Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, 9th Edition

by Ben Stein (Jerusalem ); John S. Reynolds (Equinox Design, Eugene, Oregon)

• ISBN13: 9780471156963
• ISBN10: 0471156965
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Continuing its proud heritage, this Tenth Edition provides thorough coverage of the latest in the theory and practice of environmental control system design. This bestselling book encompasses mechanical and electrical systems for buildings of all sizes, featuring design guidelines and detailed design procedures for every topic covered and supported by more than 2,200 illustrations-over 225 new to this edition!

Author Biography

<b>BENJAMIN STEIN</b> is a consulting engineer with more than 50 years of experience in all phases of environmental control system design. He is also a former associate professor at the B'zalel Institute School of Environmental Design, Jerusalem.<br> <br> gt;JOHN S. REYNOLDS, AIA</b>, is Professor Emeritus of Architecture at the University of Oregon and a registered architect in private practice. He was given the annual Passive Pioneer award by the American Solar Energy Society in 1996, and was named an ACSA Distinguished Professor by the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture in 1998.

Table of Contents

PART I ENERGY OVERVIEW
Context for Building Systems Design	3	(34)
Buildings and Sites	3	(1)
Sources of Materials	4	(5)
Sources of Energy	9	(8)
Transportation Systems	17	(1)
Information Systems	18	(3)
Design Strategies for Sustainability	21	(14)
Design Challenges	35	(2)
Climate, Comfort And Design Strategies	37	(30)
The Body	37	(4)
Comfort	41	(11)
Climates	52	(3)
Design Strategies for Cooling	55	(3)
Design Strategies for Heating	58	(5)
Combining Strategies	63	(4)
Sites And Resources	67	(48)
Climates within Climates	67	(4)
Analyzing the Site	71	(2)
Site Design Strategies	73	(2)
Direct Sun and Daylight	75	(8)
Sound and Air	83	(21)
Rain and Groundwater	104	(3)
Plants	107	(8)
PART II THERMAL CONTROL
Heat Flow	115	(76)
The Building Envelope	115	(1)
Connectors, Filters, and Barriers	115	(1)
Switches and User's Choice	116	(4)
Heat Flow, Seasons and the Building	120	(4)
Heat Flow Through Solids	124	(3)
Heat Flow Through Air	127	(1)
Heat Flow Through the Opaque Building Envelope	128	(9)
Heat Flow Through Windows and Skylights	137	(6)
Moisture and Infiltration	143	(48)
Designing for Heating and Cooling	191	(140)
Organizing the Problem	191	(4)
Zoning	195	(2)
Daylighting Guidelines	197	(8)
Passive Solar Heating Guidelines	205	(20)
Summer Heat Gain Guidelines	225	(1)
Passive Cooling Guidelines	225	(23)
Re-Integrating Daylighting, Passive Solar Heating, and Cooling	248	(1)
Calculating Worst-Hourly Heat Loss	249	(2)
Calculations for Heating-Season Fuel Consumption (Conventional Buildings)	251	(4)
Passive Solar Heating Performance	255	(21)
Approximate Method for Calculating Heat Gain (Cooling Load)	276	(12)
Psychrometry	288	(5)
Detailed Hourly Heat Gain (Cooling Load) Calculations	293	(2)
Passive Cooling Calculation Procedures	295	(36)
Interior Air Quality	331	(40)
Sources and Impacts	331	(1)
Predicting IAQ	332	(5)
Zoning for IAQ	337	(4)
Passive and Low-Energy Approaches to Ventilation	341	(10)
Equipment for IAQ	351	(20)
HVAC For Smaller Buildings	371	(56)
Review of the Need for Mechanical Equipment	371	(1)
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC): typical Design Processes	372	(1)
Location and Service Distribution	373	(2)
Controls for Smaller Building Systems	375	(1)
Refrigeration Cycles	375	(2)
Cooling-Only Systems	377	(8)
Heating-Only Systems	385	(27)
Heating-Cooling Systems	412	(11)
Psychrometrics and Refrigeration	423	(4)
Larger Building HVAC Systems	427	(104)
HVAC and Building Organization	427	(17)
Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning (HVAC) System Types	444	(9)
Central Equipment	453	(31)
Air Distribution Within Spaces	484	(11)
All-Air HVAC Systems	495	(5)
Air & Water Systems	500	(11)
All-Water Systems	511	(5)
District Heating and Cooling	516	(3)
Cogeneration	519	(12)
PART III WATER AND WASTE
Water and Basic Design	531	(42)
Water in Architecture	531	(3)
The Hydrologic Cycle	534	(2)
Basic Planning	536	(5)
Rainwater	541	(5)
Collection and Storage	546	(5)
Rainwater and Site Planning	551	(10)
Components	561	(12)
Water Supply	573	(96)
Water Quality	573	(4)
Filtration	577	(2)
Disinfection	579	(3)
Other Water Treatments	582	(3)
Water Sources	585	(12)
Hot Water Systems and Equipment	597	(28)
Fixtures and Water Conservation	625	(13)
Fixture Accessibility and Privacy	638	(2)
Water Distribution	640	(11)
Piping, Tubing, Fittings, and Controls	651	(5)
Sizing of Water Pipes	656	(7)
Irrigation	663	(6)
Water and Waste	669	(78)
Waterless Toilets and Urinals	669	(9)
Principles of Drainage	678	(3)
Piping, Fittings, and Accessories	681	(5)
Design of Residential Waste Piping	686	(11)
Design of Larger-Building Waste Piping	697	(7)
On-Site Individual Building Sewage Treatment	704	(10)
On-Site Multiple-Building Sewage Treatment	714	(14)
Larger-Scale Sewage Treatment Systems	728	(7)
Recycling and Graywater	735	(6)
Stormwater Treatment	741	(6)
Solid Waste	747	(22)
Waste and Resources	747	(8)
Resource Recovery: Central or Local?	755	(2)
Solid Waste in Small Buildings	757	(2)
Solid Waste in Large Buildings	759	(4)
Equipment for the Handling of Solid Waste	763	(1)
The Service Core	764	(5)
PART IV FIRE PROTECTION
Fire Protection	769	(84)
Design for Fire Resistance	769	(12)
Smoke Management	781	(5)
Water for Fire Suppression	786	(22)
Other Fire Suppression Methods	808	(7)
Lightning Protection	815	(5)
Fire Alarm Systems	820	(1)
General Considerations	820	(1)
Fire Codes, Authorities, and Standards	820	(2)
Fire Alarm Definitions and Terms	822	(1)
Types of Fire Alarm Systems	823	(2)
Circuit Supervision	825	(1)
Conventional Systems	825	(3)
System Coding	827	(1)
Signal Processing	828	(1)
Addressable Fire Alarm Systems	828	(1)
Addressable Analog (Intelligent) Systems	829	(1)
Automatic Fire Detection: Incipient Stage	830	(1)
Automatic Fire Detection: Smoldering Stage	831	(4)
Automatic Fire Detection: Flame Stage	835	(1)
Automatic Fire Detection: Heat Stage	836	(4)
Special Types of Fire Detectors	840	(1)
False Alarm Mitigation	841	(1)
Manual Stations	842	(2)
Sprinkler Alarms	844	(1)
Audible and Visual Alarm Devices	844	(1)
General Recommendations	845	(1)
Residential Fire Alarms	845	(1)
Multiple-Dwelling Alarm Systems	846	(1)
Commercial and Institutional Building Alarm Systems	846	(1)
High-Rise Office Building Fire Alarm System	847	(2)
Industrial Facilities	849	(4)
PART V ELECTRICITY
Principles of Electricity	853	(40)
Electric Energy	853	(1)
Unit of Electric Current---The Ampere	853	(1)
Unit of Electric Potential---The Volt	853	(1)
Unit of Electric Resistance---The Ohm	854	(1)
Ohm's Law	854	(1)
Circuit Arrangements	855	(2)
Direct Current and Alternating Current (dc and ac)	857	(1)
Electric Power Generation---dc	858	(1)
Photovoltaic Systems	858	(1)
Photovoltaic Power---General	858	(2)
PV Systems---Types and Application	860	(3)
Codes and Standards	863	(1)
Terminology and Definitions	864	(1)
Solar PV Cells	864	(2)
PV System Arrays	866	(1)
PV System Batteries	866	(3)
BOS	869	(1)
Design of Stand-Alone PV System	869	(5)
Design of a Grid-connected (Interactive) PV System	874	(1)
PV System---Conclusion	875	(2)
Electric Power and Energy	877	(1)
Electric Power Generation---ac	877	(1)
Power and Energy	878	(1)
Power in Electric Circuits	878	(2)
Energy in Electric Circuits	880	(2)
Electric Demand Charges	882	(1)
Electric Demand Control	883	(4)
Electrical Measurements	887	(6)
Electrical Systems and Materials: Wiring and Raceways	893	(40)
System Components	893	(1)
National Electrical Code	893	(1)
Economics of Material Selection	894	(2)
Energy Considerations	896	(1)
Electrical Equipment Ratings	896	(1)
Interior Wiring Systems	896	(1)
Conductors	897	(1)
Conductor Ampacity	897	(1)
Conductor Insulation and Jackets	898	(1)
Copper and Aluminum Conductors	898	(3)
Flexible Armored Cable	901	(1)
Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable (Romex)	901	(2)
Conductors for General Wiring	903	(1)
Special Cable Types	903	(1)
Busway/Busduct/Cablebus	903	(2)
Light-Duty Busway, Flat Cable Assemblies, and Lighting Track	905	(1)
Cable Tray	906	(1)
Design Considerations for Receway Systems	907	(2)
Steel Conduit	909	(2)
Aluminum Conduit	911	(1)
Flexible Metal Conduit	912	(1)
Nonmetallic Conduit	913	(1)
Surface Metal Raceways (Metallic and Nonmetallic)	913	(1)
Outlet and Device Boxes	913	(3)
Floor Raceways	916	(1)
Underfloor Duct	917	(5)
Cellular Metal Floor Raceway	922	(1)
Precast Cellular Concrete Floor Raceways	922	(1)
Full Access Floor	922	(2)
Under-Carpet Wiring System	924	(1)
Ceiling Raceways and Manufactured Wiring Systems	924	(9)
Electrical Systems and Materials: Service and Utilization	933	(64)
Electric Service	933	(1)
Overhead Service	933	(1)
Underground Service	934	(1)
Underground Wiring	934	(3)
Service Equipment	937	(1)
Transformers	937	(3)
Transformers Outdoors	940	(1)
Transformers Indoors: Heat Loss	941	(1)
Transformers Indoors: Selection	942	(1)
Transformer Vaults	943	(1)
Service Equipment Arrangements and Metering	943	(1)
Service Switch (es)	944	(1)
Switches	944	(3)
Contactors	947	(1)
Special Switches	948	(1)
Solid-State Switches, Programmable Switches, Microprocessors, and Programmable Controllers	949	(3)
Equipment Enclosures	952	(1)
Circuit-Protective Devices	953	(3)
Switchboards and Switchgear	956	(3)
Unit Substations (Transformer Load Centers)	959	(1)
Panelboards	959	(1)
Principles of Electric Load Control	960	(2)
Intelligent Panelboards	962	(1)
Electric Motors	963	(3)
Motor Control Standards	966	(1)
Motor Control	967	(1)
Motor Control Equipment	968	(2)
Wiring Devices: General Description	970	(2)
Wiring Devices: Receptacles	972	(1)
Wiring Devices: Switches	973	(2)
Wiring Devices: Specialties	975	(1)
Low-Voltage Switching	976	(3)
Wireless Switching and Control	979	(1)
Power Line Carrier Systems	979	(3)
Power Conditioning	982	(1)
Power Conditioning Equipment	983	(1)
Surge Suppression	984	(5)
Uninterruptible Power Supply	989	(5)
Emergency/Standby Power Equipment	994	(2)
System Inspection	996	(1)
Electric Wiring Design	997	(52)
General Considerations	997	(1)
Load Estimating	998	(3)
System Voltage	1001	(6)
Grounding and Ground-Fault Protection	1007	(3)
Energy Conservation Considerations	1010	(1)
Design Procedure	1011	(1)
Electric Spaces	1012	(3)
Electric Closets	1015	(1)
Equipment Layout	1015	(1)
Application of Overcurrent Equipment	1016	(4)
Branch Circuit Design	1020	(3)
Branch Circuit Design Guidelines: Residential	1023	(2)
Branch Circuit Design Guidelines: Nonresidential	1025	(7)
Load Tabulation	1032	(1)
Spare Capacity	1033	(1)
Feeder Capacity	1034	(3)
Panel Feeder Load Calculation	1037	(1)
Harmonic Currents	1038	(1)
Riser Diagrams	1039	(2)
Service Equipment and Switchboard Design	1041	(1)
Emergency Systems	1042	(7)
PART VI ILLUMINATION
Lighting Fundamentals	1049	(58)
Introductory Remarks	1049	(1)
Physics of Light	1050	(1)
Light as Radiant Energy	1050	(1)
Transmittance and Reflectance	1050	(1)
Terminology and Definitions	1051	(2)
Luminous Intensity	1053	(1)
Luminous Flux	1053	(1)
Illuminance	1054	(1)
Luminance, Exitance, and Brightness	1055	(3)
Illuminance Measurement	1058	(2)
Luminance Measurement	1060	(1)
Reflectance Measurements	1061	(1)
Inverse Square Law	1062	(1)
Luminous Intensity: Candela Measurements	1063	(1)
Intensity Distribution Curves	1063	(2)
Light and Sight	1065	(1)
The Eye	1065	(2)
Factors in Visual Acuity	1067	(1)
Size of Visual Object	1068	(1)
Subjective Brightness	1068	(1)
Contrast and Adaptation	1069	(3)
Exposure Time	1072	(1)
Secondary Task-Related Factors	1073	(1)
Observer-Related Visibility Factors	1073	(1)
The Aging Eye	1074	(1)
Quantity of Light	1075	(1)
Illuminance Levels	1075	(1)
Illuminance Category	1076	(1)
Illuminance Recommendations	1077	(4)
Quality of Lighting	1081	(1)
Considerations of Lighting Quality	1081	(3)
Direct (Discomfort) Glare	1084	(2)
Veiling Reflections and Reflected Glare	1086	(6)
Equivalent Spherical Illumination (ESI) and Relative Visual Performance (RVP)	1092	(2)
Control of Reflected Glare	1094	(3)
Luminance Ratios	1097	(1)
Patterns of Luminance: Subjective Reactions to Lighting	1098	(2)
Fundamentals of Color	1100	(1)
Color Temperature	1100	(1)
Object Color	1101	(2)
Reactions to Color	1103	(4)
Light Sources: Their Characteristics and Application	1107	(96)
General Remarks	1107	(1)
Daylighting	1107	(1)
Daylighting as a Lighting Design Factor	1107	(2)
Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting Interiors (PSALI)	1109	(2)
Characteristics of Outdoor Illumination	1111	(3)
Solid Overcast Sky	1114	(2)
Clear Sky	1116	(2)
Partly-Cloudy Sky	1118	(2)
Concept and Characteristics of Daylight Factor	1120	(5)
Daylight Analysis: CIE Method	1125	(7)
Graphic Daylighting Design Method (GDDM)	1132	(1)
Daylight Design: IESNA Lumen Method	1133	(12)
Daylight Analysis: Computer Use	1145	(3)
Physical Modeling in Daylight Design	1148	(3)
Additional Factors in Interior Daylighting	1151	(2)
Advanced Daylighting Techniques	1153	(4)
Incandescent Lamps	1157	(1)
The Incandescent Filament Lamp	1157	(6)
Special Incandescent Lamps, Including Energy-Saving Lamps	1163	(1)
Tungsten-Halogen (Quartz-Iodine) Lamps	1164	(1)
Halogen Lamp Types	1165	(1)
Fluorescent Lamps	1166	(1)
Fluorescent Lamp Construction	1166	(5)
Federal Standards for Fluorescent Lamps	1171	(1)
The Fluorescent Lamp: Characteristics of Operation	1171	(6)
Special Fluorescent Lamps	1177	(2)
Compact Fluorescent Lamps	1179	(1)
Magnetic Core-and-Coil Ballasts	1180	(3)
Electronic Ballasts for Fluorescent Lamps	1183	(2)
High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps	1184	(1)
Mercury-Vapor Lamps	1185	(2)
Metal-Halide Lamps	1187	(3)
High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps	1190	(3)
Low-Pressure Sodium (SOX) Lamps	1193	(1)
Induction Lamps	1193	(1)
Sulphur Lamps	1194	(1)
Special Purpose Lamps	1195	(1)
Color of Light	1195	(1)
Chromaticity	1195	(1)
Spectral Distribution of Light Sources	1196	(3)
Color Rendering (Index) CRI	1199	(4)
Lighting Design	1203	(76)
General	1203	(1)
Goals of a Lighting Design	1203	(1)
Lighting Design Procedure	1204	(2)
Cost Factors	1206	(1)
Power Budgets	1206	(1)
Task Analysis	1207	(2)
Preliminary Design	1209	(1)
Energy Considerations	1209	(3)
Preliminary Design	1212	(1)
Illumination Methods	1213	(1)
Types of Lighting Systems	1213	(1)
Indirect Lighting	1213	(3)
Semi-Indirect Lighting	1216	(1)
Direct-Indirect and General Diffuse Lighting	1216	(2)
Semi-Direct Lighting	1218	(1)
Direct Lighting	1218	(2)
Size and Pattern of Luminaires	1220	(4)
Other Design Considerations	1224	(2)
Luminaires	1226	(1)
Design Considerations	1226	(1)
Lighting Fixture Distribution Characteristics	1227	(2)
Luminaire Light Control	1229	(4)
Luminaire Diffusers	1233	(3)
Uniformity of Illumination	1236	(6)
Luminaire Mounting Height	1242	(1)
Lighting Fixtures	1243	(1)
Lighting Fixture Construction	1244	(1)
Lighting Fixture Structural Support	1245	(1)
Lighting Fixture Appraisal	1245	(1)
Luminaire-Room System Efficiency: Coefficient of Utilization	1246	(1)
Luminaire Efficacy Rating (LER)	1246	(1)
Detailed Design Procedures	1247	(1)
Calculation of Average Illuminance	1247	(1)
Calculation of Horizontal Illuminance by the Lumen (Flux) Method	1247	(1)
Calculation of Light-Loss Factor (LLF)	1248	(2)
Determination of Coefficient of Utilization (CU) by the Zonal Cavity Method	1250	(3)
Zonal Cavity Calculations: Illustrative Examples	1253	(6)
Zonal Cavity Calculation by Approximation	1259	(2)
Effect of Cavity Reflectances on Illuminance	1261	(1)
Modular Lighting Design	1261	(1)
Calculating Illuminance at a Point	1262	(2)
Design Aids	1264	(1)
Calculating Illuminance from a Point Source	1265	(1)
Calculating Illuminance from Linear and Area Sources	1266	(1)
Computer-Aided Design	1267	(1)
Computer-Aided Design: Illustrative Example	1267	(6)
Average Luminance Calculations	1273	(3)
Evaluation Stage	1276	(1)
Design Evaluation	1276	(3)
Lighting Application	1279	(66)
Introduction	1279	(1)
Lighting Control	1279	(1)
Requirement for Lighting Control	1279	(1)
Lighting Control: Switching	1280	(1)
Lighting Control: Dimming	1281	(1)
Lighting Control: Control Initiation	1281	(3)
Lighting Control Strategy	1284	(8)
Residential Occupancies	1292	(1)
Residential Lighting: General	1292	(1)
Residential Lighting: Energy Factors	1292	(1)
Residential Lighting Sources	1292	(1)
Residential Lighting: Design Suggestions	1293	(2)
Residential Lighting: Luminaires and Architectural Lighting Elements	1295	(1)
Residential Lighting: Control	1295	(1)
Educational Facilities	1295	(1)
Institutional and Educational Buildings	1295	(4)
General Classrooms	1299	(2)
Special-Purpose Classrooms	1301	(1)
Assembly Rooms, Auditoriums, and Multipurpose Spaces	1302	(1)
Gymnasium Lighting	1303	(1)
Lecture Hall Lighting	1303	(1)
Laboratory Lighting	1303	(1)
Library Lighting	1303	(2)
Special Areas	1305	(1)
Other Considerations in School Lighting	1306	(1)
Commercial Interiors	1306	(1)
Office Lighting: General	1306	(1)
Lighting for Areas with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs)	1307	(6)
Office Lighting Guidelines	1313	(3)
Task-Ambient Office Lighting Design Using Ceiling-Mounted Units	1316	(1)
Task-Ambient Office Lighting Using Furniture-Integrated Luminaires	1316	(1)
Integrated and Modular Ceilings	1317	(1)
Lighting and Air Conditioning	1317	(1)
Industrial Lighting	1317	(1)
General	1317	(1)
Levels and Sources	1318	(1)
Industrial Luminance Ratios	1319	(1)
Industrial Lighting Glare	1319	(1)
Industrial Lighting Equipment	1319	(2)
Vertical-Surface Illumination	1321	(1)
Special Lighting: Application Topics	1321	(1)
Emergency Lighting	1321	(5)
Floodlighting	1326	(1)
Street Lighting	1326	(1)
Light Pollution	1326	(2)
Remote Source Lighting	1328	(1)
Fiber-Optic (FO) Lighting	1329	(1)
Fiber-Optic Terminology	1330	(2)
Fiber Optic Lighting---Arrangements and Applications	1332	(1)
Hollow Light Guides	1333	(1)
Prismatic Light Guides	1334	(2)
Prismatic Film Light Guide	1336	(1)
Standards and Nomenclature	1336	(9)
PART VII SIGNAL EQUIPMENT
Signal Systems	1345	(40)
Introduction	1345	(1)
Principles of Intrusion Detection	1345	(2)
Private Residential Systems	1347	(1)
General	1347	(5)
Residential Intrusion Alarm Systems	1352	(1)
Residential Intercom Systems	1352	(1)
Residential Telecommunication and Data Systems	1352	(1)
Premise Wiring	1353	(1)
Multiple-Dwelling Systems	1354	(1)
Multiple-Dwelling Entry and Security Systems	1354	(1)
Multiple-Dwelling Television Systems	1355	(1)
Multiple-Dwelling Telephone Systems	1355	(1)
Hotels and Motels	1356	(1)
School Systems	1357	(1)
General	1357	(1)
School Security Systems	1357	(1)
School Clock and Program Systems	1358	(2)
School Intercom Systems	1360	(1)
School Sound Systems	1360	(1)
School Electronic Teaching Equipment	1361	(1)
Office Building Systems	1362	(1)
General	1362	(1)
Office Building Security Systems	1362	(1)
Office Building Communications Systems	1363	(1)
Office Building Communications Planning	1364	(2)
Office Building Control and Automation Systems	1366	(1)
Industrial Building Systems	1366	(1)
General	1366	(1)
Industrial Building personnel Access Control	1367	(2)
Industrial Building Sound and Paging Systems	1369	(2)
Automation	1371	(1)
General	1371	(1)
Stand-Alone Lighting Control Systems	1372	(2)
Building Automation System (BAS)	1374	(1)
Glossary of Computer and Control Terminology	1374	(2)
BAS System Arrangement	1376	(4)
Intelligent Buildings	1380	(1)
Intelligent Residences	1381	(4)
PART VIII TRANSPORTATION
Vertical Transportation: Passenger Elevators	1385	(56)
General Information	1385	(1)
Introduction	1385	(1)
Passenger Elevators	1385	(1)
Codes and Standards	1385	(1)
Elevator Equipment	1386	(1)
Principal Components	1386	(2)
Gearless Traction Machines	1388	(1)
Geared Traction Machines	1388	(1)
Arrangement of Elevator Machines, Sheaves, and Ropes	1389	(1)
Safety Devices	1390	(1)
Elevator Doors	1390	(3)
Cabs and Signals	1393	(1)
Requirements for the Handicapped	1394	(4)
Elevator car Control	1398	(1)
Drive Control	1398	(1)
Thyristor Control, ac and dc	1398	(2)
Variable-Voltage dc Motor Control	1400	(1)
Variable-Voltage, Variable-frequency (VVVF) ac Motor Control	1400	(1)
Elevator Operating Control	1401	(1)
System Control Requirements	1402	(1)
Single Automatic Pushbutton Control	1402	(1)
Collective Control	1402	(1)
Selective Collective Operation	1402	(1)
Computerized System Control	1402	(3)
Rehabilitation Work: Performance Prediction	1405	(1)
Lobby Elevator Panel	1405	(1)
Car Operating Panel	1406	(1)
Elevator Selection	1406	(1)
General Considerations	1406	(1)
Definitions	1407	(1)
Interval or Lobby Dispatch Time and Average Lobby Waiting Time	1407	(1)
Handling Capacity	1408	(1)
Travel Time or Average Trip Time	1409	(1)
Round-Trip Time	1410	(8)
System Relationships	1418	(1)
Car Speed	1419	(1)
Single-Zone Systems	1419	(2)
Multizone Systems	1421	(1)
Other Elevator Selection Recommendations	1422	(2)
The Physical Properties and Spatial Requirements of Elevators	1424	(1)
Shafts and Lobbies	1424	(1)
Dimensions and Weights	1425	(3)
Structural Stresses	1428	(3)
Power and Energy	1431	(1)
Power Requirements	1431	(1)
Energy Requirements	1432	(1)
Energy Conservation	1433	(1)
Emergency Power	1434	(1)
Special Considerations	1434	(1)
Fire Safety	1434	(1)
Elevator Security	1434	(1)
Elevator Noise	1435	(1)
Elevator Specifications	1435	(1)
Novel Designs	1436	(5)
Vertical Transportation Special Topics	1441	(30)
Special Shaft Arrangements	1441	(1)
Sky Lobby Elevator System	1441	(1)
Double-Deck Elevators	1442	(1)
Hydraulic Elevators	1442	(1)
Conventional Plunger-Type Hydraulic Elevators	1442	(3)
Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators	1445	(1)
Roped Hydraulic Elevators	1445	(1)
Freight Elevators	1445	(1)
General	1445	(2)
Freight Car Capacity	1447	(1)
Freight Elevator Description	1448	(2)
Freight Elevator Cabs, Gates, and Doors	1450	(1)
Freight Elevator Cost Data	1450	(2)
Special Elevator Designs	1452	(1)
Observation Cars	1452	(1)
Inclined Elevators	1452	(1)
Rack and Pinion Elevators	1452	(1)
Residential Elevators and Chair Lifts	1452	(5)
Linear Elevator Motor Drive	1457	(2)
Material-handling Equipment	1459	(1)
General	1459	(1)
Manual Load/Unload Dumbwaiters	1459	(3)
Automated Dumbwaiters	1462	(1)
Horizontal Conveyors	1462	(1)
Selective Vertical Conveyors	1462	(5)
Pneumatic Tubes	1467	(1)
Pneumatic Trash and Linen Systems	1467	(1)
Automated Container Delivery Systems	1468	(1)
Automated Self-Propelled Vehicles	1468	(2)
Conclusion	1470	(1)
Moving Stairways and Walks	1471	(22)
Moving Electric Stairways	1471	(1)
General	1471	(1)
Parallel and Crisscross Arrangements	1471	(5)
Location	1476	(2)
Size, Speed, Capacity, and Rise	1478	(1)
Components	1479	(1)
Safety Features	1479	(2)
Fire Protection	1481	(1)
Lighting	1481	(1)
Application	1481	(3)
Elevators and Escalators	1484	(1)
Electric Power Requirements	1485	(1)
Special-Design Escalators	1485	(1)
Preliminary Design Data and Installation Drawings	1486	(1)
Budget Estimating for Escalators	1487	(1)
Moving Walks and Ramps	1487	(1)
General	1487	(1)
Application of Moving Walks	1487	(1)
Application of Moving Ramps	1488	(1)
Size, Capacity, and Speed	1489	(1)
Components	1490	(3)
PART IX ACOUSTICS
Fundamentals of Architectural Acoustics	1493	(26)
Sound Theory and Hearing Phenomena	1493	(1)
General	1493	(1)
Sound Definition and Generation	1493	(1)
Frequency	1494	(2)
Velocity of Propagation	1496	(1)
Wavelength and Types of Propagation	1497	(1)
Sound Magnitude	1497	(1)
Sound Intensity	1497	(2)
Intensity Level (IL) and the Decibel (dB)	1499	(4)
Human Hearing	1503	(1)
Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level (SPL)	1504	(2)
Loudness Level: Fletcher-Munson Contours	1506	(2)
Measurement of Sound Pressure Level	1508	(2)
Other Factors in Hearing	1510	(1)
Speech	1510	(1)
Other Sounds	1511	(1)
Noise Criteria	1511	(1)
Negative Effects of Noise	1511	(1)
Noise and Annoyance	1511	(1)
Noise Criterion Curves	1512	(1)
Room Criterion Curves	1513	(3)
High Noise Levels	1516	(3)
Sound in Enclosed Spaces	1519	(30)
Sound in Enclosures	1519	(1)
Absorption	1519	(1)
Sound Absorption	1519	(1)
Mechanics of Absorption	1520	(1)
Absorptive Materials	1520	(5)
Installation of Absorptive Materials	1525	(1)
Room Acoustics	1526	(1)
Reverberation	1526	(2)
Sound Fields in an Enclosed Space	1528	(1)
Sound Power Level (PWL) and Sound Pressure Level (SPL)	1528	(2)
Noise Reduction by Absorption	1530	(4)
Noise Reduction Coefficient	1534	(1)
Room Design	1535	(1)
Reverberation Criteria for Speech Rooms	1535	(1)
Criteria for Music Performance	1536	(2)
Sound Paths	1538	(3)
Ray Diagrams	1541	(1)
Auditorium Design	1542	(2)
Sound Reinforcement Systems	1544	(1)
Objectives and Criteria	1544	(1)
Components and Specifications	1545	(1)
Loudspeaker Considerations	1546	(3)
Building Noise Control	1549	(214)
Noise Reduction	1549	(1)
Principles of Noise Reduction	1549	(1)
Absorption	1549	(1)
Panel and Cavity Resonators	1549	(1)
Acoustically Transparent Surfaces	1550	(2)
Absorption Recommendations	1552	(1)
Characteristics of Absorptive Materials	1553	(3)
Sound Isolation	1556	(1)
Airborne and Structure Borne Sound	1556	(3)
Airborne Sound	1559	(1)
Transmission Loss (TL) and Noise Reduction (NR)	1559	(1)
Barrier Mass	1560	(1)
Stiffness and Resonance	1561	(1)
Compound Barriers (Cavity Walls)	1562	(2)
Sound Transmission Class (STC)	1564	(3)
Composite Walls and Leaks	1567	(3)
Doors and Windows	1570	(4)
Diffraction: Barriers	1574	(3)
Flanking	1577	(1)
Speech Privacy	1577	(1)
Principles of Speech Privacy Between ENclosed Spaces	1577	(3)
Sound Isolation Descriptors	1580	(2)
Speech Privacy Design for Enclosed Spaces	1582	(3)
Principles of Speech Privacy in Open Area Offices	1585	(4)
Open Office Speech Privacy Levels and Descriptors	1589	(3)
Design Recommendations for Speech Privacy in Open Offices	1592	(3)
Structure-Borne Sound	1595	(1)
Structure-Borne Impact Noise	1595	(1)
Control of Impact Noise	1595	(2)
Impact Isolation Class (IIC)	1597	(1)
Mechanical System Noise Control	1597	(1)
Mechanical Noise Sources	1597	(1)
Quieting of Machines	1598	(1)
Duct System Noise Reduction	1599	(3)
Active Noise Cancellation	1602	(1)
Piping System Noise Reduction	1603	(2)
Electrical Equipment Noise	1605	(1)
Noise Problems Due to Equipment Location	1606	(1)
Sound Isolation Enclosures, Barriers and Damping	1607	(1)
STC and IIc Recommendations and Criteria	1607	(1)
Multiple Occupancy Residential STC/IIC Criteria	1607	(3)
Specific Occupancies	1610	(2)
Outdoor Acoustic Considerations	1612	(1)
Sound Power and Pressure Levels in Free Space (Outdoors)	1612	(1)
Building Siting	1613	(1)
Reference Material	1613	(1)
Glossary	1613	(5)
Reference Standards	1618	(1)
Units and Conversions	1618	(1)
Symbols	1618	(5)
PART X APPENDICES
Appendix A Climatic Conditions for the United States, canada, and mexico	1623	(12)
Appendix B Solar Data	1635	(26)
Appendix C Annual Solar performance	1661	(2)
Appendix D Sunshading	1663	(48)
D.1 Introduction	1693	(1)
D.2 Solar Position: Altitude and Azimuth	1693	(1)
D.3 Sun Time and Clock Time	1693	(2)
D.4 Sunpath Projection	1695	(6)
D.5 Shadow Angles and Shading Masks	1701	(1)
D.6 Use of Shading Masks	1702	(3)
D.7 Finite Horizontal Elements	1705	(6)
Appendix E Economic Analysis	1711	(6)
E.1 Economic Decision	1711	(1)
E.2 Life-Cycle Cost (LCC)	1711	(1)
E.3 Initial (Simple) Rate of Return	1712	(1)
E.4 Cost-Effectiveness Comparison	1713	(2)
E.5 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)	1715	(1)
E.6 Payback Period	1715	(2)
Appendix F Sound Transmission Data for Walls	1717	(12)
Appendix G Sound Transmission and Impact Insulation Data for Floor/Ceiling Construction	1729	(10)
Appendix H Options for Computation Assistance	1739	(2)
Appendix I Metrication; SI Units; Conversions	1741	(6)
I.1 General Comments on Metrication	1741	(1)
I.2 SI Nomenclature, Symbols	1741	(1)
I.3 Common Usage	1742	(1)
I.4 Conversion Factors	1743	(4)
Appendix J Ashrae Standards for Energy Efficient Building Design	1747	(16)
Index	1763