Mechanosensing And Mechanochemical Transduction in Extracellular Matrix

by Silver, Frederick H.; Cowin, Stephen C.

• ISBN13: 9780387256313
• ISBN10: 0387256318
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-06-23
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Mechanosensing and Mechanochemical Transduction in Extracellular Matrix is the only single authored text on biological polymers available for bioengineering and biomedical engineering students. This book describes the structure of polymers and how these molecules are put together to make the tissues of the body and also their role in surgical implants and in structural diseases. Mechanosensing and Mechanochemical Transduction in Extracellular Matrix is intended to serve as a textbook at the graduate and advanced undergraduate level in a biomedical engineering curriculum.

Author Biography

Frederick H. Silver, Ph.D., is an expert on the effect of mechanical forces on extracellular matrix. He has been a faculty member in Biomedical Engineeering departments at Boston University, University of Minnesota and Rutgers University. He is currently Professor of Pathology and Laboratory medicine at UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School.

Table of Contents

Foreword	v
Preface	vii
Acknowledgments	ix
Chapter 1: Introduction to Mechanochemical Transduction in Tissues	1	(27)
1.1 Background	1	(7)
1.1.1 Significance	3	(1)
1.1.2 Background Definitions	4	(4)
1.2 Cell and ECM Macromolecular Structure	8	(12)
1.2.1 Cellular Components	8	(8)
1.2.2 Macromolecular Structure	16	(4)
1.3 Mineralized Versus Nonmineralized Tissues	20	(1)
1.4 Cell Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, and Mechanochemical Transduction	20	(2)
1.5 Internal Stresses in Tissues	22	(2)
1.5.1 Internal Stresses Acting within Cartilage	23	(1)
1.6 Mechanical Properties	24	(1)
1.7 Mechanochemical Transduction Processes	25	(1)
1.8 Scope of Book	25	(2)
Suggested Reading	27	(1)
Chapter 2: Macromolecular Structures in Tissues	28	(48)
2.1 Introduction	28	(3)
2.2 Protein Structure	31	(31)
2.2.1 Stereochemistry of Polypeptides	31	(6)
2.2.2 Primary and Secondary Structure	37	(8)
2.2.3 Supramolecular Structure	45	(11)
2.2.3.1 Primary and Secondary Structures of Proteins	45	(1)
2.2.3.2 α Helix	45	(1)
2.2.3.3 β Sheet	45	(2)
2.2.3.4 Collagens	47	(9)
2.2.3.4.1 Collagen Triple Helix	50	(4)
2.2.3.4.2 Random Chain Coils	54	(2)
2.2.4 Examples of Other Proteins	56	(3)
2.2.4.1 Keratin	56	(2)
2.2.4.2 Actin and Myosin	58	(1)
2.2.5 Cell Attachment Factors	59	(1)
2.2.6 Integrins	60	(2)
2.2.7 Fibrinogen	62	(1)
2.2.8 Tubulin	62	(1)
2.3 Polysaccharides	62	(6)
2.3.1 Stereochemistry of Sugars	63	(1)
2.3.2 Stereochemistry of Polysaccharides	63	(3)
2.3.2.1 Supramolecular Structure	66	(1)
2.3.3 Structure of Glycosaminoglycans	66	(2)
2.4 Glycoprotein and Proteoglycan Structure	68	(4)
2.5 Stereochemistry of Lipids	72	(1)
2.6 Stereochemistry of Nucleic Acids	73	(1)
2.6.1 Primary and Secondary Structure of DNA and RNA	73	(1)
2.7 Relationship Between Higher-Order Structures and Mechanical Properties	74	(1)
2.8 Summary	74	(1)
Suggested Reading	75	(1)
Chapter 3: Microscopic and Macroscopic Structure of Tissues	76	(44)
3.1 Introduction	76	(6)
3.1.1 Generalized Approach to Tissue Structural Analyses	81	(1)
3.2 Structure of External and Internal Lining Tissues	82	(12)
3.2.1 Histology of Alveoli and Bronchus	84	(1)
3.2.2 Histology of Cornea	85	(1)
3.2.3 Oral Histology	85	(1)
3.2.4 Histology of Peritoneum and Pleura	86	(1)
3.2.5 Histology of Skin	87	(6)
3.2.5.1 Detailed Structure and Composition of Skin	88	(5)
3.2.6 Histology of Uterus	93	(1)
3.3 Conduit and Holding Structures	94	(8)
3.3.1 Structure of Blood Vessels and Lymphatics	95	(4)
3.3.1.1 Detailed Structure and Composition of Blood Vessels	96	(3)
3.3.2 Structure of Stomach and Intestines	99	(2)
3.3.3 Structure of Bladder and Ureter	101	(1)
3.4 Parenchymal or Organ Supporting Structures	102	(1)
3.5 Skeletal Structures	102	(17)
3.5.1 Detailed Structure and Composition of Hyaline Cartilage	107	(7)
3.5.1.1 Macromolecular Components of Articular Cartilage	109	(3)
3.5.1.2 Collagen Fibril Orientation in Articular Cartilage	112	(1)
3.5.1.3 Zonal Structure of Articular Cartilage	112	(2)
3.5.2 Detailed Structure and Composition Tendon, Ligament, and Joint Capsule	114	(2)
3.5.2.1 Role of Proteoglycans (PGs) in Tendon	115	(1)
3.5.3 Detailed Structure of Mineralizing Tendon	116	(3)
3.6 Summary	119	(1)
Suggested Reading	119	(1)
Chapter 4: Determination of Physical Structure and Modeling	120	(20)
4.1 Introduction	120	(1)
4.2 Viscosity	121	(5)
4.2.1 What Is Viscosity?	122	(1)
4.2.2 Determination of the Shape Factor	123	(1)
4.2.3 Determination of Intrinsic Viscosity	123	(2)
4.2.4 Intrinsic Viscosity of Biological Macromolecules	125	(1)
4.3 Light Scattering	126	(4)
4.4 Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering	130	(4)
4.5 Ultracentrifugation	134	(1)
4.6 Electron Microscopy	135	(2)
4.7 Determination of Physical Parameters for Biological Macromolecules	137	(1)
4.8 Summary	138	(1)
Suggested Reading	139	(1)
Chapter 5: Self-Assembly of Biological Macromolecules	140	(28)
5.1 Introduction	140	(2)
5.2 Theory of Assembly of Biological Macromolecules	142	(2)
5.3 Methods for Studying Self-Assembly Processes	144	(5)
5.3.1 Light Scattering	145	(2)
5.3.2 Equilibrium Ultracentrifugation	147	(1)
5.3.3 Electron Microscopy	148	(1)
5.4 Collagen Self-Assembly	149	(10)
5.4.1 Collagen Assemby in Developing Tendon	152	(7)
5.5 Assembly of Cytoskeletal Components	159	(4)
5.5.1 Actin Self-Assembly	159	(1)
5.5.2 Tubulin	160	(3)
5.6 Actin–Myosin Interaction	163	(1)
5.7 Fibrinogen	163	(2)
5.8 Summary	165	(1)
Suggested Reading	166	(2)
Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Biological Macromolecules	168	(13)
6.1 Introduction	168	(2)
6.2 Mechanical Properties of Model Polypeptides	170	(4)
6.3 Mechanical Properties of Collagenous Tissues	174	(5)
6.3.1 Mechanical Properties of Oriented Collagen Networks	174	(2)
6.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Alignable Collagen Networks	176	(1)
6.3.3 Mechanical Properties of Alignable Composite Networks	176	(2)
6.3.4 Mechanical Properties of Hard Tissue	178	(1)
6.4 Cellular Contribution	179	(1)
6.5 Summary	179	(1)
Suggested Reading	180	(1)
Chapter 7: Viscoelastic Mechanical Properties of Tissues	181	(18)
7.1 Introduction	181	(3)
7.2 Viscoelastic Behavior	184	(1)
7.3 Molecular Basis of Elastic and Viscous Properties	184	(1)
7.4 Experimental Determination of Elastic and Viscous Mechanical Properties	185	(11)
7.4.1 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Stress—Strain Curves for Tendon	186	(1)
7.4.2 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Stress—Strain Curves for Model Collagen Fiber Systems	187	(5)
7.4.3 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Stress—Strain Curves for Skin	192	(1)
7.4.4 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Properties of Vessel Wall	193	(1)
7.4.5 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Properties of Cartilage	193	(2)
7.4.6 Determination of Elastic and Viscous Properties of Mineralized Tendon	195	(1)
7.4.7 Effects of Strain Rate and Cyclic Loading	195	(1)
7.5 Internal Loads in ECMs and the Net Load and Stress	196	(1)
7.6 Summary	197	(1)
Suggested Reading	197	(2)
Chapter 8: Models of Mechanical Properties of ECMs	199	(12)
8.1 Introduction	199	(1)
8.2 Modeling Techniques	199	(4)
8.3 Mechanical Modeling of Aligned Connective Tissue	203	(5)
8.3.1 Mechanical Models of Mineralized Tendon	206	(2)
8.4 Mechanical Models of Orientable Connective Tissue	208	(1)
8.5 Mechanical Models of Composite ECMs	208	(1)
8.6 Mechanical Models of Vessel Walls	209	(3)
8.7 Summary	212	(1)
Suggested Reading	212
Chapter 9: Mechanochemical Sensing and Transduction	211	(51)
9.1 Introduction	211	(1)
9.2 How Is Gravity Sensed by Cells?	212	(6)
9.2.1 Gravity and Cellular Responses	213	(5)
9.3 Intracellular Signal Transduction Mechanisms	218	(5)
9.3.1 How Does Mechanosensing Occur?	222	(1)
9.3.2 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Protein Synthesis	222	(1)
9.3.3 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Intercellular Communication	223	(1)
9.4 Stresses in Extracellular Matrices and Mechanochemical Transduction	223	(7)
9.4.1 Internal Tensile Stresses in Skin	225	(1)
9.4.2 Internal Tensile Stresses in Cartilage	226	(3)
9.4.3 Internal Stresses in Bone	229	(1)
9.4.4 Internal Stresses in Vessel Wall	229	(1)
9.4.5 Internal Stresses in Lung	230	(1)
9.5 Influence of External Forces on the Behavior of Skin and Skin Cells	230	(4)
9.5.1 Influence of External Forces on Vessel Walls	231	(1)
9.5.2 Influence of External Forces on Bone	232	(2)
9.5.3 Influence of Internal and External Forces on Lung	234	(1)
9.6 Summary of the Effects of Internal and External Mechanical Forces	234	(1)
9.7 Influence of External Forces on Macromolecular Components of ECM	235	(1)
9.8 Effects of Physical Forces on Cell–ECM Interactions	236	(14)
9.8.1 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Skin Cells	237	(3)
9.8.2 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Lung Cells	240	(2)
9.8.3 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Vessel Wall Cells	242	(1)
9.8.4 Mechanochemical Transduction by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs)	243	(2)
9.8.5 Influence of Soluble Mediators and Mechanical Forces on Articular Cartilage Cells	245	(2)
9.8.6 Influence of Mechanical Forces on Bone-Forming Cells	247	(3)
9.9 Summary	250	(1)
References	251	(11)
Chapter 10: Mechanochemical Transduction and Its Role in Biology	262	(9)
10.1 Introduction	262	(1)
10.2 Relationship Between Mechanotransduction and Aging	263	(1)
10.3 Design and Use of Medical Implants Including Engineered Tissues	264	(1)
10.4 Relationship Between Mechanochemical Transduction and Connective Tissue Diseases	265	(4)
10.5 Wound Healing and Scarring	269	(1)
10.6 Summary	270	(1)
Index	271