Mechanisms of Cortical Development

by Price, David J.; Willshaw, David J.

• ISBN13: 9780192624277
• ISBN10: 019262427X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-06-01
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This is the first book that attempts to bring together what is known about the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the development of the cortex in mammals. Ranging from the emergence of the forebrain from the neural plate to the functioning adult form, the authors draw on evidence from several species to provide a detailed description of processes at each stage. Where appropriate, evidence is extrapolated from non-mammalian species to generate hypotheses about mammalian development. In contrast to other texts of developmental biology, Mechanisms of Cortical Development integrates information on regulatory processes at the levels of molecules, cells and networks. The authors draw together an extensive literature on cellular development and structural morphology, biochemical and genetic events and hypotheses that have been subject to mathematical modelling. Important methodologies, such as transgenics and formal modelling, are explained for the non-specialist. Major future challenges are clearly identified. This is a unique contribution to the literature, combining the fundamentals of experimental developmental neurobiology with accessible neural modelling. It will be essential reading for neuroscientists in general as well as those with a particular interest in development.

Table of Contents

List of previous volumes in this series	xi
Introduction	1	(8)
The evolution of the cerebral cortex	1	(3)
Scope	4	(2)
Future challenges	6	(1)
Understanding disease through understanding development	7	(2)
Early development of the telencephalon	9	(40)
Mammalian embryogenesis and emergence of the forebrain	9	(6)
A fate map of the anterior neural plate	15	(1)
The developing telencephalon	16	(5)
Anatomy	16	(1)
Specification of telencephalic regional identity	17	(4)
Anatomy of the developing neocortex	21	(3)
Cell proliferation and migration in neocortical development	24	(9)
Proliferation	24	(5)
Cell migration	29	(4)
The switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis	33	(2)
Cell lineage	35	(5)
How are the fates of cortical cells determined?	40	(9)
Cells that persist. I. Laminar fates	40	(1)
Cells that persist. II: Areal fates	41	(3)
Cells that die	44	(5)
Molecular regulation of early forebrain and cortical development	49	(40)
Contributions from mouse developmental genetics	49	(2)
Methods for manipulating the mouse genome	51	(4)
Genes that regulate development in Drosophila have homologues in mammals	55	(2)
Types of molecule that regulate forebrain development	57	(7)
Transcription factors	57	(5)
Extracellular signalling and cell adhesion	62	(2)
Inductive interactions in forebrain development	64	(6)
Generation of regional diversity in forebrain	70	(5)
Formal models of regional specification	75	(3)
Regulation of size differences between major forebrain structures	78	(3)
Growth factors	79	(1)
Transcription factors	80	(1)
Molecular control of cell migration	81	(3)
Molecular control of differentiation	84	(5)
Regionalization	84	(1)
Lamination	85	(1)
Cortical cell types	86	(3)
Guidance of axons and innervation of cortical structures	89	(29)
Cortical connections in the adult brain	89	(3)
Observations on the development of cortical connections	92	(6)
Geniculocortical development	92	(3)
Corticofugal and corticocortical systems	95	(3)
Mechanisms controlling the development of axonal connections	98	(12)
The biochemistry of the growth cone	98	(3)
Mechanisms for axonal guidance	101	(9)
Genetic analysis of axonal guidance in non-mammalian species	110	(1)
Mechanisms of axonal guidance in the cortex	111	(7)
Trajectories of axonal growth in cortex	112	(3)
Interactions with targets. I. The subplate	115	(1)
Interactions with targets. II. Cortical plate	116	(1)
Interactions with targets. III. Thalamus and reticular nucleus	117	(1)
Map formation	118	(62)
Introduction	118	(6)
The development of topographically ordered maps of connections	124	(3)
Hypotheses for map formation	125	(2)
The development of topographic maps in non-cortical systems---experimental evidence	127	(14)
The role of fibre ordering in map making	127	(3)
The cytodifferentiation hypothesis	130	(7)
Neighbour matching hypothesis; activity-independent versus activity-dependent mechanisms	137	(2)
The induction of specificity hypothesis	139	(2)
The timing hypothesis	141	(1)
The development of topographic maps in cortical systems	141	(19)
The thalamo-cortical projection---is the cortical map specified prior to innervation?	141	(3)
Mapping to specific cortical areas	144	(6)
Development of callosal and ipsilateral corticocortical projections	150	(9)
Summary	159	(1)
The development of feature maps in the visual system	160	(6)
Development of geniculate projections to the visual cortex	164	(1)
Effects of neural activity, particularly relating to functional deprivation	164	(2)
Models for map making	166	(1)
Models for the development of topography	166	(9)
Models based on chemoaffinity	166	(5)
Activity-based mechanisms	171	(2)
Related models	173	(2)
Models for the development of cortical feature maps	175	(5)
Abstract models	178	(2)
Mechanisms controlling the development of cortical connections at the target	180	(35)
Introduction	180	(1)
Mechanisms of cell death	181	(4)
Neurotrophic factors	185	(7)
Growth factors.I. The neurotrophins	185	(5)
Growth factors. II. Other neurotrophic factors	190	(1)
Cytokines	191	(1)
Regulation of cell death in the developing cortex and its connections	192	(3)
The intracellular cell death machinery	192	(1)
Neurotrophic factors and their receptors	192	(2)
The neurotrophic hypothesis for cell death; does it apply in the cerebral cortex?	194	(1)
The modification of cortical connections and circuits by activity	195	(17)
Long-term potentiation and long-term depression	196	(1)
Neonatal cortical plasticity	197	(3)
Models for activity-dependent synaptic modification	200	(2)
Synaptic rearrangements that do not involve NMDA receptors	202	(2)
Molecular link between activity and synaptic change	204	(3)
Models of competition	207	(5)
The regulation of the dendritic growth of cortical neurons	212	(1)
Models of dendritic growth	213	(2)
Functional development of the cortex	215	(16)
Overview	215	(2)
Receptive field properties in sensory cortex	217	(2)
Development of receptive field properties in the visual cortex	219	(3)
Control of receptive field development	222	(1)
Investigation of the functional development of the cortex as a whole	223	(4)
Experimental methodologies	223	(2)
Theoretical approaches---constructivism	225	(2)
Acquisition of the highest levels of cortical function: development of language	227	(1)
Effects of lesions on development of cortical function in humans	228	(3)
Face-perception	229	(1)
Language	229	(2)
Bibliography	231	(66)
Glossary of terms and list of abbreviations	297	(8)
Index	305