Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles

by McArthur, Stuart; Wilkinson, Roger; Meyer, Jean

• ISBN13: 9781405108898
• ISBN10: 1405108894
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-03-12
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles is an innovative and exciting new reference book on the management of chelonians. Covering everything from species identification to virus isolation techniques, it is an indispensable source of information for veterinary practitioners treating sick or injured chelonians and all those involved in captive chelonian care, chelonian conservation medicine, and scientific research.Written by leading chelonian veterinarians from around the world, this definitive book includes:Detailed sections on anatomy, physiology, husbandry, nutrition, diagnosis, diseases, anaesthesia, surgery, therapeutics and conservation.Over 1000 full-colour photographs, which take the reader through disease recognition, practical nursing, captive husbandry and common surgical conditions.Down-to-earth clinical information presented in a user-friendly format.Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles is both a step-by-step photographic guide and a detailed source of clinical and scientific data. As well as this, it contains fascinating material that has never been published before, ensuring that it will become the primary chelonian reference book.

Author Biography

Stuart McArthur, Roger Wilkinson and Jean Meyer

Table of Contents

Dedications	xvi
Foreword	xvii
List of Contributors	xviii
Introduction	1	(30)
Stuart McArthur
Roger Wilkinson
Michelle Barrows
Jean Meyer
Disclaimer	1	(1)
Dealing with chelonians	1	(1)
Information regarding general care of captive chelonians	1	(2)
Chelonian consultations	3	(1)
Taxonomy	3	(28)
Infectious Agents	31	(4)
Stuart McArthur
Potential zoonotic agents	31	(1)
Salmonella	31	(1)
Other zoonotic agents	32	(1)
Chelonian infectious agents	32	(1)
Bacterial and mycotic agents commonly resulting in opportunist infections in chelonians	32	(3)
Anatomy and Physiology	35	(38)
Stuart McArthur
Jean Meyer
Charles Innis
Shell and skeleton	35	(1)
Stuart McArthur
Skin	36	(1)
Stuart McArthur
Body cavities	37	(1)
Stuart McArthur
Respiratory system	38	(2)
Stuart McArthur
Upper respiratory tract	38	(1)
Lower respiratory tract	38	(1)
Respiratory function	39	(1)
Respiratory flora	40	(1)
Circulatory system	40	(4)
Stuart McArthur
Alterations in pulmonary and central circulation (the dive reflex)	40	(1)
Renal portal system	40	(4)
Senses	44	(2)
Stuart McArthur
Jean Meyer
Sight	44	(1)
Olfaction	45	(1)
Hearing	46	(1)
Gastrointestinal system	46	(6)
Stuart McArthur
Jean Meyer
Upper digestive tract	46	(1)
Lower digestive tract	46	(2)
Cloaca	48	(1)
Liver	49	(1)
Pancreas	50	(1)
Jean Meyer
Digestive physiology	50	(1)
Jean Meyer
Gut motility and ingesta passage time	51	(1)
Ingestion of non-food material	51	(1)
Normal chelonian gut flora	51	(1)
Urinary system	52	(5)
Stuart McArthur
Urinary anatomy	52	(1)
Urinary physiology	53	(2)
Chelonian excretion patterns	55	(1)
The role of the bladder and lower digestive tract in electrolyte and fluid balance	55	(2)
Reproductive system	57	(6)
Stuart McArthur
Reproductive anatomy	57	(1)
Identifying gender	57	(2)
Intersexuality	59	(1)
Mating and hybridisation	59	(1)
Reproductive endocrinology	59	(1)
Folliculogenesis and vitellogenesis	59	(1)
Ovulation	60	(1)
Fertilisation and egg development	60	(1)
Oviposition	60	(1)
Clutch size	61	(1)
Egg management	61	(1)
Environmental sex determination (ESD)	62	(1)
Normal development and anatomy	63	(1)
Egg chamber structure, temperature and oxygen gradient	63	(1)
Infertility and embryonic death	63	(5)
Charles Innis
Temperature	63	(2)
Humidity and substrate saturation	65	(1)
Gas exchange	65	(1)
Maternal nutrition	66	(1)
Substrate effects	66	(1)
Egg position, rotation and vibration	66	(1)
Infection	66	(1)
Genetic factors and inbreeding	66	(1)
Iatrogenic death	67	(1)
Miscellaneous potential causes of embryonic death	67	(1)
Diagnostic approach to embryonic death	67	(1)
Prevention of late embryonic death	67	(1)
Male infertility	68	(1)
Endocrine system	68	(5)
Stuart McArthur
Jean Meyer
Pancreatic hormones	68	(1)
Jean Meyer
Reproductive endocrinology	69	(1)
Stuart McArthur
Calcium metabolism	69	(2)
Stuart McArthur
Thyroid	71	(2)
Jean Meyer
Nutrition	73	(14)
Stuart McArthur
Michelle Barrows
Selection of an appropriate diet	73	(1)
Feeding herbivorous chelonians	74	(5)
General advice for feeding herbivorous tortoises	77	(1)
Suitable dietary components	78	(1)
Food analysis	78	(1)
Feeding omnivorous tortoises and semi-aquatic chelonians	79	(2)
Omnivorous tortoises	79	(1)
Semi-aquatic chelonians	80	(1)
Diets suitable for omnivorous chelonians	80	(1)
Vitamin, mineral and trace-element supplementation	81	(1)
Juveniles	81	(1)
Adults	81	(1)
Reproductively-active females	81	(1)
Protein	81	(1)
Sources of protein	81	(1)
Quantity of protein	81	(1)
Nutritional disease in captive chelonians	82	(5)
Common nutritional diseases and their signs	82	(5)
General Care of Chelonians	87	(22)
Stuart McArthur
Michelle Barrows
Housing	87	(1)
Housing terrestrial chelonians	87	(2)
Outdoor and indoor enclosures	87	(2)
Substrate	89	(1)
Housing semi-aquatic turtles	89	(1)
Water	89	(1)
Haul-out area	89	(1)
Stocking levels	89	(1)
Temperature, lighting and humidity	90	(1)
Temperature	90	(9)
Terminology	90	(4)
Thermoperiodicity	94	(1)
Measuring enclosure temperature	94	(1)
Measuring temperatures within hibernacula	95	(1)
Choice of heat source	95	(1)
Heat provision	96	(2)
Basking species	98	(1)
Non-basking terrestrial species	99	(1)
Semi-aquatic and aquatic species	99	(1)
Hibernation temperatures	99	(1)
Lighting	99	(1)
Photoperiod	100	(1)
Humidity	100	(2)
Hibernation, neonates and marine turtles	102	(1)
Hibernation	102	(2)
Safe hibernation management	104	(1)
Post-hibernation management	104	(1)
Care of neonates	104	(2)
Marine turtles	106	(3)
Diagnosis	109	(32)
Michelle Barrows
Stuart McArthur
Roger Wilkinson
Clinical Examination	109	(1)
History/anamnesis	109	(1)
Examination	110	(7)
Examination room	110	(1)
Examination precautions	111	(1)
Restraint	111	(1)
Species, age and gender determination	112	(1)
Observation	113	(1)
Weighing and measuring	113	(2)
Cloacal temperature	115	(1)
Auscultation and percussion	115	(1)
Palpation	115	(1)
Examining the head and mouth	116	(1)
Access to the limbs	117	(1)
Pulse oximetry	117	(1)
Physical examination of individuals	117	(4)
Shell	117	(1)
Limbs	118	(1)
Skin	119	(1)
Head and associated structures	119	(2)
Cloaca	121	(1)
Other	121	(1)
Examination of groups	121	(1)
Examination of animals in the wild	121	(1)
Marine turtles	122	(1)
Visual inspection	122	(1)
Common conditions	122	(1)
Criteria for release, treatment or euthanasia	123	(1)
Diagnostic investigations	123	(1)
Infectious diseases	123	(1)
Diagnostic Techniques	123	(1)
Michelle Barrows
Roger Wilkinson
Stuart McArthur
Post-mortem examination	123	(1)
Michelle Barrows
Equipment and protocol	124	(1)
Practical clinical pathology	124	(8)
Roger Wilkinson
Blood testing	124	(5)
Bacteriology	129	(1)
Cytology	130	(1)
Faecal samples	130	(1)
Urine samples	131	(1)
Urates (gout)	131	(1)
Electron microscopy (EM)	131	(1)
Virus isolation	131	(1)
Molecular tests (PCR)	131	(1)
Immunohistochemistry	132	(1)
Marine turtles	132	(1)
Venepuncture	132	(9)
Stuart McArthur
Suggested collection protocol	132	(1)
Phlebotomy and venous access sites	132	(1)
Jugular veins	132	(2)
Dorsal venous sinus (dorsal coccygeal vein)	134	(1)
Cardiocentesis	135	(1)
Dorsal cervical sinus	136	(1)
Subcarapacial (subvertebral) venous sinus	137	(1)
Other sites	138	(3)
Clinical Pathology	141	(46)
Roger Wilkinson
Laboratory Investigation	141	(1)
Blood sampling	141	(3)
Sample volume	141	(1)
Sampling frequency	141	(1)
Factors affecting results	142	(2)
Haematology	144	(8)
White blood cells	144	(5)
'Normal' haematological values	149	(2)
Interpretation of haematology results	151	(1)
Haemoparasites	151	(1)
Blood biochemistry	152	(10)
Blood biochemistry values	152	(3)
Interpretation of results	155	(7)
Assessing hydration status	162	(2)
History of weight change	162	(1)
Clinical signs	163	(1)
Haematocrit	163	(1)
Blood biochemistry	163	(1)
Uric acid and urea	163	(1)
Urine specific gravity (SG)	163	(1)
Tear gland secretion	163	(1)
Blood osmolality and its implications for fluid therapy	164	(1)
Coagulation parameters	164	(1)
Bone marrow biopsy	164	(1)
Cytology	165	(3)
Skin and shell	166	(1)
Oral cavity	166	(1)
Respiratory system	167	(1)
Coelomic fluid	167	(1)
Soft-tissue masses	167	(1)
Joint fluid	167	(1)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)	167	(1)
Parasitology and faecal examination	168	(3)
Ectoparasites	168	(1)
Endoparasites	168	(1)
Faecal examination	169	(2)
Identification of faecal endoparasites	171	(1)
Urinalysis	171	(6)
Urine solids	171	(1)
Cystic calculi	171	(1)
Specific gravity (SG)	171	(4)
pH	175	(1)
Ketones	176	(1)
Protein	176	(1)
Possible indicators of renal disease	176	(1)
Histopathology	177	(1)
Toxicology	177	(1)
Microorganisms	177	(1)
Virology	177	(7)
Stuart McArthur
Roger Wilkinson
Bacteriology	184	(1)
Mycoplasmata	185	(1)
Mycology	186	(1)
Mycobacteria	186	(1)
Diagnostic Imaging Techniques	187	(52)
Roger Wilkinson
Stephen Hernandez-Divers
Maud Lafortune
Ian Calvert
Michaela Gumpenberger
Stuart McArthur
Ultrasonography	187	(1)
Roger Wilkinson
Apparatus	187	(1)
Examination technique	188	(7)
Cervicobrachial acoustic window	188	(5)
Axillary acoustic window	193	(1)
Prefemoral acoustic window	193	(2)
Eggs	195	(1)
Summarised interpretation	195	(1)
Radiography	195	(1)
Stephen Hernandez-Divers
Maud Lafortune
Equipment	196	(1)
Radiology units	196	(1)
Film and intensifying screens	197	(1)
Radiographic views	197	(1)
Dorsoventral (vertical beam)	197	(1)
Lateral (horizontal beam)	198	(1)
Craniocaudal (horizontal beam)	198	(1)
Head and limbs	198	(1)
Musculoskeletal system	198	(4)
Nutritional metabolic bone disease	198	(1)
Soft-tissue mineralisation	199	(1)
Fractures	199	(1)
Traumatic joint dislocations	200	(1)
Degenerative joint disease	200	(2)
Osteomyelitis	202	(1)
Gastrointestinal system	202	(5)
Contrast studies	203	(1)
Alimentary blockage	204	(1)
Lead poisoning	204	(3)
Urogenital system	207	(1)
Genital tract	207	(1)
Urinary tract	208	(1)
Cardiopulmonary system	208	(1)
Heart	208	(1)
Lungs	208	(1)
Summarised interpretation	208	(4)
Endoscopy	212	(1)
Stephen Hernandez-Divers
Maud Lafortune
Equipment	212	(2)
Flexible endoscopes	212	(1)
Rigid endoscopes	213	(1)
Light sources, cameras and recording equipment	213	(1)
Equipment and patient preparation	214	(1)
Endoscopy techniques	214	(13)
Restraint, positioning and entry site preparation	214	(1)
Endoscopic approaches to various organs	215	(1)
Coelioscopy	215	(2)
Gastroscopy	217	(8)
Pneumoscopy	225	(1)
Organ biopsy	226	(1)
Summary	227	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	227	(1)
Ian Calvert
MRI physics	227	(1)
Metal objects	228	(1)
Resolution and availability	228	(1)
Restraint	229	(1)
Views	229	(4)
Cardiovascular structures	229	(1)
Lung fields	230	(1)
Liver	231	(1)
Intestinal tract	231	(1)
Reproductive tract	232	(1)
Kidneys	233	(2)
Bladder	234	(1)
Skeletal system	234	(1)
Nervous system	235	(1)
Computed Tomography (CT)	235	(3)
Michaela Gumpenberger
Scintigraphic Imaging	238	(1)
Stuart McArthur
Hospitalisation	239	(18)
Stuart McArthur
Benefits of hospitalisation	239	(1)
Diagnosis	239	(1)
Stabilisation	239	(1)
Patient monitoring	240	(1)
Pain control	240	(1)
Complex management/therapy	240	(1)
Medium- to long-term care	240	(1)
Rehabilitation of wild species	240	(1)
Problems associated with hospitalisation	240	(1)
Size	240	(1)
Cost	240	(1)
Separation anxiety	240	(1)
Inadequate hospitalisation and maladaptation	240	(1)
Pre-treatment assessment	241	(1)
Accommodation	241	(1)
General points	241	(3)
Managing the vivarium environment	244	(5)
Heat	244	(4)
Photoperiod and light	248	(1)
Humidity	249	(1)
Furnishing	249	(1)
Hospitalisation vivaria	249	(1)
Terrestrial chelonians	249	(1)
Low-humidity-loving basking species	249	(1)
High-humidity-loving non-basking species	250	(1)
Semi-aquatic chelonians	250	(1)
Small species	250	(1)
Larger species	251	(1)
Marine chelonians	251	(2)
Land-based tanks and pools	252	(1)
Flotation tanks	253	(1)
Hospital care	253	(1)
Hospitalisation care plans and in-patient forms	253	(1)
Staff	253	(1)
Limiting the risk of infection	254	(1)
Barrier nursing	254	(1)
Disinfection and cleaning	254	(1)
Water from semi-aquatic, aquatic and marine facilities	254	(1)
Maternity facility	254	(1)
Recovery period	254	(1)
Discharging the patient	255	(2)
Feeding Techniques and Fluids	257	(16)
Stuart McArthur
Feeding techniques	257	(1)
Oesophagostomy tube	257	(7)
Equipment	263	(1)
Placement	263	(1)
Tube care	263	(1)
Removal	264	(1)
Semi-aquatic species	264	(1)
Fluid managment	264	(1)
Routes of fluid administration	264	(5)
Oral fluids	265	(2)
Fluids by stomach tube (gavage)	267	(1)
Fluids by oesophagostomy tube	268	(1)
Epicoelomic fluid injection	268	(1)
Intracoelomic fluid injection	268	(1)
Intraosseous fluids	268	(1)
Intravenous fluids	268	(1)
Bathing and cloacal fluids (lower urinary tract absorption)	269	(1)
Subcutaneous fluids	269	(1)
Over-hydration	269	(1)
Fluids for oral rehydration	269	(1)
Systemic fluid therapy	269	(1)
Dehydration	270	(1)
Signs of dehydration/hypovolaemia	270	(1)
Biochemical changes (uricotelic species)	271	(2)
Interpretation of Presenting Signs	273	(28)
Stuart McArthur
Emaciation	273	(1)
Anorexia	273	(1)
Inactivity/lethargy	273	(1)
Generalised weakness	273	(1)
Excessive weight gain	273	(1)
Underweight	274	(1)
Paresis	274	(1)
Ataxia, convulsion, circling	274	(1)
Abnormal mucous membrane colour	274	(1)
Apparent anaemia	274	(1)
Mucous membrane pallor	274	(1)
Jaundice	274	(1)
Abnormal flotation	274	(1)
Post-hibernation anorexia	275	(1)
Blepharoedema	275	(1)
Blepharospasm	275	(1)
Corneal lesions	275	(1)
Blindness	275	(1)
Ocular discharge	275	(1)
Nasal discharge	275	(1)
Dyspnoea	276	(1)
Excessive extension of neck	276	(1)
Stomatitis	276	(1)
Pharyngeal oedema	276	(1)
Excessive salivation	276	(1)
Vomiting/regurgitation	276	(1)
Gastroliths	276	(1)
Diarrhoea	276	(1)
Failure to defecate	276	(1)
Subcutaneous swelling	276	(1)
Generalised oedema	277	(1)
Coelomic swelling	277	(1)
Coelomic mass	277	(1)
Dystocia	277	(1)
Penile prolapse	277	(1)
Cloacal organ prolapse	277	(1)
Cloacal haemorrhage	277	(1)
Joint swelling	278	(1)
Lameness	278	(1)
Trauma	278	(1)
Excessive odour	278	(1)
Dermatitis	278	(1)
Excessive sloughing of skin	278	(1)
Excessive shedding of scutes	278	(1)
Excessive skin shedding	278	(1)
Shell ulceration	278	(1)
Shell fracture	279	(1)
Shell distortion	279	(1)
Pyramiding of shell	279	(1)
Flat shell	279	(1)
Soft shell	279	(1)
Shell discolouration	279	(1)
Overgrowth of beak and nails	279	(1)
Plastronal lesions	279	(1)
Plastronal discolouration	279	(1)
Swelling of lateral head	279	(1)
Burns	279	(1)
Deflated limbs	279	(1)
Sunken eyes	279	(1)
Decreased skin elasticity	279	(1)
Failure to urinate	279	(1)
Uroliths	280	(1)
Urine pH	280	(1)
Limb trauma	280	(1)
Green urine	280	(21)
Problem-Solving Approach to Conditions of Marine Turtles	301	(8)
Stuart McArthur
Hypoglycaemia	301	(1)
Aetiology	301	(1)
Clinical signs	301	(1)
History	301	(1)
Diagnosis	301	(1)
Treatment	301	(1)
Cold stunning	301	(1)
Aetiology	301	(1)
Clinical signs	301	(1)
History	302	(1)
Diagnosis	302	(1)
Treatment	302	(1)
Moribund animals -- resuscitation	302	(1)
Aetiology	302	(1)
Clinical signs	302	(1)
History	302	(1)
Diagnosis	302	(1)
Treatment	302	(1)
Entanglement	303	(1)
Aetiology	303	(1)
Clinical signs	303	(1)
History	303	(1)
Diagnosis	303	(1)
Treatment	303	(1)
Gastrointestinal tract obstruction	303	(1)
Aetiology	303	(1)
Clinical signs	303	(1)
Diagnosis	303	(1)
Treatment	303	(1)
Parasitism	303	(1)
Aetiology	303	(1)
Clinical signs	303	(1)
History	303	(1)
Diagnosis	304	(1)
Treatment	304	(1)
Flotation abnormalities	304	(1)
Aetiology	304	(1)
Clinical signs	304	(1)
Diagnosis	304	(1)
Treatment	304	(1)
Fibropapillomatosis	304	(1)
Aetiology	304	(1)
Clinical signs	304	(1)
History	304	(1)
Diagnosis	304	(1)
Treatment	304	(1)
Petrol and oil toxicity	305	(1)
Aetiology	305	(1)
Clinical signs	305	(1)
History	305	(1)
Diagnosis	305	(1)
Treatment	305	(1)
Trauma	305	(1)
Aetiology	305	(1)
Clinical signs	305	(1)
Prevention (Inshore management)	305	(1)
Diagnosis	305	(1)
Treatment	305	(1)
Constipation	306	(1)
Aetiology	306	(1)
Clinical signs	306	(1)
History	306	(1)
Diagnosis	306	(1)
Treatment	306	(1)
Nutritional problems	306	(1)
Aetiology	306	(1)
Treatment	306	(1)
Eimeria and Caryospora	306	(3)
Clinical significance	306	(1)
Diagnosis	307	(1)
Treatment	307	(2)
Problem-Solving Approach to Common Diseases of Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Chelonians	309	(70)
Stuart McArthur
Anorexia	309	(1)
Aetiology	309	(1)
Clinical signs	309	(1)
History	309	(1)
Diagnosis	309	(1)
Treatment	310	(1)
Beak deformities	310	(1)
Aetiology	310	(1)
Clinical signs	310	(1)
History	310	(1)
Diagnosis	310	(1)
Treatment	310	(1)
Cloacal organ prolapse	310	(4)
Aetiology	310	(4)
Clinical signs	314	(1)
History	314	(1)
Diagnosis	314	(1)
Treatment	314	(1)
Cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions	314	(1)
Aetiology	314	(1)
Clinical signs	314	(1)
History	314	(1)
Diagnosis	315	(1)
Treatment	315	(1)
Cystic calculi	315	(1)
Aetiology	315	(1)
Clinical signs	315	(1)
History	315	(1)
Diagnosis	315	(1)
Treatment	315	(1)
Diarrhoea	315	(1)
Aetiology	315	(1)
Clinical signs	316	(1)
History	316	(1)
Diagnosis	316	(1)
Treatment	316	(1)
Dystocia	316	(3)
Aetiology	316	(1)
Clinical signs	317	(1)
History	317	(1)
Diagnosis	317	(1)
Treatment	317	(2)
Ear infections	319	(4)
Aetiology	319	(1)
Clinical signs	319	(1)
History	320	(2)
Diagnosis	322	(1)
Treatment	323	(1)
Ectoparasites	323	(1)
Aetiology	323	(1)
Clinical signs	324	(1)
History	324	(1)
Diagnosis	324	(1)
Treatment	324	(1)
Endoparasites	324	(1)
Aetiology	324	(1)
Clinical signs	325	(1)
History	325	(1)
Diagnosis	325	(1)
Treatment	325	(1)
Follicular stasis	325	(4)
Aetiology	325	(1)
Loss of social cues	325	(3)
Clinical signs	328	(1)
History	328	(1)
Diagnosis	328	(1)
Treatment	328	(1)
Induce ovulation	329	(1)
Prevention	329	(1)
Frost damage	329	(1)
Aetiology	329	(1)
Clinical signs	329	(1)
History	330	(1)
Diagnosis	330	(1)
Treatment	330	(1)
Gout	330	(2)
Aetiology	330	(1)
Clinical signs	331	(1)
History	331	(1)
Diagnosis	331	(1)
Treatment	331	(1)
Heat damage	332	(1)
Aetiology	332	(1)
Clinical signs	333	(1)
History	333	(1)
Diagnosis	333	(1)
Treatment	333	(1)
Hepatic disease	333	(1)
Aetiology	333	(1)
Clinical signs	333	(1)
History	333	(1)
Diagnosis	333	(1)
Treatment	333	(1)
Hepatic lipidosis	333	(2)
Aetiology	333	(1)
Clinical signs	334	(1)
History	334	(1)
Diagnosis	334	(1)
Treatment	335	(1)
Hypervitaminosis A	335	(1)
Aetiology	335	(1)
Clinical signs	335	(1)
History	335	(1)
Diagnosis	336	(1)
Treatment	336	(1)
Hypothyroidism/hypoiodinism	336	(1)
Aetiology	336	(1)
Clinical signs	336	(1)
History	336	(1)
Diagnosis	337	(1)
Treatment	337	(1)
Hypovitaminosis A	337	(3)
Aetiology	337	(1)
Clinical signs	337	(1)
History	338	(1)
Diagnosis	338	(1)
Treatment	339	(1)
Hypovitaminosis B1 (thiamine)	340	(1)
Lower digestive tract disease	340	(1)
Intestinal impaction/obstruction	340	(3)
Aetiology	340	(2)
Clinical signs	342	(1)
History	342	(1)
Diagnosis	342	(1)
Treatment	343	(1)
Charles Innis
Roger Wilkinson
Stuart McArthur
Enteritis and colitis	343	(1)
Clinical significance	343	(1)
Diagnosis	343	(1)
Treatment	343	(1)
Fungal enteritis	343	(1)
Clinical significance	343	(1)
Diagnosis	343	(1)
Treatment	344	(1)
Amoebiasis	344	(1)
Clinical significance	344	(1)
Diagnosis	344	(1)
Treatment	344	(1)
Balantidium and Nyctotherus	345	(1)
Clinical significance	345	(1)
Diagnosis	346	(1)
Treatment	346	(1)
Coccidians	346	(1)
Clinical significance	346	(1)
Diagnosis	346	(1)
Cryptosporidiosis	346	(1)
Clinical significance	346	(1)
Diagnosis	346	(1)
Treatment	346	(1)
Trichomonas/flagellates	346	(1)
Clinical significance	346	(1)
Diagnosis	347	(1)
Treatment	347	(1)
Hexamita	347	(1)
Clinical significance	347	(1)
Diagnosis	347	(1)
Treatment	347	(1)
Metazoan parasites	347	(1)
Ascarids	347	(1)
Clinical significance	347	(1)
Diagnosis	348	(1)
Treatment	348	(1)
Oxyurids (Pinworms)	348	(1)
Clinical significance	348	(1)
Diagnosis	348	(1)
Treatment	348	(1)
Proatractis	348	(1)
Clinical significance	348	(1)
Diagnosis	348	(1)
Treatment	349	(1)
Other metazoan parasites	349	(1)
Flukes	349	(1)
Spirurids	349	(1)
Acanthocephalans	349	(1)
Cestodes	349	(1)
Neoplasia of the digestive tract	349	(1)
Lower respiratory tract infections	349	(1)
Aetiology	349	(1)
Clinical signs	349	(1)
History	350	(1)
Diagnosis	350	(1)
Treatment	350	(1)
Maladaptation	350	(1)
Aetiology	350	(1)
Clinical signs	350	(1)
History	350	(1)
Diagnosis	350	(1)
Treatment	350	(1)
Metabolic bone disease (MBD) and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism	350	(6)
Aetiology	350	(3)
Clinical signs	353	(1)
History	354	(1)
Diagnosis	354	(1)
Treatment	355	(1)
Metastatic calcinosis/pseudogout	356	(1)
Aetiology	356	(1)
Diagnosis	356	(1)
Treatment	357	(1)
Posterior paresis or weakness	357	(1)
Aetiology	357	(1)
Clinical signs	357	(1)
History	357	(1)
Diagnosis	357	(1)
Treatment	357	(1)
Post-hibernation anorexia (PHA)	357	(4)
Aetiology	358	(1)
History	359	(1)
Clinical evaluation	359	(1)
Treatment	359	(1)
Euthanasia	360	(1)
Renal disease	361	(5)
Aetiology	361	(1)
Clinical signs	361	(1)
History	362	(1)
Diagnosis	362	(2)
Treatment	364	(2)
Septicaemia	366	(1)
Aetiology	366	(1)
Clinical signs	366	(1)
History	366	(1)
Diagnosis	366	(1)
Treatment	367	(1)
Sight problems	367	(1)
Aetiology	367	(1)
Clinical signs	367	(1)
History	367	(1)
Diagnosis	367	(1)
Treatment	367	(1)
Steatitis/deficiency of vitamin E/selenium complex	367	(1)
Aetiology	367	(1)
Clinical signs	367	(1)
Treatment	367	(1)
Stomatitis	367	(2)
Aetiology	367	(1)
Clinical signs	368	(1)
History	368	(1)
Diagnosis	368	(1)
Treatment	369	(1)
Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD)/runny-nose syndrome (RNS)	369	(2)
Aetiology	369	(1)
Clinical signs	370	(1)
History	370	(1)
Diagnosis	370	(1)
Treatment	370	(1)
Summary	371	(1)
Viral disease	371	(5)
Aetiology	371	(1)
Clinical signs	371	(1)
History	372	(1)
Diagnosis	372	(1)
Treatment	373	(1)
Prevention	374	(2)
Weight abnormalities Overweight	376	(1)
Aetiology	376	(1)
Clinical signs	376	(1)
History	376	(1)
Diagnosis	376	(1)
Treatment	376	(1)
Underweight	376	(1)
Aetiology	376	(1)
Clinical signs	376	(1)
History	376	(1)
Diagnosis	376	(1)
Treatment	376	(1)
Yolk coelomitis	376	(3)
Aetiology	376	(1)
Diagnosis	377	(1)
Treatment	377	(2)
Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Euthanasia	379	(24)
Stuart McArthur
Anaesthesia	379	(1)
General considerations	380	(3)
Hypothermia	380	(1)
Pain and analgesia	381	(1)
Anatomy and physiology	381	(2)
Staging anaesthesia	383	(1)
Patient assessment	383	(2)
General health	384	(1)
Hydration status and recent fluid management	384	(1)
Observation of the unstressed patient	384	(1)
Body weight	384	(1)
Species differences	384	(1)
Patient preparation	385	(1)
Temperature	385	(1)
Fluid therapy	385	(1)
Local anaesthesia	386	(1)
Induction	386	(1)
Patient monitoring	386	(2)
Ventilation	386	(1)
Reflexes	386	(1)
Equipment	387	(1)
Cardiovascular system	387	(1)
Blood loss	387	(1)
Temperature	387	(1)
Blood glucose	387	(1)
Other parameters	388	(1)
8MHz Doppler	388	(1)
John Chitty
Anaesthetic monitoring	388	(1)
Diagnostic auscultation	388	(1)
Venepuncture sites	388	(1)
Intubation	388	(1)
Ventilation	388	(1)
Injectable anaesthetic agents	389	(7)
Atropine	389	(1)
Phenothiazines	389	(1)
Diazepines	390	(1)
Alpha-2 agonists	390	(1)
Opiates	390	(1)
Barbiturates	391	(1)
Dissociative anaesthetics	391	(1)
Steroid anaesthetics	392	(3)
Propofol	395	(1)
Neuromuscular blocking agents	395	(1)
Gaseous Agents	396	(2)
Isoflurane	396	(1)
Sevoflurane	397	(1)
Halothane	397	(1)
Methoxyflurane	398	(1)
Nitrous oxide	398	(1)
Patient Recovery	398	(1)
Respiratory stimulants	398	(1)
Analgesia	398	(1)
Euthanasia	398	(3)
Methods of euthanasia	399	(1)
Lethal injection (combination method)	399	(1)
Other methods	400	(1)
Diagnosing death	401	(2)
Surgery	403	(62)
Stuart McArthur
Stephen Hernandez-Divers
Pre-operative patient preparation	403	(2)
Anaesthesia and analgesia	403	(1)
Antibiotics	403	(1)
Fluid management	403	(2)
Temperature and hibernation	405	(1)
Preparation of the surgical sites	405	(1)
Suture materials and skin repair techniques	405	(1)
Sutures	405	(1)
Glues and patches	405	(1)
Wound healing	405	(1)
Post-operative care	406	(1)
Advanced surgical technology	407	(3)
Stephen Hernandez-Divers
Laser surgery	407	(1)
Radiosurgery	408	(2)
Additional surgical equipment	410	(1)
Specific surgical procedures	410	(1)
Stuart McArthur
Cloacal organ prolapse	410	(3)
Identification of the prolapsed structure	411	(1)
Analgesia	411	(1)
Prolapse reduction	411	(1)
Episiotomy	412	(1)
Purse-string sutures	412	(1)
Prolapse amputation	412	(1)
Penile amputation	412	(1)
Amputation of prolapsed oviductal material	412	(1)
Amputation of prolapsed cloaca/rectum	413	(1)
Ear abscesses	413	(1)
Indications	413	(1)
Technique	413	(1)
Subcutaneous abscess/fibriscesses	414	(1)
Technique	414	(1)
Coeliotomy	414	(2)
Choice of approach	415	(1)
Central plastron osteotomy	416	(9)
Indications	416	(1)
Preparation	416	(1)
Plastron osteotomy	416	(3)
Entering the coelom	419	(1)
Coelomic closure	420	(1)
Flap closure	421	(2)
Post-operative care	423	(1)
Complications following coeliotomy	423	(2)
Prefemoral/soft-tissue flank approach	425	(2)
Indications	425	(1)
Coelomic procedures possible through a prefemoral approach	425	(2)
Technique	427	(1)
Lateral plastronotomy combined with prefemoral approach	427	(2)
Ovariectomy	429	(1)
Indications	429	(1)
Technique	429	(1)
Egg retention	430	(3)
Salpingotomy	430	(3)
Cloacal ovocentesis	433	(1)
Cystotomy	433	(2)
Removal of ectopic eggs	433	(2)
Prefemoral approach	435	(1)
Enterotomy	435	(4)
Gastrointestinal foreign-body removal	438	(1)
Trauma	439	(2)
Shell trauma	441	(7)
Stabilising and managing acute shell trauma in terrestrial chelonians	443	(2)
Osteomyelitis and neoplasia	445	(1)
Orthopaedic fixation	445	(1)
Plastron trauma (burns and infections)	446	(2)
Limb trauma	448	(4)
Bandages (external coaption)	448	(1)
External fixation	449	(1)
Internal fixation	449	(1)
Ligament repair	450	(2)
Amputation	452	(1)
Rat-bite trauma	452	(1)
Jaw and beak trauma	452	(2)
Mandibular fractures	453	(1)
Marine chelonian trauma	454	(1)
Osteomyelitis	454	(1)
Respiratory tract	454	(2)
Biopsy of the upper respiratory tract	454	(1)
Biopsy of the lower respiratory tract	454	(1)
Lung wash	455	(1)
Lung abscesses	456	(1)
Eye enucleation	456	(1)
Microchip insertion (terrestrial and semi-aquatic species)	457	(3)
Mike Jessop
Stuart McArthur
Insertion sites	457	(3)
Other surgical procedures	460	(5)
Therapeutics	465	(22)
Roger Wilkinson
Introduction	465	(1)
Temperature and thermotherapy	465	(1)
Calculating drug dosages and intervals	465	(1)
Routes of drug administration	465	(2)
Oral	465	(2)
Per-cloaca/colon	467	(1)
Antibiotic-impregnated polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) beads	467	(1)
Intrapneumonic	467	(1)
Intravenous, intraosseous, intracoelomic injection	467	(1)
Intramuscular injection	467	(1)
Subcutaneous injection	467	(1)
Renal portal system	467	(1)
Antibacterials	468	(7)
Beta-lactam antibiotics	468	(1)
Aminoglycosides	469	(1)
Chloramphenicol	469	(1)
Tetracyclines	469	(1)
Fluoroquinolones	469	(1)
Macrolides	469	(1)
Lincosamides	469	(3)
Potentiated sulphonamides	472	(1)
Metronidazole	472	(1)
Dimetridazole	473	(1)
Drug combinations	473	(1)
Topical antibacterials	473	(2)
Choice of antibacterial	475	(1)
Antifungals	475	(2)
Superficial mycoses	475	(1)
Systemic/subcutaneous mycoses	475	(1)
Topical antifungals	475	(2)
Antivirals	477	(1)
Parasiticides	477	(2)
Macrocyclic lactones	477	(1)
Sulpha drugs	477	(1)
Benzimidazoles	477	(1)
Piperazine	478	(1)
Levamisole	478	(1)
Praziquantel	478	(1)
Parasitic diseases	478	(1)
Summary	479	(1)
Fluid therapy	479	(4)
Determination of hydration status	479	(1)
Whole blood and haemoglobin	480	(1)
Fluids for oral (or colonic) rehydration	480	(1)
Fluids for parenteral administration	481	(1)
Are marine turtles a special case?	482	(1)
How much fluid should be given, how quickly and over what period?	482	(1)
Gastrointestinal motility modifiers	483	(1)
Diuretics	483	(1)
Hormones	483	(1)
Thyroid	483	(1)
Glucocorticoids	483	(1)
Oxytocin	483	(1)
Calcitonin	483	(1)
Analgesics	483	(1)
Urate metabolism and excretion	484	(1)
Vitamins	484	(1)
Vitamin A	484	(1)
Vitamin D	484	(1)
Minerals	484	(1)
Iodine	484	(1)
Sodium chloride	484	(1)
Nebulisation	484	(1)
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO)	485	(1)
Vaccination	485	(2)
Formulary	487	(18)
Roger Wilkinson
Acyclovir	487	(1)
Allopurinol	487	(1)
Amikacin	488	(1)
Ampicillin	488	(1)
Butorphanol	488	(1)
Calcitonin (Salcatonin®)	488	(1)
Calcium gluconate/borogluconate	489	(1)
Carbenicillin	489	(1)
Carprofen	489	(1)
Cefoperazone	490	(1)
Ceftazidime	490	(1)
Chloramphenicol	490	(1)
Chloroquine	491	(1)
Cisapride	491	(1)
Clarithromycin	491	(1)
Clindamycin	492	(1)
Dimetridazole	492	(1)
Dioctyl sulphosuccinate (docusate sodium)	492	(1)
Doxycycline	492	(1)
EDTA (sodium calcium edetate)	492	(1)
Enrofloxacin	493	(1)
Fenbendazole	493	(1)
Fluconazole	493	(1)
Flunixin meglumine	494	(1)
Frusemide (United Kingdom), Furosemide (United States)	494	(1)
Gentamicin	494	(1)
Iodoquinol (diiodohydroxyquin)	495	(1)
Itraconazole	495	(1)
Ketoconazole	495	(1)
Levamisole	495	(1)
Levothyroxine	496	(1)
Lysine	496	(1)
Mebendazole	496	(1)
Medroxyprogesterone acetate	496	(1)
Metoclopramide	496	(1)
Metronidazole	497	(1)
Milbemycin	497	(1)
Natamycin	497	(1)
Neomycin	498	(1)
Nystatin	498	(1)
Oxfendazole	498	(1)
Oxytetracycline	498	(1)
Oxytocin	499	(1)
Paromomycin	499	(1)
Potassium (chloride/bicarbonate)	499	(1)
Praziquantel	500	(1)
Probenecid	500	(1)
Proligestone	500	(1)
Sulphadimethoxine	501	(1)
Trimethoprim/sulphadiazine	501	(1)
Tylosin	501	(1)
Vitamin A	501	(1)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)	502	(1)
Vitamin D	502	(3)
Appendices	505	(34)
Appendix A: Turtle Conservation	505	(1)
Stuart McArthur
Threats to turtle populations	505	(2)
Turtle conservation projects	506	(1)
Egg relocation	507	(2)
Turtle treatment and rehabilitation facilities	509	(1)
Turtle nesting	509	(1)
Appendix B: Plants Suggested to be Poisonous to Chelonians	510	(1)
Stuart McArthur
Appendix C: Care Sheets	510	(3)
Stuart McArthur
Michele Barrows
Red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) care sheet	513	(1)
Diet	513	(1)
Husbandry requirements	513	(1)
Salmonella	513	(1)
Hibernation	513	(1)
Testudo species care sheet	514	(3)
Accommodation	514	(3)
Appendix D: Rehabilitation of Asian Chelonians	517	(1)
Charles Innis
Quarantine	517	(2)
Environment	517	(1)
Hydration and nutritional support	518	(1)
Medical management	518	(1)
Diagnostic investigation	518	(1)
Bacterial infection	519	(1)
Parasitism	519	(1)
Conclusion	519	(1)
Appendix E: A Selective Chelonian Taxonomy	519	(4)
Roger Wilkinson
Appendix F: Viral Disease	523	(16)
Stuart McArthur
References	539	(21)
Index	560