Meeting Development Goals in Small Urban Centres: Water and Sanitation in the Worlds Cities 2006

by Un-habitat

• ISBN13: 9781844073054
• ISBN10: 184407305X
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2006-06-01
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

*** The follow-up to the highly influential UN-HABITAT publication Water and Sanitation in the World's Cities, described as "surely the most impressive and important publication to come out of the UN system for many years" by Peter Adamson, founder of New Internationalist *** The first major study of water and sanitation issues in the many thousands of settlements in which most of the people of the developing world live *** Essential reading for professionals, researchers, teachers and students Half of the world's people live in urban areas, and roughly a third of these live in desperate poverty without access to basic amenities. Taking on the themes of UN-HABITAT's Water and Sanitation in the World's Cities (2003), this new volume focuses on the deficiencies in the provision of water and sanitation where most of the populations of the developing world live: in towns and small cities. Drawing on extensive unpublished research and 15 commissioned papers from experts involved in designing and implementing innovative projects around the world, this is the first major study of the problems facing the smaller urban centers that are recognized to be of enormous importance by governments, international agencies, NGOs and service providers. Tackling these problems is a crucial part of development and of good governance, and critical to meeting the Millennium Development Goals. The volume will be essential reading for all professionals and researchers in the relevant fields and a valuable resource for teachers and students of urban development.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. v
Acknowledgements	p. vii
Contents	p. ix
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes	p. xv
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. xix
Meeting Water and Sanitation Needs in Small Urban Centres	p. 1
Small Urban Centres and Large Villages: The Habitat of Much of the World's Low-Income Population?	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
How many people live in small urban centres?	p. 12
Seeking a more precise definition of small urban centres	p. 13
The smallest urban centres and large villages	p. 16
The proportion of people living in small urban centres	p. 21
Small urban centres and the rural-urban continuum	p. 23
The links between improved water and sanitation provision and local economic development in small urban centres	p. 25
Variations in the economic base of small urban centres	p. 26
Municipalities at the periphery of large metropolitan areas	p. 26
Small urban centres and large villages	p. 27
Local economic development and general infrstructure in small urban centres	p. 27
The links between improved water and sanitation provision in small urban centres and economic development	p. 28
The benefits of improved provision for small urban centres' micro and small enterprises: an example from Uganda	p. 29
Home-based and small scale manufacturing and water pollution: Examples from Vietnam (and China)	p. 30
Agriculture-based activities in peri-urban areas of large cities: Examples from India, West Africa and China	p. 31
Conclusions	p. 31
Notes and references	p. 32
Deficiencies in Provision for Water and Sanitation in Small Urban Centres	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Coverage in small urban centres	p. 36
Provision in urban centres with less than 20,000 inhabitants	p. 43
Provision in urban centres with 20,000-49,999 inhabitants	p. 44
Provision in urban centres with 50,000-199,999 inhabitants	p. 44
Provision in peripheral municipalities within large urban agglomerations	p. 44
Provision in medium-sized urban centres with 200,000-500,000 inhabitants	p. 46
Conclusions	p. 48
Notes and references	p. 48
Addressing Needs: How to Attain the MDG Targets in Each Locality	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
The technical and institutional options for water supply and sanitation	p. 51
Water supplies	p. 52
Water treatment	p. 55
Water supply tariff structures	p. 55
Aggregation	p. 56
Engineering aspects	p. 56
Sanitation	p. 57
Simplified sewerage	p. 58
Costs	p. 59
Other sanitation systems	p. 60
Settled sewerage	p. 60
On-site systems	p. 61
Pit emptying	p. 61
Ecological sanitation toilets	p. 61
Communal sanitation facilities	p. 62
Sanitation cooperatives	p. 63
Selecting the most appropriate sanitation system	p. 63
Water and sanitation interactions	p. 64
Constraints	p. 65
Technical	p. 65
Financial	p. 65
Institutional	p. 66
Water and sanitation programmes in small urban centres	p. 66
Orangi Pilot Project replication in small urban centres in Pakistan	p. 66
OPP principles	p. 68
OPP replications with local government involvement	p. 69
Lessons learned	p. 71
Water and sanitation programmes in other small urban centres	p. 74
Developing community-designed and managed toilet blocks in Tirupur, India	p. 74
Community taps in San Roque Parish, Mandaue City	p. 76
Improving provision for water and sanitation in Hue, Vietnam	p. 78
Improving provision for water and sanitation in Nyeri, Kenya	p. 80
Improving provision in small urban centres around Lake Victoria	p. 80
Improving provision in poor peripheral municipalities within large cities	p. 82
Partnerships in Malvinas Argentinas	p. 82
Water committees in peripheral settlements in metropolitan Caracas, Venezuela	p. 82
Alternative means and mechanisms to support improvements in provision for water and sanitation in small urban centres	p. 83
Upgrading and secure tenure	p. 83
Supporting community-driven upgrading in smaller urban centres at a national scale: the example of CODI and Baan Mankong in Thailand	p. 84
Surveys	p. 84
The process	p. 84
Supporting decentralized action within cities	p. 87
The Local Development Programme in Nicaragua	p. 88
New housing as the means for improving provision for water and sanitation	p. 89
Notes and references	p. 91
Information for Action and Indicators for Monitoring Provision	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
The tools and methods that support action on the ground	p. 97
Surveys and mapping of specific settlements	p. 98
City-wide surveys	p. 100
Other information-gathering tools and methods that support community-driven approaches	p. 103
Mapping with MAPPs in 32 municipalities in Andhra Pradesh	p. 104
Mapping informal settlements for water and sanitation: the experience of the Orangi Pilot Project Research and Training Institute	p. 105
The Youth Training Programme	p. 109
Repercussions of this mapping process	p. 111
Monitoring provision for water and sanitation within a nation	p. 113
What is an indicator?	p. 113
Setting and monitoring policy goals	p. 114
Measuring and monitoring welfare	p. 115
Feasibility	p. 117
Searching for a universal 'watsan' indicator	p. 119
Measuring and monitoring at national level	p. 120
Implementing local policy	p. 121
Making national data collection better serve local action	p. 122
Indicators for use for individual urban centres	p. 122
Measuring whether sanitation is 'basic'	p. 123
Measuring access to 'safe' and to 'sufficient' drinking water	p. 125
Feeding data collected into indicators and action	p. 129
Notes and references	p. 130
Key Challenges to Meeting Needs in Small Urban Centres	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Who provides water and sanitation in small urban centres?	p. 133
Government responsibilities and authorities	p. 136
The ministries/authorities responsible for water and sanitation provision	p. 136
The levels of government responsible for water and sanitation	p. 137
Water and sanitation providers and the roles of plans, markets and community action	p. 138
Privatization and smaller urban centres	p. 140
National water and sanitation contractors: An emphasis on Asia	p. 144
Independent water and sanitation networks: An emphasis on Latin America	p. 146
Small and informal sector water and sanitation providers: An emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa	p. 146
The implications of increasing private sector provision for small urban centres	p. 150
Water sector reform and the multiple models of water and sanitation management in small urban centres	p. 151
Models for managing formal water supply and sanitation systems in smaller urban centres	p. 152
Models involving NGOs and multi-sector partnerships	p. 155
Notes and references	p. 156
Finance for Water and Sanitation in Small Urban Centres	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
The supply side of water and sanitation sector financing	p. 161
The difference sources of finance for investment in water supply and sanitation systems	p. 161
National budgets	p. 161
Internal cash generation	p. 161
Self-provisioning	p. 162
International finance institutions	p. 162
Bilateral donors	p. 162
Private sector (with or without government guarantee)	p. 162
Supply-side constraints in financing water and sanitation infrastructure	p. 163
Financing local action for water and sanitation improvement	p. 165
Combining government, community and household contributions: Water and sanitation in Poorwarama, Sri Lanka	p. 167
The role of loan finance in low-income neighbourhoods	p. 168
Lending for water and sanitation improvements within incremental development	p. 169
Loan and grant finance for new housing with provision for water and sanitation	p. 171
Water subsidies and small urban centres	p. 172
The importance of cost recovery	p. 172
Subsidy systems	p. 174
The delivery of subsidies	p. 175
Subsidize connection or services?	p. 175
Sources of finance	p. 176
Subsidies for whom?	p. 177
Community-managed (cross) subsidies	p. 178
Minimizing the need for subsidies	p. 179
Informal subsidies	p. 179
The free water policy of the South African government and its application in Mbombela	p. 180
Provision for water and sanitation in Mbombela municipality	p. 181
Comparisons between the concession area and the non-concession area (and neighbouring municipalities)	p. 181
Strategies for sustainable financing	p. 186
Key issues facing the water and sanitation sector	p. 186
Strategies for improving financing	p. 187
Shifting from reliance on external to domestic sources of funds	p. 187
Shifting from sovereign lending to sub-sovereign lending	p. 187
Enhancing creditworthiness of local governments and utilities	p. 187
Improving operational performance of local governments and utilities	p. 188
Improving affordability	p. 189
Use of partnerships	p. 190
Donor contributions to improving provision for water supply and sanitation in small urban centres	p. 191
Aid flows to water and sanitation	p. 191
The allocation of aid for water and sanitation between nations	p. 194
Aid directed at small urban centres	p. 194
The nature of donors' support in water and sanitation	p. 196
The contribution of French development cooperation in improving water supply and sanitation in small urban centres	p. 197
The World Bank's activities in water supply and sanitation for small urban centres	p. 198
WaterAid	p. 201
The constraints on donor funding to improve provision for water supply and sanitation in small urban centres	p. 202
Institutional constraints linked to the structure of donor agencies	p. 203
Engaging with local actors	p. 205
The search for greater efficiency and effectiveness	p. 207
Pressures to spend	p. 208
Changes in official donor support and the implications for water and sanitation	p. 209
Poverty reduction strategy papers, budget support and aid harmonization	p. 209
Implications for improving water and sanitation in small urban centres	p. 211
Some new approaches	p. 215
Notes and references	p. 216
Integrated Water Resources Management and the Provision of Water Supply and Sanitation in Small Urban Centres	p. 225
Introduction	p. 225
IWRM and small urban centres	p. 227
IWRM strategies for small urban centres	p. 234
Urban water demand management and inadequate water and sanitation provision	p. 234
Inter-sectoral synergies and water-sharing practices	p. 236
Water allocation mechanisms and water markets	p. 236
Drainage basin organizations and cooperation	p. 238
Protection of urban water sources	p. 238
Payment for watershed services	p. 240
Notes and references	p. 243
The Needed Pro-Poor Governance Framework in Small Urban Centres	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Governance	p. 246
Principles of water governance	p. 248
The means by which poor groups influence governance	p. 249
Participation	p. 250
Participatory governance	p. 251
Tools and methods to support good local governance	p. 254
Community-based Environmental Management Information Systems	p. 255
The Urban Governance Index	p. 255
The Global Urban Observatory	p. 255
Values-based Water Education	p. 256
Water demand management	p. 256
Financial resource mapping	p. 256
Capacity building for water and sanitation services delivery in small urban centres	p. 256
The need for capacity building	p. 258
Strategic planning for water and sanitation services	p. 259
Access to knowledge about how to implement and manage water and sanitation services	p. 260
Capacity within utilities and local authorities	p. 261
Supporting structures and systems for small urban centre water and sanitation services	p. 262
Technicion training	p. 263
International/national technical support	p. 264
How to support small urban centres	p. 265
Commitment to action	p. 265
Building capacity of small urban centres	p. 265
Developing or strengthening support structures for local authorities	p. 266
Improving access to knowledge	p. 266
New models of support from external agencies	p. 266
Notes and references	p. 267
Index	p. 269
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