Mechanical Behavior of Materials

by Courtney, Thomas H.

• ISBN13: 9781577664253
• ISBN10: 1577664256
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-12-01
• Publisher: Waveland Pr Inc

Table of Contents

1 Overview of Mechanical Behavior	1	(43)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Elastic Deformation	2	(3)
1.3 Permanent Deformation	5	(24)
A. The Tension Test
B. Strain-Rate Sensitivity
C. Yielding Under Multiaxial Loading Conditions
D. Mohr's Circle
E. The Hardness Test
F. The Torsion Test
1.4 Fracture	29	(8)
A. Fracture Toughness
B. Tensile Fracture
C. Creep Fracture
D. Fatigue Fracture
E. Embrittlement
1.5 Summary	37	(7)
2 Elastic Behavior	44	(41)
2.1 Introduction	44	(1)
2.2 Range of Elastic Moduli	45	(2)
2.3 Additional Elastic Properties	47	(3)
2.4 Basis for Linear Elasticity	50	(6)
2.5 Anisotropic Linear Elasticity	56	(5)
2.6 Rubber Elasticity	61	(4)
2.7 Polymer Elasticity and Viscoelasticity	65	(9)
2.8 Mechanical Damping	74	(4)
2.9 Summary	78	(7)
3 Dislocations	85	(55)
3.1 Introduction	85	(1)
3.2 The Yield Strength of a Perfect Crystal	86	(2)
3.3 The Edge Dislocation	88	(9)
A. Slip by Edge Dislocation Motion
B. Climb of Edge Dislocations
C. Topological Considerations
D. Motion of Edge Dislocations Containing Jogs
3.4 Screw and Mixed Dislocations	97	(6)
A. Slip by Screw Dislocation Motion
B. Slip by Mixed Dislocation Motion
3.5 Twinning	103	(3)
3.6 Properties of Dislocations	106	(10)
A. Dislocation Stress Fields
B. Dislocation Energies
C. Forces Between Dislocations
D. Kinks in Dislocations
E. Dislocation Velocities
3.7 Dislocation Geometry and Crystal Structure	116	(7)
A. Slip Systems
B. Partial Dislocations
C. Dislocations in Nonmetallic Materials
D. Slip and Dislocations in Ordered Structures
3.8 Intersection of Moving Dislocations	123	(9)
A. Jogs on Dislocations
B. Dislocation Multiplication
C. Dislocation Con Arrangements at High Dislocation Densities
3.9 Dislocation Density and Macroscopic Strain	132	(1)
3.10 Summary	133	(7)
4 Plastic Deformation in Single and Polycrystalline Materials	140	(35)
4.1 Introduction	140	(1)
4.2 Initiation of Plastic Flow in Single Crystals	141	(4)
4.3 Stress-Strain Behavior of Single Crystals	145	(11)
4.4 Plastic Flow in Polycrystals	156	(6)
4.5 Plastic-Flow Behavior and Material Class	162	(2)
4.6 Geometrically Necessary Dislocations	164	(4)
4.7 Summary	168	(7)
5 Strengthening of Crystalline Materials	175	(69)
5.1 Introduction	175	(1)
5.2 General Description of Strengthening	176	(3)
5.3 Work Hardening	179	(2)
5.4 Boundary Strengthening	181	(5)
5.5 Solid-Solution Strengthening	186	(10)
5.6 Particle Hardening	196	(14)
A. Deforming Particles
B. Nondeforming Particles
C. The Transition from Cutting to Bowing and the Maximum Particle Hardening
5.7 Strain-Gradient Hardening	210	(9)
5.8 Deformation of Two-Phase Aggregates	219	(2)
5.9 Strength, Microstructure, and Processing: Case Studies	221	(10)
A. Patented Steel Wire
B. Steel Martensites
C. Ausformed Steels
D. Microalloyed Steels
E. Precipitation-Hardened Aluminum Alloys
5.10 Summary	231	(13)
6 Composite Materials	244	(49)
6.1 Introduction	244	(3)
6.2 Basic Principles of Reinforcement	247	(3)
6.3 Particle Reinforcement	250	(1)
6.4 Reinforcement with Aligned Continuous Fibers	251	(6)
6.5 Reinforcement with Discontinuous Fibers	257	(6)
6.6 Fiber Orientation Effects	263	(5)
6.7 Statistical Failure of Composites	268	(6)
6.8 Strain-Rate Effects	274	(4)
6.9 Microscopic Effects	278	(2)
6.10 Reinforcement of Brittle Matrices	280	(3)
6.11 Modern Composite Materials	283	(4)
A. Fibers
B. Matrices
6.12 Summary	287	(6)
7 High-Temperature Deformation of Crystalline Materials	293	(61)
7.1 Introduction	293	(1)
7.2 Phenomenological Description of Creep	294	(3)
7.3 Creep Mechanisms	297	(17)
A. Dislocation Glide at Low Temperature
B. Diffusional Flow Creep Mechanisms
C. Creep Mechanisms Involving Dislocation and Diffusional Flow
D. Creep in Two-Phase Alloys
E. Independent and Sequential Processes
F. Summary
7.4 Deformation Mechanism Maps	314	(4)
7.5 Materials Aspects of Creep Design	318	(6)
A. Creep Resistance as Related to Material Properties and Structure
B. Case Studies
7.6 Engineering Estimates of Creep Behavior	324	(1)
A. Strain-Rate Sensitivity and Superplastic Behavior
B. Experimental Observations of Superplasticity
C. Mechanisms of Superplasticity
7.7 Superplasticity	325	(15)
7.8 Hot Working of Metals	340	(5)
A. Description of Hot Working
B. Dynamic Recovery and Recrystallization
7.9 Summary	345	(9)
8 Deformation of Noncrystalline Materials	354	(50)
8.1 Introduction	354	(1)
8.2 Crystalline versus Noncrystalline Structures	355	(4)
8.3 Viscosity	359	(4)
8.4 The Deformation Behavior of Inorganic Glasses	363	(5)
8.5 Deformation of Metallic Glasses	368	(6)
8.6 Deformation of Polymeric Materials	374	(24)
A. Polymer Chemistry and Structure
B. Deformation of Noncrystalline Polymers
C. Deformation of Crystalline Polymers
D. Structure-Property Relationships and Use of Polymers
8.7 Summary	398	(6)
9 Fracture Mechanics	404	(50)
9.1 Introduction	405	(3)
9.2 The Theoretical Strength of a Solid	408	(3)
9.3 Crack-Initiated Fracture	411	(7)
9.4 Fracture Mechanics	418	(15)
A. Design Philosophy
B. Crack Propagation Modes
C. Plane Stress and Plane Strain
D. Test Methods
E. Case Studies and Examples
9.5 Fracture Toughness and Material Class	433	(3)
9.6 The Charpy Impact Test	436	(7)
9.7 Fracture of Brittle Nonmetallics	443	(5)
A. Ceramic "Strengths"
B. The Statistics of Brittle Fracture
9.8 Summary	448	(6)
10 Toughening Mechanisms and the Physics of Fracture	454	(68)
10.1 Introduction	454	(1)
10.2 Toughening in Metals	455	(6)
10.3 Toughening in Ceramics	461	(11)
A. Thermal Stresses
B. Toughening Due to Crack Deflection and Geometry
C. Microcrack Toughening
D. Transformation Toughening
E. Crack Bridging
10.4 Toughening in Composites	472	(4)
A. Crack Bridging with Brittle Fibers
B. Crack Bridging with a Ductile Phase
10.5 Toughening in Polymers	476	(2)
10.6 Types of Low-Temperature Tensile Fracture	478	(5)
10.7 The Relation Among Bonding, Crystal Structure, and Fracture	483	(9)
A. Fracture of Face-Centered Cubic Metals
B. Fracture of Body-Centered Cubic Transition Metals
C. Fracture of the Hexagonal Close-Packed Metals
D. Fracture of the Alkali Halides
E. Fracture of the Refractory Oxides
F. Fracture of Covalent Solids
G. Synopsis
10.8 Mode II Brittle Fracture	492	(8)
A. Mode II Fracture Initiated by Slip Incompatibility
B. Mode II Fracture in bcc Transition Metals
10.9 Mode III Brittle Fracture	500	(6)
10.10 Ductile Fracture	506	(6)
10.11 Summary	512	(10)
11 High-Temperature Fracture	522	(44)
11.1 Introduction	522	(1)
11.2 High-Temperature Fracture Modes	523	(5)
11.3 High-Temperature Fracture-Mechanism Maps	528	(6)
11.4 Intergranular Creep Fracture	534	(17)
A. Overview
B. Void Nucleation
C. Void Growth
11.5 Design and Materials Considerations	551	(3)
A. Design Considerations
B. Materials Considerations
11.6 Failure in Superplastic Materials	554	(5)
11.7 Summary	559	(7)
12 Fatigue of Engineering Materials	566	(64)
12.1 Introduction	567	(1)
12.2 Characteristics of Fatigue Fracture	568	(6)
12.3 Evaluation of Fatigue Resistance	574	(10)
12.4 Fatigue-Crack Growth Rates	584	(5)
12.5 Design Against Fatigue	589	(9)
12.6 Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior	598	(4)
12.7 Creep-Fatigue Interactions	602	(4)
12.8 Polymeric Fatigue	606	(14)
A. Stress (Strain) Amplitude and Polymeric Fatigue Life
B. Fatigue-Crack Growth
C. Polymeric Cyclical Stress-Strain Behavior
D. Temperature Effects
12.9 Fatigue of Composites	620	(1)
12.10 Summary	621	(9)
13 Embrittlement	630	(56)
13.1 Introduction	630	(3)
13.2 Metal Embrittlement	633	(8)
A. Characteristics
B. Mechanisms
13.3 Stress-Corrosion Cracking	641	(11)
A. Characteristics
B. Mechanisms
C. Corrosion Fatigue
13.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement	652	(6)
A. Characteristics
B. Mechanisms
13.5 Impurity-Atom Embrittlement	658	(6)
A. Characteristics
B. Mechanisms
13.6 Radiation Damage	664	(6)
A. Neutron Interactions
B. Radiation Embrittlement
C. Swelling
D. Radiation Creep
13.7 Embrittlement of Inorganic Glasses and Ceramics	670	(5)
13.8 Polymer Embrittlement	675	(4)
13.9 Summary	679	(7)
14 Cellular Solids	686
14.1 Introduction	686	(2)
14.2 The Geometries and Densities of Cellular Solids	688	(2)
14.3 Compressive Behavior of Cellular Solids	690	(8)
A. Overview
B. Compressive Elastic Behavior of Cellular Solids
C. The Plateau Stress
D. Densification
E. Synopsis
14.4 Energy Absorption in Cellular Solids	698	(7)
14.5 Sandwich Panels	705	(8)
A. Elastic Properties of Sandwich Panels
B. Sandwich Panel Failure Modes
14.6 Summary	713