwell’s Equations 915
22.5 Superconductors 916
22.6 Inductance 918
22.7 *Inductor Circuits 922
22.8 *Some Peculiar Circuits 926
22.9 *The Differential Form of Faraday’s Law 928
22.10 *Lenz’s Rule 929
Summary 930
Questions 931
Problems 932
Answers to Checkpoints 938
Chapter 23 Electromagnetic Radiation 939
23.1 Maxwell’s Equations 939
23.2 Fields Traveling Through Space 942
23.3 Accelerated Charges Produce Radiation 947
23.4 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Radiation 951
23.5 Energy and Momentum in Radiation 955
23.6 Effects of Radiation on Matter 959
23.7 Light Propagation Through a Medium 964
23.8 Refraction: Bending of Light 966
23.9 Lenses 969
23.10 Image Formation 972
23.11 *The Field of an Accelerated Charge 983
23.12 *Differential Form of Maxwell’s Equations 985
Summary 986
Questions 986
Problems 988
Computational Problems 991
Answers to Checkpoints 992
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-1
Index I-1
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