Membrane Technology in the Chemical Industry

by Nunes, Suzana Pereira; Peinemann, Klaus-Viktor

• ISBN13: 9783527313167
• ISBN10: 3527313168
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-08-23
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

Membrane Technology - a clean and energy saving alternative to traditional/conventional processes.Developed from a useful laboratory technique to a commercial separation technology, today it has widespread and rapidly expanding use in the chemical industry. It has established applications in areas such as hydrogen separation and recovery of organic vapors from process gas streams, and selective transport of organic solvents, and it is opening new perspectives for catalytic conversion in membrane reactors. Membrane technology provides a unique solution for industrial waste treatment and for controlled production of valuable chemicals.This book outlines several established applications of membranes in the chemical industry, reviews the available membranes and membrane processes for the field, and discusses the huge potential of this technology in chemical processes.Each chapter has been written by an international leading expert with extensive industrial experience in the field.

Author Biography

S. P. Nunes is currently head of Polymer Technology at GKSS Research Center Geesthacht in Germany. She has been working on the development of polymeric materials and membranes for different applications for over 20 years, with over 65 papers in international journals and 100 contributions to congresses. In the last four years she has dedicated her time to the membrane development for fuel cells, coordinating German and European projects in the field. Prior to this, she was Associate Professor at the University of Campinas, Brazil, a researcher at Pirelli, and Humboldt fellow at the University of Mainz, Germany.

K.-V. Peinemann is currently Senior Scientist at GKSS Research Center Geesthacht in Germany and has worked in the field of membrane science and technology for 25 years. He has organized numerous international workshops on membrane formation and has been lecturing since 1995 at the University of Hanover. From 2002 to 2004, Professor Peinemann served as President of the European Membrane Society and is co-founder of the membrane company GMT Membrantechnik in Rheinfelden, Germany. He has published some 80 papers in international journals and holds 15 membrane-related patents.

Table of Contents

Part I Membrane Materials and Membrane Preparation
S. P. Nunes and K.-V. Peinemann
1 Introduction	3	(2)
2 Membrane Market	5	(4)
3 Membrane Preparation	9	(6)
3.1 Phase Inversion	10	(5)
4 Presently Available Membranes for Liquid Separation	15	(24)
4.1 Membranes for Reverse Osmosis	15	(3)
4.2 Membranes for Nanofiltration	18	(5)
4.2.1 Solvent-resistant Membranes for Nanofiltration	20	(2)
4.2.2 NF Membranes Stable in Extreme pH Conditions	22	(1)
4.3 Membranes for Ultrafiltration	23	(11)
4.3.1 Polysulfone and Polyethersulfone	23	(3)
4.3.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride)	26	(2)
4.3.3 Polyetherimide	28	(2)
4.3.4 Polyacrylonitrile	30	(2)
4.3.5 Cellulose	32	(1)
4.3.6 Solvent-resistant Membranes for Ultrafiltration	32	(2)
4.4 Membranes for Microfiltration	34	(5)
4.4.1 Polypropylene and Polyethylene	34	(2)
4.4.2 Poly(tetrafluorethylene)	36	(1)
4.4.3 Polycarbonate and Poly(ethylene terephthalate)	37	(2)
5 Surface Modification of Membranes	39	(6)
5.1 Chemical Oxidation	39	(1)
5.2 Plasma Treatment	40	(1)
5.3 Classical Organic Reactions	41	(1)
5.4 Polymer Grafting	41	(4)
6 Membranes for Fuel Cells	45	(8)
6.1 Perfluorinated Membranes	46	(2)
6.2 Nonfluorinated Membranes	48	(3)
6.3 Polymer Membranes for High Temperatures	51	(1)
6.4 Organic-Inorganic Membranes for Fuel Cells	52	(1)
7 Gas Separation with Membranes	53	(22)
7.1 Introduction	53	(1)
7.2 Materials and Transport Mechanisms	53	(16)
7.2.1 Organic Polymers	55	(1)
7.2.2 Background	55	(2)
7.2.3 Polymers for Commercial Gas-separation Membranes	57	(1)
7.2.4 Ultrahigh Free Volume Polymers	58	(4)
7.2.5 Inorganic Materials for Gas-separation Membranes	62	(1)
7.2.6 Carbon Membranes	62	(2)
7.2.7 Perovskite-type Oxide Membranes for Air Separation	64	(3)
7.2.8 Mixed-matrix Membranes	67	(2)
7.3 Basic Process Design	69	(6)
Acknowledgments	75	(1)
References	75	(18)
Part II Current Application and Perspectives
1 The Separation of Organic Vapors from Gas Streams by Means of Membranes	93	(26)
K. Ohlrogge arid K. Starken
Summary	93	(1)
1.1 Introduction	94	(1)
1.2 Historical Background	94	(2)
1.3 Membranes for Organic Vapor Separation	96	(4)
1.3.1 Principles	96	(1)
1.3.2 Selectivity	96	(1)
1.3.3 Temperature and Pressure	97	(1)
1.3.4 Membrane Modules	98	(2)
1.4 Applications	100	(11)
1.4.1 Design Criteria	100	(2)
1.4.2 Off-gas and Process Gas Treatment	102	(1)
1.4.2.1 Gasoline Vapor Recovery	103	(1)
1.4.2.2 Polyolefin Production Processes	109	(2)
1.5 Applications at the Threshold of Commercialization	111	(5)
1.5.1 Emission Control at Petrol Stations	111	(2)
1.5.2 Natural Gas Treatment	113	(1)
1.5.3 Hydrogen/Hydrocarbon Separation	114	(2)
1.6 Conclusions and Outlook	116	(1)
References	116	(3)
2 Gas-separation Membrane Applications	119	(32)
D.J. Stookey
2.1 Introduction	119	(1)
2.2 Membrane Application Development	120	(16)
2.2.1 Membrane Selection	120	(3)
2.2.2 Membrane Form	123	(2)
2.2.3 Membrane Module Geometry	125	(4)
2.2.4 Compatible Sealing Materials	129	(1)
2.2.5 Module Manufacture	130	(1)
2.2.6 Pilot or Field Demonstration	130	(2)
2.2.7 Process Design	132	(1)
2.2.8 Membrane System	133	(2)
2.2.9 Beta Site	135	(1)
2.2.10 Cost/Performance	136	(1)
2.3 Commercial Gas-separation Membrane Applications	136	(10)
2.3.1 Hydrogen Separations	137	(3)
2.3.2 Helium Separations	140	(1)
2.3.3 Nitrogen Generation	140	(3)
2.3.4 Acid Gas-Separations	143	(1)
2.3.5 Gas Dehydration	144	(2)
2.4 Developing Membrane Applications	146	(1)
2.4.1 Oxygen and Oxygen-enriched Air	146	(1)
2.4.2 Nitrogen Rejection from Natural Gas	147	(1)
2.4.3 Nitrogen-enriched Air (NEA)	147	(1)
References	147	(4)
3 State-of-the-Art of Pervaporation Processes in the Chemical Industry	151	(52)
H.E.A. Brüschke
3.1 Introduction	151	(2)
3.2 Principles and Calculations	153	(22)
3.2.1 Definitions	153	(2)
3.2.2 Calculation	155	(8)
3.2.3 Permeate-side Conditions	163	(3)
3.2.4 Transport Resistances	166	(2)
3.2.5 Principles of Pervaporation	168	(3)
3.2.6 Principles of Vapor Permeation	171	(4)
3.3 Membranes	175	(7)
3.3.1 Characterization of Membranes	180	(2)
3.4 Modules	182	(6)
3.4.1 Plate Modules	183	(2)
3.4.2 Spiral-wound Modules	185	(1)
3.4.3 "Cushion" Module	185	(1)
3.4.4 Tubular Modules	186	(1)
3.4.5 Other Modules	187	(1)
3.5 Applications	188	(12)
3.5.1 Organophilic Membranes	188	(1)
3.5.2 Hydrophilic Membranes	189	(1)
3.5.2.1 Pervaporation	189	(1)
3.5.2.2 Vapor Permeation	191	(3)
3.5.3 Removal of Water from Reaction Mixtures	194	(3)
3.5.4 Organic–Organic Separation	197	(3)
3.6 Conclusion	200	(1)
References	200	(3)
4 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration	203	(26)
A.G. Livingston, L.G. Peeva and P. Silva
Summary	203	(1)
4.1 Current Applications and Potential	203	(2)
4.2 Theoretical Background to Transport Processes	205	(5)
4.2.1 Pore-flow Model	205	(1)
4.2.2 Solution-Diffusion Model	206	(1)
4.2.3 Models Combining Membrane Transport with the Film Theory of Mass Transfer	207	(3)
4.3 Transport of Solvent Mixtures	210	(3)
4.3.1 Experimental	210	(1)
4.3.1.1 Filtration Equipment and Experimental Measurements	210	(1)
4.3.2 Results for Binary Solvent Fluxes	210	(3)
4.4 Concentration Polarization and Osmotic Pressure	213	(12)
4.4.1 Experimental	213	(1)
4.4.2 Results for Concentration Polarization and Osmotic Pressure	214	(1)
4.4.2.1 Parameter Estimation	214	(1)
4.4.2.2 Nanofiltration of Docosane-Toluene Solutions	216	(1)
4.4.2.3 Nanofiltration of TOABr-Toluene Solutions	219	(6)
4.5 Conclusions 224 Nomenclature	225	(1)
Greek letters	225	(1)
Subscripts	226	(1)
References	226	(3)
5 Industrial Membrane Reactors	229	(30)
M.F. Kemmere and J.T.F. Keurentjes
5.1 Introduction	229	(3)
5.2 Membrane Functions in Reactors	232	(10)
5.2.1 Controlled Introduction of Reactants	232	(6)
5.2.2 Separation of Products	238	(3)
5.2.3 Catalyst Retention	241	(1)
5.3 Applications	242	(12)
5.3.1 Pervaporation-assisted Esterification	242	(6)
5.3.2 Large-scale Dehydrogenations with Inorganic Membranes	248	(2)
5.3.3 OTM Syngas Process	250	(1)
5.3.4 Membrane Recycle Reactor for the Acylase Process	251	(2)
5.3.5 Membrane Extraction Integrated Systems	253	(1)
5.4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook to the Future	254	(1)
References	255	(4)
6 Electromembrane Processes	259	(46)
T. Davis, V D. Grebenyuk and O. Grebenyuk
6.1 Ion-exchange Membranes	259	(3)
6.2 Ion-exchange Membrane Properties	262	(12)
6.2.1 Swelling	262	(1)
6.2.2 Electrical Conductivity	263	(4)
6.2.3 Electrochemical Performance	267	(1)
6.2.4 Diffusion Permeability	268	(1)
6.2.5 Hydraulic Permeability	269	(1)
6.2.6 Osmotic Permeability	269	(1)
6.2.7 Electroosmotic Permeability	270	(1)
6.2.8 Polarization	271	(2)
6.2.9 Chemical and Radiation Stability	273	(1)
6.3 Electromembrane Process Application	274	(12)
6.3.1 Electrodialysis	274	(6)
6.3.2 Electrodeionization	280	(2)
6.3.3 Electrochemical Regeneration of Ion-exchange Resin	282	(1)
6.3.4 Synthesis of New Substances without Electrode Reaction Participation: Bipolar-membrane Applications	283	(2)
6.3.5 Isolation of Chemical Substances from Dilute Solutions	285	(1)
6.3.6 Electrodialysis Applications for Chemical-solution Desalination	285	(1)
6.4 Electrochemical Processing with Membranes	286	(14)
6.4.1 Electrochemistry	286	(5)
6.4.2 Chlor-alkali Industry	291	(1)
6.4.3 Perfluorinated Membranes	291	(2)
6.4.4 Process Conditions	293	(1)
6.4.5 Zero-gap Electrode Configurations	294	(1)
6.4.6 Other Electrolytic Processes	295	(2)
6.4.7 Fuel Cells	297	(2)
6.4.8 Electroorganic Synthesis	299	(1)
6.4.9 Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Wastes	300	(1)
Acknowledgments	300	(1)
List of Symbols	300	(1)
References	301	(4)
7 Membrane Technology in the Chemical Industry: Future Directions	305	(32)
R.W. Baker
7.1 The Past: Basis for Current Membrane Technology	305	(4)
7.1.1 Ultrathin Membranes	305	(1)
7.1.2 Membrane Modules	306	(2)
7.1.3 Membrane Selectivity	308	(1)
7.2 The Present: Current Status and Potential of the Membrane Industry	309	(23)
7.2.1 Reverse Osmosis	309	(4)
7.2.2 Ultrafiltration	313	(1)
7.2.3 Microfiltration	314	(1)
7.2.4 Gas Separation	315	(1)
7.2.4.1 Refinery Hydrogen Applications	317	(1)
7.2.4.2 Nitrogen (and Oxygen) Separation from Air	319	(1)
7.2.4.3 Natural Gas Separations	323	(1)
7.2.4.4 Vapor/Gas, Vapor/Vapor Separations	326	(3)
7.2.5 Pervaporation	329	(1)
7.2.6 Ion-conducting Membranes	330	(2)
7.3 The Future: Predictions for 2020	332	(1)
References	333	(4)
Subject Index	337