Mechanical Behavior of Materials

by Meyers, Marc Andre; Chawla, Krishan Kumar

• ISBN13: 9780132628174
• ISBN10: 0132628171
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Appropriate for senior/graduate level Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science/Engineering courses covering the mechanical behavior of materials. Provides a comprehensive treatment of the mechanical behavior of materials within a balanced mechanics-materials approach.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xiii
MATERIALS: STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES, AND PERFORMANCE	1	(56)
1.1 Introduction	1	(2)
1.2 Monolithic, Composite, and Hierarchical Materials	3	(10)
1.3 Structure of Materials	13	(31)
1.3.1 Crystal Structures	13	(5)
1.3.2 Metals	18	(7)
1.3.3 Ceramics	25	(4)
1.3.4 Glasses	29	(2)
1.3.5 Polymers	31	(9)
1.3.6 Liquid Crystals	40	(1)
1.3.7 Biomaterials	41	(2)
1.3.8 Porous and Cellular Materials	43	(1)
1.4 Theoretical Strength of a Crystal	44	(10)
1.4.1 Theoretical Tensile Strength by Orowan's Method	45	(3)
1.4.2 Theoretical Shear Stress	48	(6)
Suggested Readings	54	(1)
Exercises	55	(2)
2 ELASTICITY AND VISCOELASTICITY	57	(55)
2.1 Introduction	57	(1)
2.2 Longitudinal Stress and Strain	58	(5)
2.3 Shear Stress and Strain	63	(3)
2.4 Poisson's Ratio	66	(2)
2.5 More Complex States of Stress	68	(3)
2.6 Graphical Solution of a Biaxial State of Stress: The Mohr Circle	71	(5)
2.7 Pure Shear: Relationship between G and E	76	(2)
2.8 Anisotropic Effects	78	(8)
2.9 Elastic Properties of Polycrystals	86	(3)
2.10 Elastic Properties of Materials	89	(8)
2.10.1 Elastic Properties of Metals	90	(1)
2.10.2 Elastic Properties of Ceramics	91	(5)
2.10.3 Elastic Properties of Polymers	96	(1)
2.11 Viscoelasticity	97	(5)
2.11.1 Storage and Loss Moduli	99	(3)
2.12 Rubber Elasticity	102	(5)
Suggested Readings	107	(1)
Exercises	108	(4)
3 PLASTICITY	112	(70)
3.1 Introduction	112	(2)
3.2 Plastic Deformation in Tension	114	(19)
3.2.1 Tensile Curve Parameters	121	(1)
3.2.2 Necking	122	(3)
3.2.3 Strain Rate Effects	125	(8)
3.3 Plastic Deformation in Compression Testing	133	(3)
3.4 The Bauschinger Effect	136	(1)
3.5 Plastic Deformation of Polymers	137	(4)
3.5.1 Stress-Strain Curves	137	(1)
3.5.2 Glassy Polymers	138	(1)
3.5.3 Semicrystalline Polymers	139	(1)
3.5.4 Viscous Flow	139	(1)
3.5.5 Adiabatic Heating	140	(1)
3.6 Plastic Deformation of Glasses	141	(5)
3.6.1 Microscopic Deformation Mechanism	143	(1)
3.6.2 Temperature Dependence and Viscosity	144	(2)
3.7 Flow, Yield, and Failure Criteria	146	(12)
3.7.1 Maximum-Stress Criterion (Rankine)	147	(1)
3.7.2 Maximum-Shear-Stress Criterion (Tresca)	147	(1)
3.7.3 Maximum-Distortion-Energy or J(2) Criterion (von Mises)	148	(1)
3.7.4 Graphical Representation and Experimental Verification of Rankine's, Tresca's, and von Mises' Criteria	148	(4)
3.7.5 Failure Criteria for Brittle Materials	152	(3)
3.7.6 Yield Criteria for Ductile Polymers	155	(2)
3.7.7 Failure Criteria for Anisotropic Materials	157	(1)
3.8 Hardness	158	(10)
3.8.1 Macroindentation tests	160	(4)
3.8.2 Microindentation tests	164	(4)
3.9 Formability: Important Parameters	168	(7)
3.9.1 Plastic Anisotropy	169	(2)
3.9.2 Punch-Stretch Tests and Forming Limit Curves (or Keeler-Goodwin Diagrams)	171	(4)
Suggested Readings	175	(1)
Exercises	176	(6)
4 IMPERFECTIONS: POINT AND LINE DEFECTS	182	(65)
4.1 Point Defects	183	(12)
4.1.1 Equilibrium of Point Defects	185	(2)
4.1.2 Production of Point Defects	187	(2)
4.1.3 Effect of Point Defects on Mechanical Properties	189	(1)
4.1.4 Radiation Damage	190	(3)
4.1.5 Ion Implantation	193	(2)
4.2 Line Defects	195	(48)
4.2.1 Experimental Observation of Dislocations	200	(2)
4.2.2 Behavior of Dislocations	202	(3)
4.2.3 Stress Field around Dislocations	205	(2)
4.2.4 Energy of Dislocations	207	(7)
4.2.5 Dislocations in Various Structures	214	(9)
4.2.6 Dislocations in Ceramics	223	(5)
4.2.7 Sources of Dislocation	228	(5)
4.2.8 Dislocation Pileup	233	(1)
4.2.9 Intersection of Dislocations	234	(2)
4.2.10 Deformation Produced by Motion of Dislocations (Orowan's Equation)	236	(2)
4.2.11 The Peierls-Nabarro Stress	238	(2)
4.2.12 The Movement of Dislocations: Temperature and Strain Rate Effects	240	(3)
Suggested Readings	243	(1)
Exercises	244	(3)
5 IMPERFECTIONS: INTERFACIAL AND VOLUMETRIC DEFECTS	247	(44)
5.1 Grain Boundaries	247	(17)
5.1.1 Tilt and Twist Boundaries	252	(2)
5.1.2 Energy of a Grain Boundary	254	(3)
5.1.3 Variation of Grain-Boundary Energy with Misorientation	257	(2)
5.1.4 Coincidence Site Lattice (CSL) Boundaries	259	(1)
5.1.5 Grain-Boundary Triple Junctions	259	(1)
5.1.6 Grain-Boundary Dislocations and Ledges	260	(1)
5.1.7 Grain Boundaries as a Packing of Polyhedral Units	261	(3)
5.2 Twinning and Twin Boundaries	264	(4)
5.2.1 Crystallography and Morphology	264	(3)
5.2.2 Mechanical Effects	267	(1)
5.3 Role of Grain Boundaries in Plastic Deformation	268	(9)
5.3.1 Hall-Petch Theory	270	(3)
5.3.2 Cottrell's Theory	273	(1)
5.3.3 Li's Theory	274	(1)
5.3.4 Meyers-Ashworth Theory	275	(2)
5.4 Other Internal Obstacles	277	(2)
5.5 Nanocrystalline Materials	279	(2)
5.6 Volumetric or Tridimensional Defects	281	(4)
5.7 Imperfections in Polymers	285	(1)
Suggested Readings	286	(1)
Exercises	287	(4)
6 GEOMETRY OF DEFORMATION AND WORK-HARDENING	291	(35)
6.1 Introduction	291	(3)
6.2 Geometry of Deformation	294	(14)
6.2.1 Stereographic Projections	294	(3)
6.2.2 Stress Required for Slip	297	(7)
6.2.3 Shear Deformation	304	(1)
6.2.4 Slip Systems	304	(3)
6.2.5 Independent Slip Systems in Polycrystals	307	(1)
6.3 Work-Hardening	308	(8)
6.3.1 Taylor's Theory	310	(1)
6.3.2 Seeger's Theory	311	(1)
6.3.3 Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf Theory	312	(4)
6.4 Softening Mechanisms	316	(3)
6.5 Texture Strengthening	319	(3)
6.6 Suggested Readings	322	(1)
Exercises	322	(4)
7 FRACTURE: MACROSCOPIC ASPECTS	326	(55)
7.1 Introduction	326	(2)
7.2 Stress Concentration and Griffith Criterion of Fracture	328	(7)
7.2.1 Stress Concentrations	328	(1)
7.2.2 Stress Concentration Factor	329	(6)
7.3 Griffith Criterion	335	(4)
7.4 Crack Propagation with Plasticity	339	(2)
7.5 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics	341	(13)
7.5.1 Fracture Toughness	342	(1)
7.5.2 Hypotheses of LEFM	343	(1)
7.5.3 Crack-Tip Separation Modes	343	(1)
7.5.4 Stress Field in an Isotropic Material in the Vicinity of a Crack Tip	343	(1)
7.5.5 Details of the Crack-Tip Stress Field in Model	344	(3)
7.5.6 Plastic-Zone Size Correction	347	(4)
7.5.7 Variation in Fracture Toughness with Thickness	351	(3)
7.6 Fracture Toughness Parameters	354	(11)
7.6.1 Crack Extension Force G	354	(3)
7.6.2 Crack Opening Displacement	357	(3)
7.6.3 J Integral	360	(3)
7.6.4 R Curve	363	(1)
7.6.5 Relationships among Different Fracture Toughness Parameters	364	(1)
7.7 Importance of K(ic) in Practice	365	(2)
7.8 Postyield Fracture Mechanics	367	(1)
7.9 Statistical Analysis of Failure Strength	368	(9)
Suggested Readings	377	(1)
Exercises	377	(4)
8 FRACTURE: MICROSCOPIC ASPECTS	381	(51)
8.1 Introduction	381	(2)
8.2 Fracture in Metals	383	(17)
8.2.1 Crack Nucleation	383	(1)
8.2.2 Ductile Fracture	384	(11)
8.2.3 Brittle, or Cleavage, Fracture	395	(5)
8.3 Fracture in Ceramics	400	(20)
8.3.1 Microstructural Aspects	400	(8)
8.3.2 Effect of Grain Size on Strength of Ceramics	408	(1)
8.3.3 Fracture in Ceramics in Tension	409	(3)
8.3.4 Fracture in Ceramics under Compression	412	(4)
8.3.5 Thermally Induced Fracture in Ceramics	416	(4)
8.4 Fracture in Polymers	420	(8)
8.4.1 Brittle Fracture	420	(1)
8.4.2 Crazing and Shear Yielding	421	(2)
8.4.3 Fracture in Semicrystalline and Crystalline Polymers	423	(2)
8.4.4 Toughness of Polymers	425	(3)
8.5 Fracture Mechanism Maps	428	(2)
Exercises	430	(2)
9 FRACTURE TESTING	432	(31)
9.1 Introduction	432	(1)
9.2 Impact Testing	432	(7)
9.2.1 Charpy Impact Test	433	(4)
9.2.2 Drop-Weight Test	437	(1)
9.2.3 Instrumented Charpy Impact Test	437	(2)
9.3 Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness Test	439	(5)
9.4 Crack Opening Displacement Testing	444	(1)
9.5 J-Integral Testing	445	(1)
9.6 Flexure Test	446	(6)
9.6.1 Three-Point Bend Test	448	(1)
9.6.2 Four-Point Bend Test	448	(1)
9.6.3 Interlaminar Shear Strength Test	449	(3)
9.7 Fracture Toughness Testing of Brittle Materials	452	(7)
9.7.1 Chevron Notch Test	452	(3)
9.7.2 Indentation Methods for Determining Toughness	455	(4)
Suggested Readings	459	(1)
Exercises	459	(4)
10 SOLID SOLUTION, PRECIPITATION, AND DISPERSION STRENGTHENING	463	(34)
10.1 Introduction	463	(1)
10.2 Solid-Solution Strengthening	464	(6)
10.2.1 Elastic Interaction	466	(4)
10.2.2 Other Interactions	470	(1)
10.3 Mechanical Effects Associated with Solid Solutions	470	(7)
10.3.1 Well-Defined Yield Point in the Stress-Strain Curves	471	(1)
10.3.2 Plateau in the Stress-Strain Curve and Luders' Band	471	(3)
10.3.3 Strain Aging	474	(1)
10.3.4 Serrated Stress-Strain Curve	475	(1)
10.3.5 Snoek Effect	476	(1)
10.3.6 Blue Brittleness	477	(1)
10.4 Precipitation- and Dispersion-Hardening	477	(7)
10.5 Dislocation-Precipitate Interaction	484	(5)
10.6 Precipitation in Microalloyed Steels	489	(5)
Suggested Readings	494	(1)
Exercises	495	(2)
11 MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION	497	(26)
11.1 Introduction	497	(1)
11.2 Structures and Morphologies of Martensite	497	(6)
11.3 Strength of Martensite	503	(3)
11.4 Mechanical Effects	506	(4)
11.5 Shape-Memory Effect	510	(5)
11.6 Martensitic Transformation in Ceramics	515	(5)
Suggested Readings	520	(1)
Exercises	521	(2)
12 INTERMETALLICS	523	(17)
12.1 Silicides	523	(2)
12.2 Ordered Intermetallics	525	(13)
12.2.1 Dislocation Structures in Ordered Intermetallics	526	(3)
12.2.2 Effect of Ordering on Mechanical Properties	529	(6)
12.2.3 Ductility of Intermetallics	535	(3)
Suggested Readings	538	(1)
Exercises	539	(1)
13 CREEP AND SUPERPLASTICITY	540	(52)
13.1 Introduction	541	(5)
13.2 Correlation and Extrapolation Methods	546	(7)
13.3 Fundamental Mechanisms Responsible for Creep	553	(1)
13.4 Diffusion Creep	553	(4)
13.5 Dislocation Creep	557	(3)
13.6 Dislocation Glide	560	(2)
13.7 Grain-Boundary Sliding	562	(1)
13.8 Deformation-Mechanism (Weertman-Ashby) Maps	563	(3)
13.9 Heat-Resistant Materials	566	(4)
13.10 Creep in Polymers	570	(10)
13.11 Superplasticity	580	(7)
Suggested Readings	587	(1)
Exercises	587	(5)
14 FATIGUE	592	(45)
14.1 Fatigue Parameters and S-N Curves	593	(1)
14.2 Fatigue Strength or Fatigue Life	593	(2)
14.3 Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue Life	595	(3)
14.4 Cumulative Damage and Life Exhaustion	598	(4)
14.5 Mechanisms of Fatigue	602	(9)
14.5.1 Fatigue Crack Nucleation	602	(5)
14.5.2 Fatigue Crack Propagation	607	(4)
14.6 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Applied to Fatigue	611	(9)
14.7 Hysteretic Heating in Fatigue	620	(1)
14.8 Fatigue Crack Closure	621	(1)
14.9 The Two-Parameter Approach	622	(1)
14.10 The Short-Crack Problem in Fatigue	623	(1)
14.11 Fatigue Testing	624	(7)
14.11.1 Conventional Fatigue Tests	625	(1)
14.11.2 Rotating Bending Machine	625	(1)
14.11.3 Statistical Analysis of S-N Curves	626	(2)
14.11.4 Nonconventional Fatigue Testing	628	(1)
14.11.5 Servohydraulic Machines	628	(1)
14.11.6 Low-Cycle Fatigue Tests	629	(1)
14.11.7 Fatigue Crack Propagation Testing	630	(1)
Suggested Readings	631	(1)
Exercises	632	(5)
15 COMPOSITE MATERIALS	637	(38)
15.1 Introduction	637	(1)
15.2 Types of Composites	637	(1)
15.3 Important Reinforcements and Matrix Materials	638	(3)
15.3.1 Microstructural Aspects and Importance of the Matrix	639	(2)
15.4 Interfaces in Composites	641	(3)
15.4.1 Crystallographic Nature of the Fiber-Matrix Interface	641	(1)
15.4.2 Interfacial Bonding in Composites	642	(1)
15.4.3 Interfacial Interactions	642	(2)
15.5 Properties of Composites	644	(12)
15.5.1 Density and Heat Capacity	644	(1)
15.5.2 Elastic Moduli	644	(5)
15.5.3 Strength	649	(3)
15.5.4 Anisotropic Nature of Fiber Reinforced Composites	652	(1)
15.5.5 Aging Response of Matrix in MMCs	653	(1)
15.5.6 Toughness	654	(2)
15.6 Load Transfer from Matrix to Fiber	656	(7)
15.6.1 Fiber and Matrix Elastic	657	(4)
15.6.2 Fiber Elastic and Matrix Plastic	661	(2)
15.7 Fracture in Composites	663	(4)
15.7.1 Single and Multiple Fracture	663	(1)
15.7.2 Failure Modes in Composites	664	(3)
15.8 Some Fundamental Characteristics of Composites	667	(2)
15.8.1 Heterogeneity	667	(1)
15.8.2 Anisotropy	667	(1)
15.8.3 Shear Coupling	668	(1)
15.9 Functionally Graded Materials	669	(1)
15.10 Applications	669	(3)
15.10.1 Aerospace Applications	669	(2)
15.10.2 Nonaerospace Applications	671	(1)
Suggested Readings	672	(1)
Exercises	672	(3)
INDEX	675