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9783527313167

Membrane Technology in the Chemical Industry

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9783527313167

  • ISBN10:

    3527313168

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2006-08-23
  • Publisher: Wiley-VCH
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Summary

Membrane Technology - a clean and energy saving alternative to traditional/conventional processes.Developed from a useful laboratory technique to a commercial separation technology, today it has widespread and rapidly expanding use in the chemical industry. It has established applications in areas such as hydrogen separation and recovery of organic vapors from process gas streams, and selective transport of organic solvents, and it is opening new perspectives for catalytic conversion in membrane reactors. Membrane technology provides a unique solution for industrial waste treatment and for controlled production of valuable chemicals.This book outlines several established applications of membranes in the chemical industry, reviews the available membranes and membrane processes for the field, and discusses the huge potential of this technology in chemical processes.Each chapter has been written by an international leading expert with extensive industrial experience in the field.

Author Biography

S. P. Nunes is currently head of Polymer Technology at GKSS Research Center Geesthacht in Germany. She has been working on the development of polymeric materials and membranes for different applications for over 20 years, with over 65 papers in international journals and 100 contributions to congresses. In the last four years she has dedicated her time to the membrane development for fuel cells, coordinating German and European projects in the field. Prior to this, she was Associate Professor at the University of Campinas, Brazil, a researcher at Pirelli, and Humboldt fellow at the University of Mainz, Germany.

K.-V. Peinemann is currently Senior Scientist at GKSS Research Center Geesthacht in Germany and has worked in the field of membrane science and technology for 25 years. He has organized numerous international workshops on membrane formation and has been lecturing since 1995 at the University of Hanover. From 2002 to 2004, Professor Peinemann served as President of the European Membrane Society and is co-founder of the membrane company GMT Membrantechnik in Rheinfelden, Germany. He has published some 80 papers in international journals and holds 15 membrane-related patents.

Table of Contents

Part I Membrane Materials and Membrane Preparation
S. P. Nunes and K.-V. Peinemann
1 Introduction
3(2)
2 Membrane Market
5(4)
3 Membrane Preparation
9(6)
3.1 Phase Inversion
10(5)
4 Presently Available Membranes for Liquid Separation
15(24)
4.1 Membranes for Reverse Osmosis
15(3)
4.2 Membranes for Nanofiltration
18(5)
4.2.1 Solvent-resistant Membranes for Nanofiltration
20(2)
4.2.2 NF Membranes Stable in Extreme pH Conditions
22(1)
4.3 Membranes for Ultrafiltration
23(11)
4.3.1 Polysulfone and Polyethersulfone
23(3)
4.3.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
26(2)
4.3.3 Polyetherimide
28(2)
4.3.4 Polyacrylonitrile
30(2)
4.3.5 Cellulose
32(1)
4.3.6 Solvent-resistant Membranes for Ultrafiltration
32(2)
4.4 Membranes for Microfiltration
34(5)
4.4.1 Polypropylene and Polyethylene
34(2)
4.4.2 Poly(tetrafluorethylene)
36(1)
4.4.3 Polycarbonate and Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
37(2)
5 Surface Modification of Membranes
39(6)
5.1 Chemical Oxidation
39(1)
5.2 Plasma Treatment
40(1)
5.3 Classical Organic Reactions
41(1)
5.4 Polymer Grafting
41(4)
6 Membranes for Fuel Cells
45(8)
6.1 Perfluorinated Membranes
46(2)
6.2 Nonfluorinated Membranes
48(3)
6.3 Polymer Membranes for High Temperatures
51(1)
6.4 Organic-Inorganic Membranes for Fuel Cells
52(1)
7 Gas Separation with Membranes
53(22)
7.1 Introduction
53(1)
7.2 Materials and Transport Mechanisms
53(16)
7.2.1 Organic Polymers
55(1)
7.2.2 Background
55(2)
7.2.3 Polymers for Commercial Gas-separation Membranes
57(1)
7.2.4 Ultrahigh Free Volume Polymers
58(4)
7.2.5 Inorganic Materials for Gas-separation Membranes
62(1)
7.2.6 Carbon Membranes
62(2)
7.2.7 Perovskite-type Oxide Membranes for Air Separation
64(3)
7.2.8 Mixed-matrix Membranes
67(2)
7.3 Basic Process Design
69(6)
Acknowledgments
75(1)
References
75(18)
Part II Current Application and Perspectives
1 The Separation of Organic Vapors from Gas Streams by Means of Membranes
93(26)
K. Ohlrogge arid K. Starken
Summary
93(1)
1.1 Introduction
94(1)
1.2 Historical Background
94(2)
1.3 Membranes for Organic Vapor Separation
96(4)
1.3.1 Principles
96(1)
1.3.2 Selectivity
96(1)
1.3.3 Temperature and Pressure
97(1)
1.3.4 Membrane Modules
98(2)
1.4 Applications
100(11)
1.4.1 Design Criteria
100(2)
1.4.2 Off-gas and Process Gas Treatment
102(1)
1.4.2.1 Gasoline Vapor Recovery
103(1)
1.4.2.2 Polyolefin Production Processes
109(2)
1.5 Applications at the Threshold of Commercialization
111(5)
1.5.1 Emission Control at Petrol Stations
111(2)
1.5.2 Natural Gas Treatment
113(1)
1.5.3 Hydrogen/Hydrocarbon Separation
114(2)
1.6 Conclusions and Outlook
116(1)
References
116(3)
2 Gas-separation Membrane Applications
119(32)
D.J. Stookey
2.1 Introduction
119(1)
2.2 Membrane Application Development
120(16)
2.2.1 Membrane Selection
120(3)
2.2.2 Membrane Form
123(2)
2.2.3 Membrane Module Geometry
125(4)
2.2.4 Compatible Sealing Materials
129(1)
2.2.5 Module Manufacture
130(1)
2.2.6 Pilot or Field Demonstration
130(2)
2.2.7 Process Design
132(1)
2.2.8 Membrane System
133(2)
2.2.9 Beta Site
135(1)
2.2.10 Cost/Performance
136(1)
2.3 Commercial Gas-separation Membrane Applications
136(10)
2.3.1 Hydrogen Separations
137(3)
2.3.2 Helium Separations
140(1)
2.3.3 Nitrogen Generation
140(3)
2.3.4 Acid Gas-Separations
143(1)
2.3.5 Gas Dehydration
144(2)
2.4 Developing Membrane Applications
146(1)
2.4.1 Oxygen and Oxygen-enriched Air
146(1)
2.4.2 Nitrogen Rejection from Natural Gas
147(1)
2.4.3 Nitrogen-enriched Air (NEA)
147(1)
References
147(4)
3 State-of-the-Art of Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry
151(52)
H.E.A. Brüschke
3.1 Introduction
151(2)
3.2 Principles and Calculations
153(22)
3.2.1 Definitions
153(2)
3.2.2 Calculation
155(8)
3.2.3 Permeate-side Conditions
163(3)
3.2.4 Transport Resistances
166(2)
3.2.5 Principles of Pervaporation
168(3)
3.2.6 Principles of Vapor Permeation
171(4)
3.3 Membranes
175(7)
3.3.1 Characterization of Membranes
180(2)
3.4 Modules
182(6)
3.4.1 Plate Modules
183(2)
3.4.2 Spiral-wound Modules
185(1)
3.4.3 "Cushion" Module
185(1)
3.4.4 Tubular Modules
186(1)
3.4.5 Other Modules
187(1)
3.5 Applications
188(12)
3.5.1 Organophilic Membranes
188(1)
3.5.2 Hydrophilic Membranes
189(1)
3.5.2.1 Pervaporation
189(1)
3.5.2.2 Vapor Permeation
191(3)
3.5.3 Removal of Water from Reaction Mixtures
194(3)
3.5.4 Organic–Organic Separation
197(3)
3.6 Conclusion
200(1)
References
200(3)
4 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration
203(26)
A.G. Livingston, L.G. Peeva and P. Silva
Summary
203(1)
4.1 Current Applications and Potential
203(2)
4.2 Theoretical Background to Transport Processes
205(5)
4.2.1 Pore-flow Model
205(1)
4.2.2 Solution-Diffusion Model
206(1)
4.2.3 Models Combining Membrane Transport with the Film Theory of Mass Transfer
207(3)
4.3 Transport of Solvent Mixtures
210(3)
4.3.1 Experimental
210(1)
4.3.1.1 Filtration Equipment and Experimental Measurements
210(1)
4.3.2 Results for Binary Solvent Fluxes
210(3)
4.4 Concentration Polarization and Osmotic Pressure
213(12)
4.4.1 Experimental
213(1)
4.4.2 Results for Concentration Polarization and Osmotic Pressure
214(1)
4.4.2.1 Parameter Estimation
214(1)
4.4.2.2 Nanofiltration of Docosane-Toluene Solutions
216(1)
4.4.2.3 Nanofiltration of TOABr-Toluene Solutions
219(6)
4.5 Conclusions 224 Nomenclature
225(1)
Greek letters
225(1)
Subscripts
226(1)
References
226(3)
5 Industrial Membrane Reactors
229(30)
M.F. Kemmere and J.T.F. Keurentjes
5.1 Introduction
229(3)
5.2 Membrane Functions in Reactors
232(10)
5.2.1 Controlled Introduction of Reactants
232(6)
5.2.2 Separation of Products
238(3)
5.2.3 Catalyst Retention
241(1)
5.3 Applications
242(12)
5.3.1 Pervaporation-assisted Esterification
242(6)
5.3.2 Large-scale Dehydrogenations with Inorganic Membranes
248(2)
5.3.3 OTM Syngas Process
250(1)
5.3.4 Membrane Recycle Reactor for the Acylase Process
251(2)
5.3.5 Membrane Extraction Integrated Systems
253(1)
5.4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook to the Future
254(1)
References
255(4)
6 Electromembrane Processes
259(46)
T. Davis, V D. Grebenyuk and O. Grebenyuk
6.1 Ion-exchange Membranes
259(3)
6.2 Ion-exchange Membrane Properties
262(12)
6.2.1 Swelling
262(1)
6.2.2 Electrical Conductivity
263(4)
6.2.3 Electrochemical Performance
267(1)
6.2.4 Diffusion Permeability
268(1)
6.2.5 Hydraulic Permeability
269(1)
6.2.6 Osmotic Permeability
269(1)
6.2.7 Electroosmotic Permeability
270(1)
6.2.8 Polarization
271(2)
6.2.9 Chemical and Radiation Stability
273(1)
6.3 Electromembrane Process Application
274(12)
6.3.1 Electrodialysis
274(6)
6.3.2 Electrodeionization
280(2)
6.3.3 Electrochemical Regeneration of Ion-exchange Resin
282(1)
6.3.4 Synthesis of New Substances without Electrode Reaction Participation: Bipolar-membrane Applications
283(2)
6.3.5 Isolation of Chemical Substances from Dilute Solutions
285(1)
6.3.6 Electrodialysis Applications for Chemical-solution Desalination
285(1)
6.4 Electrochemical Processing with Membranes
286(14)
6.4.1 Electrochemistry
286(5)
6.4.2 Chlor-alkali Industry
291(1)
6.4.3 Perfluorinated Membranes
291(2)
6.4.4 Process Conditions
293(1)
6.4.5 Zero-gap Electrode Configurations
294(1)
6.4.6 Other Electrolytic Processes
295(2)
6.4.7 Fuel Cells
297(2)
6.4.8 Electroorganic Synthesis
299(1)
6.4.9 Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Wastes
300(1)
Acknowledgments
300(1)
List of Symbols
300(1)
References
301(4)
7 Membrane Technology in the Chemical Industry: Future Directions
305(32)
R.W. Baker
7.1 The Past: Basis for Current Membrane Technology
305(4)
7.1.1 Ultrathin Membranes
305(1)
7.1.2 Membrane Modules
306(2)
7.1.3 Membrane Selectivity
308(1)
7.2 The Present: Current Status and Potential of the Membrane Industry
309(23)
7.2.1 Reverse Osmosis
309(4)
7.2.2 Ultrafiltration
313(1)
7.2.3 Microfiltration
314(1)
7.2.4 Gas Separation
315(1)
7.2.4.1 Refinery Hydrogen Applications
317(1)
7.2.4.2 Nitrogen (and Oxygen) Separation from Air
319(1)
7.2.4.3 Natural Gas Separations
323(1)
7.2.4.4 Vapor/Gas, Vapor/Vapor Separations
326(3)
7.2.5 Pervaporation
329(1)
7.2.6 Ion-conducting Membranes
330(2)
7.3 The Future: Predictions for 2020
332(1)
References
333(4)
Subject Index 337

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