This outstanding volume introduces prospective teachers to all of the elements of assessment that are essential to good instruction.Through direct, clear writing and a presentation that assumes no previous knowledge of measurement or statistics, this book provides readers with an understanding of the role of assessment in the instructional process. With step-by-step instruction, the book helps readers learn how to construct effective test questions that are aligned with learning objectives. It also helps them evaluate published tests and properly interpret the scores of standardized tests.Appropriate for courses in classroom measurement and classroom assessment.

The Measurement and Assessment Process
Educational Testing and Assessment: Context, Issues, and Trends
Educational Assessment: Barometer and Lever of Reform
Five Decades of Test-Based Educational Reform
Technological Advances in Testing and Assessment
Public Concern About Testing and Assessment
The Role of Measurement and Assessment in Teaching
Instructional Decisions Requiring Assessment Data
Assessment, Test, and Measurement
General Principles of Assessment
Assessment and the Instructional Process
Types of Assessment Procedures
Summary of Assessment Categories
Instructional Goals and Objectives: Foundation for Assessment
Instructional Objectives as Learning Outcomes
From Overly Specific Objectives to the Thinking Curriculum
Method of Stating Instructional Objectives
Validity
Nature of Validity
Major Considerations in Assessment Validation
Content Considerations
Construct Considerations
Assessment-Criterion Relationships
Consideration of Consequences
Factors Influencing Validity
Reliability and Other Desired Characteristics
Nature of Reliability
Determining Reliability by Correlation Methods
Standard Error of Measurement
Factors Influencing Reliability Measures
Reliability of Assessments Evaluated in Terms of a Fixed Performance Standard
Usability
Classroom Tests and Assessments
Planning Classroom Tests and Assessments
The Purpose of Classroom Testing and Assessment
Developing Specifications for Tests and Assessments
Selecting Appropriate Types of Items and Assessment Tasks
Considerations in Preparing Relevant Test Items and Assessment Tasks
Constructing Objective Test Items: Simple Forms
Short-Answer Items
True-False or Alternative-Response Items
Matching Exercises
Constructing Objective Test Items: Multiple-Choice Forms
Characteristics of Multiple-Choice Items
Uses of Multiple-Choice Items
Advantages and Limitations of Multiple-Choice Items
Suggestions for Constructing Multiple-Choice Items
Measuring Complex Achievement: The Interpretive Exercise
Nature of the Interpretive Exercise
Forms and Uses of the Interpretive Exercise
Advantages and Limitations of Interpretive Exercises
Suggestions for Constructing Interpretive Exercises
Measuring Complex Achievement: Essay Questions
Forms and Uses of Essay Questions
Summary Comparison of Learning Outcomes Measured
Advantages and Limitations of Essay Questions
Suggestions for Constructing Essay Questions
Scoring Criteria
Suggestions for Scoring Essay Questions
Measuring Complex Achievement: Performance-Based Assessments
Types of Performance-Based Assessment
Advantages and Limitations of Performance Assessments
Suggestions for Constructing Performance Tasks
Performance Criteria
Scoring Rubrics and Rating Scales
Checklists
Student Participation in Rating
Portfolios
What Qualifies as a Portfolio of Student Work?
Potential Strengths and Weaknesses of Portfolios
Purpose of Portfolios
Guidelines for Portfolio Entries
Guidelines and Students' Role in Selection of Portfolio Entries and Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria
Using Portfolios in Instruction and Communication
Assessment Procedures: Observational Techniques, Peer Appraisal, and Self-Report
Anecdotal Records
Student Judgments and Reports
Peer Appraisal
Self-Report Techniques
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