Measurement in Health Behavior Methods for Research and Evaluation

by DiIorio, Colleen Konicki

• ISBN13: 9780787970970
• ISBN10: 0787970972
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-11-04
• Publisher: Jossey-Bass

Summary

This book provides a thorough introduction to measures of health behavior, and provides information on how to use leading software packages such as SPSS.

Author Biography

Colleen Konicki Di Iorio, Ph.D., R.N., F.A.A.N, is a professor in the department of behavioral sciences and health education at Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, and the associate editor of The Journal of Nursing Measurement. She has published numerous journal articles and book chapters on research and measurement methods in public health. Di Iorio is a contributor to the third edition of Health Education and Health Behavior from Jossey-Bass.

Table of Contents

Tables, Figures, and Exhibits	xv
Preface	xxi
The Author	xxv
Introduction to Measurement	1	(17)
Role of Measurement in Health Education and Health Behavior Research	1	(2)
Brief History of Psychosocial Measurement	3	(3)
Conceptualization of Measurement	6	(2)
Reasons for Measuring Concepts	8	(1)
Scales of Measurement	9	(7)
Nominal Scale	9	(2)
Ordinal Scale	11	(1)
Interval Scale	12	(2)
Ratio Scale	14	(1)
Levels of Measurement and Statistics	15	(1)
Major Concepts of Measurement: Reliability and Validity	16	(1)
Reliability	16	(1)
Validity	17	(1)
Summary	17	(1)
Types of Measures	18	(18)
Self-Report	19	(14)
Interviews	19	(1)
Questionnaires	20	(2)
Journals and Diaries	22	(1)
Response Scales	23	(1)
Scaling Methods	24	(1)
Visual Analog Scale	24	(2)
Thurstone Scale	26	(2)
Likert Scale	28	(1)
Guttman Scale	29	(1)
Semantic Differential Rating Scale	30	(1)
Indexes	31	(2)
Observations	33	(1)
Biobehavioral Measures	33	(1)
Electronic Measures	34	(1)
Summary	35	(1)
Measurement Error	36	(18)
Definition	37	(1)
Classification of Measurement Error	38	(2)
Random Error	38	(1)
Systematic Error	39	(1)
Measurement Error Factors	40	(13)
Respondent Factors	40	(2)
Response Sets	42	(1)
Social Desirability	42	(2)
Acquiescence and Nay-Saying	44	(1)
End Aversion (Central Tendency)	44	(1)
Positive Skew	45	(1)
Halo	46	(1)
Recall	46	(2)
Instrument Factors	48	(2)
Strategies to Reduce Errors on Self-Report Questionnaires	50	(1)
Strategies to Reduce Errors During Interviews	51	(1)
Situational Factors	51	(2)
Measurement Rules	53	(1)
Summary	53	(1)
Survey Development	54	(21)
Definition	55	(1)
Basic Principles of Survey Construction	55	(4)
Purpose	55	(1)
Objectives	56	(3)
Respondents	59	(1)
General Principles of Item Writing	59	(11)
The Do's of Item Writing	60	(8)
The Don'ts of Item Writing	68	(2)
Survey Format	70	(2)
Survey Administration	72	(2)
Summary	74	(1)
Knowledge Tests	75	(28)
Test Construction	76	(8)
State the Purpose of the Test	76	(2)
State the Test Objectives	78	(1)
Review Content	79	(1)
Develop a Table of Test Specifications	79	(1)
Domain-Sampling Model	80	(4)
Types of Items	84	(8)
Multiple-Choice Items	85	(5)
True/False Items	90	(2)
Item Analysis	92	(9)
Item-Objective Congruency	92	(6)
Average Congruency Percentage	98	(1)
Difficulty Index	98	(3)
Item Discrimination Index	101	(1)
Summary	101	(2)
Theory and Measurement	103	(18)
Linking Measurement to Theory-Based Health Practice and Research	104	(6)
Gibbs's Model	106	(3)
Theoretical and Operational Definitions	109	(1)
Conceptualization Issues in Scale Development	110	(4)
Survey Versus Scale	110	(1)
Single-Item Versus Multiple-Item Scales	111	(2)
Concept Selection	113	(1)
Concept Analysis	114	(5)
Identify Definitions and Uses of the Concept	114	(2)
Identify Critical Attributes of the Concept	116	(1)
Identify Dimensions of the Concept	117	(1)
Identify Similar and Different Concepts	117	(1)
Identify Antecedents and Consequences of the Concept	118	(1)
Write a Model Case	118	(1)
State the Variables	119	(1)
Summary	119	(2)
Item Writing and Scaling	121	(15)
Item Development Process	122	(6)
State the Theoretical Definition	123	(1)
Identify Dimensions of the Concept	123	(1)
Create a Content-Domain by Concept-Dimension Matrix	123	(1)
Decide How Many Items to Include for Each Matrix Cell	124	(2)
Write Items for Each Content-Domain by Concept-Dimension Cell	126	(1)
Literature Review	126	(1)
Qualitative Interviews	126	(1)
Other Instruments	127	(1)
Write Rules for Scale Scoring and Administration	128	(1)
Summated Rating Scales	128	(7)
Types of Response Options	128	(2)
Number of Response Options	130	(1)
Odd or Even Number of Categories	131	(1)
Meanings of Response Option Adjectives or Adverbs	132	(1)
Use of Adjectives, Adverbs, or Numbers, or Combinations Thereof	132	(1)
Positively and Negatively Worded Items	133	(1)
Scoring	133	(2)
Summary	135	(1)
Review of Statistical Concepts	136	(27)
Basic Statistical Concepts	137	(9)
Frequency Distribution	137	(2)
Measures of Central Tendency	139	(1)
Measures of Dispersion	139	(1)
SPSS Commands	140	(4)
Recode Negatively Worded Items Using SPSS	144	(1)
Compute Total Scale Scores Using SPSS	145	(1)
Review of Correlation	146	(11)
Interpretation of the Correlation Coefficient	150	(2)
Correlation Matrix	152	(1)
Correlation Issues	152	(1)
Causality	152	(1)
Sample Size	153	(1)
Group Differences	154	(1)
Restriction of Range	154	(1)
Variance	154	(2)
Reporting Results of Correlation Analysis	156	(1)
Analysis of Variance	157	(5)
Definition and Use	157	(1)
SPSS Commands for a One-Way ANOVA	158	(1)
Interpreting a One-Way ANOVA	158	(4)
Summary	162	(1)
Fundamentals of Reliability	163	(13)
Classical Test Theory	165	(5)
Observed, True, and Error Scores	165	(2)
Assumptions and Characteristics	167	(3)
Reliability Coefficient	170	(4)
Estimate of Reliability	172	(1)
Calculation of Variance Due to the True Score	173	(1)
Calculation of the Reliability Index	174	(1)
Summary	174	(2)
Reliability Assessment and Item Analysis	176	(35)
Methods of Reliability Assessment	177	(14)
Equivalence	177	(1)
Stability	178	(3)
Internal Consistency	181	(1)
Split-Half	181	(3)
Coefficient Alpha	184	(2)
Cronbach's Alpha	186	(3)
Kuder-Richardson Formula 20	189	(2)
Factors Associated with Coefficient Alpha	191	(2)
Test Length and Interitem Correlation	191	(1)
Test Adjustments to Increase Alpha	191	(2)
Standards of Reliability	193	(1)
Item Analysis	193	(6)
Intrarater and Interrater Reliability	199	(4)
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient	203	(2)
Standard Error of Measurement	205	(1)
Generalizability Theory	206	(4)
Summary	210	(1)
Validity	211	(26)
Test Content	214	(6)
Procedures	215	(3)
Content Validity Index	218	(1)
Face Validity	219	(1)
Response Processes	220	(4)
Procedures	221	(1)
Think Aloud	221	(1)
Verbal Probe	222	(1)
Evaluation	222	(2)
Relationships to Other Variables	224	(12)
Criterion Validity	225	(4)
Construct Validity	229	(4)
Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix	233	(2)
Validity Issues	235	(1)
Summary	236	(1)
Factor Analysis	237	(39)
Exploratory Factor Analysis	238	(6)
Definition	238	(3)
Conceptual Basis	241	(3)
How Factor Analysis Works	244	(1)
Steps in Factor Analysis	244	(29)
Basic Requirements for FA	246	(1)
Initial Assessment	247	(1)
Evaluation of the Matrix	248	(2)
Evaluation of the Determinant	250	(1)
Test for an Identity Matrix	251	(1)
Tests of Sampling Adequacy	252	(1)
Selection of the Type of Factor Analysis	253	(2)
Initial Extraction	255	(1)
Eigenvalues	256	(1)
Communality	257	(4)
Number of Factors	261	(2)
Rotation of Factors	263	(4)
Interpretation of Factors	267	(6)
Confirmatory Factor Analysis	273	(2)
Summary	275	(1)
Item Response Theory	276	(14)
Disadvantages of Classical Test Theory	277	(1)
Item Response Theory Basics	278	(7)
Polytomous Models	285	(3)
Technical Issues	288	(1)
Summary	289	(1)
References	290	(7)
Index	297