Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body

by Cohen, Barbara Janson

• ISBN13: 9780781742337
• ISBN10: 0781742331
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-03-29
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

This abridged version of Memmler's The Human Body in Health and Disease includes information on normal anatomy and physiology. New to this edition is a beautifully revised design and art program that will engage students and better help them learn anatomy. New content includes "Word Derivations" sections that promote recognition of scientific terms, "Health Professions" boxes that provide information on the various health careers for which students may be training, and new types of end-of chapter questions. A back-of-book CD-ROM for students with an image atlas and audio pronunciation glossary is included. Online courses for use with WebCT and Blackboard are also available. LiveAdvise online student tutoring and faculty support come as a bonus with every text. Please visit http: //connection.lww.com/liveadvise for more information.

Table of Contents

Unit I THE BODY AS A WHOLE	1	(82)
Organization of the Human Body	3	(16)
Studies of the Human Body	4	(1)
Levels of Organization	4	(1)
Body Systems	4	(1)
Metabolism and Its Regulation	5	(3)
Homeostasis	6	(2)
The Effects of Aging	8	(1)
Directions in the Body	8	(3)
Directional Terms	8	(1)
Planes of Division	8	(3)
Body Cavities	11	(2)
Dorsal Cavity	11	(1)
Ventral Cavity	11	(2)
The Metric System	13	(6)
Units of Length	13	(1)
Units of Weight	13	(1)
Units of Volume	13	(1)
Temperature	13	(6)
Chemistry, Matter, and Life	19	(16)
Elements	20	(1)
Atoms	20	(1)
Molecules and Compounds	21	(2)
The Importance of Water	22	(1)
Mixtures: Solutions and Suspensions	22	(1)
Chemical Bonds	23	(2)
Ionic Bonds	23	(1)
Covalent Bonds	24	(1)
Compounds: Acids, Bases, and Salts	25	(1)
The pH Scale	25	(1)
Buffers	26	(1)
Isotopes and Radioactivity	26	(1)
Use of Radioactive Isotopes	26	(1)
Chemistry of Living Matter	27	(8)
Organic Compounds	27	(8)
Cells and Their Functions	35	(22)
The Role of Cells	36	(1)
Microscopes	37	(1)
Cell Structure	37	(4)
Plasma Membrane	37	(1)
The Nucleus	38	(1)
The Cytoplasm	39	(2)
Surface Organelles	41	(1)
Cellular Diversity	41	(1)
Protein Synthesis	41	(4)
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA	41	(4)
Cell Division	45	(1)
Stages of Mitosis	45	(1)
Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane	46	(5)
Movement That Does Not Require Cellular Energy	47	(1)
Movement That Requires Cellular Energy	48	(1)
How Osmosis Affects Cells	49	(2)
Cell Aging	51	(6)
Tissues, Glands, and Membranes	57	(16)
Tissue Classification	58	(1)
Epithelial Tissue	58	(2)
Structure of Epithelial Tissue	58	(1)
Special Functions of Epithelial Tissue	59	(1)
Glands	59	(1)
Connective Tissue	60	(2)
Soft Connective Tissue	60	(1)
Fibrous Connective Tissue	61	(1)
Hard Connective Tissue	61	(1)
Muscle Tissue	62	(2)
Nervous Tissue	64	(1)
The Neuron	64	(1)
Neuroglia	64	(1)
Membranes	65	(6)
Epithelial Membranes	65	(2)
Connective Tissue Membranes	67	(4)
Tissues and Aging	71	(2)
The Integumentary System	73	(10)
Structure of the Skin	74	(2)
Epidermis	74	(1)
Dermis	75	(1)
Subcutaneous Layer	75	(1)
Accessory Structures of the Skin	76	(2)
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands	76	(1)
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands	76	(1)
Hair	77	(1)
Nails	77	(1)
Functions of the Skin	78	(1)
Protection Against Infection	78	(1)
Protection Against Dehydration	78	(1)
Regulation of Body Temperature	78	(1)
Collection of Sensory Information	78	(1)
Other Activities of the Skin	78	(1)
Skin Color	79	(1)
Pigment	79	(1)
Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System	80	(1)
Care of the Skin	80	(3)
Unit II MOVEMENT AND SUPPORT	83	(52)
The Skeleton: Bones and Joints	85	(26)
Bones	86	(3)
Bone Structure	86	(2)
Bone Growth and Repair	88	(1)
Bone Markings	89	(1)
Bones of the Axial Skeleton	89	(7)
Framework of the Skull	90	(2)
Framework of the Trunk	92	(4)
Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton	96	(6)
The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton	96	(3)
The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton	99	(3)
Skeletal Changes in the Aging	102	(1)
The Joints	102	(9)
More About Synovial Joints	103	(8)
The Muscular System	111	(24)
Types of Muscle	112	(1)
Smooth Muscle	112	(1)
Cardiac Muscle	112	(1)
Skeletal Muscle	112	(1)
The Muscular System	113	(6)
Structure of a Muscle	113	(1)
Muscle Cells in Action	114	(3)
Energy Sources	117	(1)
Effects of Exercise	118	(1)
Types of Muscle Contractions	119	(1)
The Mechanics of Muscle Movement	119	(1)
Muscles Work Together	120	(1)
Levers and Body Mechanics	120	(1)
Skeletal Muscle Groups	120	(10)
Muscles of the Head	121	(2)
Muscles of the Neck	123	(1)
Muscles of the Upper Extremities	124	(1)
Muscles of the Trunk	125	(2)
Muscles of the Lower Extremities	127	(3)
Effects of Aging on Muscles	130	(5)
Unit III COORDINATION AND CONTROL	135	(76)
The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves	137	(22)
Role of the Nervous System	138	(1)
Structural Divisions	138	(1)
Functional Divisions	138	(1)
Neurons and Their Functions	139	(2)
Structure of a Neuron	139	(1)
Types of Neurons	140	(1)
Nerves and Tracts	140	(1)
Neuroglia	141	(1)
The Nervous System at Work	142	(2)
The Nerve Impulse	142	(1)
The Synapse	143	(1)
The Spinal Cord	144	(4)
Structure of the Spinal Cord	145	(1)
The Reflex Arc	146	(2)
The Spinal Nerves	148	(11)
Branches of the Spinal Nerves	148	(2)
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)	150	(1)
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System	150	(2)
Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System	152	(7)
The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves	159	(18)
The Brain	160	(1)
Protective Structures of the Brain and Spinal Cord	160	(3)
Cerebrospinal Fluid	163	(1)
The Cerebral Hemispheres	163	(5)
Functions of the Cerebral Cortex	166	(1)
Communication Areas	167	(1)
Memory and the Learning Process	167	(1)
The Diencephalon	168	(1)
The Limbic System	168	(1)
The Brain Stem	169	(1)
The Midbrain	169	(1)
The Pons	169	(1)
The Medulla Oblongata	169	(1)
The Cerebellum	169	(1)
Brain Studies	169	(2)
The Electroencephalograph	171	(1)
Cranial Nerves	171	(2)
Names and Functions of the Cranial Nerves	171	(2)
Aging of the Nervous System	173	(4)
The Sensory System	177	(20)
The Senses	178	(1)
Sensory Receptors	178	(1)
Special and General Senses	178	(1)
The Eye and Vision	178	(6)
Coats of the Eyeball	179	(1)
Pathway of Light Rays and Refraction	179	(1)
Function of the Retina	180	(1)
Muscles of the Eye	181	(2)
Nerve Supply to the Eye	183	(1)
The Ear	184	(4)
The Outer Ear	184	(1)
The Middle Ear and Ossicles	184	(1)
The Inner Ear	185	(3)
Other Special Sense Organs	188	(1)
Sense of Taste	188	(1)
Sense of Smell	189	(1)
The General Senses	189	(2)
Sense of Touch	189	(1)
Sense of Pressure	190	(1)
Sense of Temperature	190	(1)
Sense of Position	190	(1)
Sense of Pain	191	(1)
Sensory Adaptation	191	(6)
The Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones	197	(14)
Hormones	198	(1)
Hormone Chemistry	198	(1)
Hormone Regulation	198	(1)
The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones	199	(6)
The Pituitary	199	(3)
The Thyroid Gland	202	(1)
The Parathyroid Glands	203	(1)
The Adrenal Glands	203	(1)
The Pancreas and Its Hormones	204	(1)
The Sex Glands	204	(1)
The Thymus Gland	205	(1)
The Pineal Gland	205	(1)
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues	205	(1)
Prostaglandins	206	(1)
Hormones and Treatment	206	(1)
Hormones and Stress	206	(1)
Aging and the Endocrine System	207	(4)
Unit IV CIRCULATION AND BODY DEFENSE	211	(76)
The Blood	213	(18)
Functions of the Blood	214	(1)
Transportation	214	(1)
Regulation	214	(1)
Protection	214	(1)
Blood Constituents	214	(1)
Blood Plasma	214	(1)
The Formed Elements	215	(4)
Hemostasis	219	(1)
Blood Clotting	220	(1)
Blood Types	220	(2)
The ABO Blood Type Group	220	(1)
The Rh Factor	221	(1)
Uses of Blood and Blood Components	222	(1)
Whole Blood Transfusions	222	(1)
Use of Blood Components	222	(1)
Blood Studies	223	(8)
The Hematocrit	223	(1)
Hemoglobin Tests	223	(1)
Blood Cell Counts	223	(1)
The Blood Slide (Smear)	224	(1)
Blood Chemistry Tests	224	(1)
Coagulation Studies	225	(1)
Bone Marrow Biopsy	225	(6)
The Heart	231	(18)
Circulation and the Heart	232	(1)
Location of the Heart	232	(1)
Structure of the Heart	232	(6)
The Pericardium	233	(1)
Special Features of the Myocardium	233	(1)
Divisions of the Heart	234	(3)
Blood Supply to the Myocardium	237	(1)
Function of the Heart	238	(4)
Cardiac Output	238	(1)
The Heart's Conduction System	239	(2)
Control of the Heart Rate	241	(1)
Heart Sounds	241	(1)
The Heart in the Elderly	242	(1)
Maintaining Heart Health	243	(1)
Heart Studies	243	(6)
Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation	249	(20)
Blood Vessels	250	(2)
Blood Circuits	250	(1)
Vessel Structure	251	(1)
Systemic Arteries	252	(4)
The Aorta and Its Parts	252	(2)
The Iliac Arteries and Their Subdivisions	254	(1)
Arteries That Branch to the Arm and Head	255	(1)
Anastomoses	255	(1)
Systemic Veins	256	(3)
The Venae Cavae and Their Tributaries	256	(2)
Venous Sinuses	258	(1)
The Hepatic Portal System	258	(1)
The Physiology of Circulation	259	(10)
Capillary Exchange	259	(1)
The Dynamics of Blood Flow	260	(1)
The Pulse	261	(1)
Blood Pressure	262	(7)
The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses	269	(18)
The Lymphatic System	270	(1)
Functions of the Lymphatic System	270	(1)
Lymphatic Circulation	270	(3)
Lymphatic Capillaries	271	(1)
Lymphatic Vessels	271	(2)
Movement of Lymph	273	(1)
Lymphoid Tissue	273	(3)
Lymph Nodes	273	(1)
The Spleen	274	(1)
The Thymus	275	(1)
The Tonsils	275	(1)
Other Lymphoid Tissue	276	(1)
The Reticuloendothelial System	276	(1)
Body Defenses Against Disease	276	(1)
Nonspecific Defenses	276	(1)
Chemical and Mechanical Barriers	276	(1)
Phagocytosis	276	(1)
Natural Killer Cells	277	(1)
Inflammation	277	(1)
Fever	277	(1)
Interferon	277	(1)
Specific Defenses---Immunity	277	(10)
Inborn Immunity	278	(1)
Acquired Immunity	278	(2)
The Antigen-Antibody Reaction	280	(1)
Naturally Acquired Immunity	281	(1)
Artificially Acquired Immunity	281	(6)
Unit V ENERGY: SUPPLY AND USE	287	(68)
Respiration	289	(16)
Phases of Respiration	290	(1)
The Respiratory System	290	(5)
The Nasal Cavities	291	(1)
The Pharynx	292	(1)
The Larynx	292	(1)
The Trachea	292	(1)
The Bronchi	292	(1)
The Lungs	293	(2)
The Process of Respiration	295	(5)
Pulmonary Ventilation	295	(1)
Gas Exchange	296	(2)
Transport of Oxygen	298	(1)
Transport of Carbon Dioxide	298	(1)
Regulation of Respiration	299	(1)
Abnormal Ventilation	299	(1)
Breathing Patterns	300	(1)
Age and the Respiratory Tract	300	(5)
Digestion	305	(18)
Function and Design of the Digestive System	306	(2)
The Wall of the Digestive Tract	306	(1)
The Peritoneum	307	(1)
Organs of the Digestive Tract	308	(5)
The Mouth	308	(1)
The Teeth	308	(1)
The Pharynx	309	(1)
The Esophagus	310	(1)
The Stomach	310	(1)
The Small Intestine	311	(1)
The Large Intestine	311	(2)
The Accessory Organs	313	(1)
The Salivary Glands	313	(1)
The Liver	314	(1)
The Gallbladder	314	(1)
The Pancreas	314	(1)
Enzymes and the Digestive Process	314	(2)
The Role of Water	315	(1)
Digestion, Step-by-Step	315	(1)
Absorption	316	(1)
Absorption of Fats	316	(1)
Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals	316	(1)
Control of Digestion	316	(1)
Hunger and Appetite	317	(1)
Aging and the Digestive System	317	(6)
Metabolism, Nutrition, and Body Temperature	323	(14)
Metabolism	324	(3)
Cellular Respiration	324	(1)
The Use of Nutrients for Energy	325	(1)
Anabolism	326	(1)
Minerals and Vitamins	326	(1)
Nutritional Guidelines	327	(3)
Carbohydrates	327	(2)
Fats	329	(1)
Proteins	329	(1)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements	329	(1)
The Food Guide Pyramid	330	(1)
Alcohol	330	(1)
Nutrition and Aging	330	(1)
Body Temperature	331	(6)
Heat Production	331	(1)
Heat Loss	331	(1)
Temperature Regulation	332	(5)
The Urinary System and Body Fluids	337	(18)
Excretion	338	(1)
Organs of the Urinary System	338	(1)
The Kidneys	339	(5)
Blood Supply to the Kidney	339	(1)
Structure of the Kidney	339	(1)
Functions of the Kidney	340	(1)
Formation of Urine	341	(3)
The Ureters	344	(1)
The Urinary Bladder	345	(1)
The Urethra	346	(1)
Urination	346	(1)
The Urine	347	(1)
Normal Constituents	347	(1)
The Effects of Aging	347	(1)
The Importance of Water in Body Fluids	347	(1)
Fluid Compartments	347	(1)
Water Balance	348	(1)
Sense of Thirst	349	(1)
Electrolytes and Their Functions	349	(1)
Electrolyte Balance	349	(1)
Acid-Base Balance	350	(5)
Regulation of pH	350	(5)
Unit VI PERPETUATION OF LIFE	355
The Male and Female Reproductive Systems	357	(18)
Reproduction	358	(1)
Meiosis	359	(1)
The Male Reproductive System	359	(2)
The Testes	359	(1)
Accessory Organs	360	(1)
Semen	360	(1)
The Urethra and Penis	361	(1)
Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction	361	(1)
The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction	362	(1)
The Female Reproductive System	362	(4)
The Ovaries	362	(1)
The Ova and Ovulation	362	(1)
Accessory Organs	363	(3)
The Menstrual Cycle	366	(1)
Beginning of the Cycle	366	(1)
Ovulation	366	(1)
The Menstrual Phase	367	(1)
Menopause	367	(1)
Hormone Replacement Therapy	367	(1)
Birth Control	367	(8)
Development and Heredity	375
Pregnancy	376	(6)
Fertilization and the Start of Pregnancy	376	(1)
The Placenta	376	(4)
Development of the Embryo	380	(1)
The Fetus	380	(1)
The Mother	381	(1)
Childbirth	382	(1)
The Four Stages of Labor	382	(1)
Cesarean Section	382	(1)
Multiple Births	383	(1)
Termination of Pregnancy	383	(1)
The Mammary Glands and Lactation	383	(1)
Heredity	384	(1)
Genes and Chromosomes	384	(3)
Dominant and Recessive Genes	385	(1)
Distribution of Chromosomes to Offspring	385	(1)
Sex Determination	386	(1)
Sex-Linked Traits	386	(1)
Hereditary Traits	387
Gene Expression	387	(1)
Genetic Mutation	387
Glossary	1	(13)
Glossary of Word Parts	14
Appendices	1	(1)
Appendix 1 Metric Measurements	1	(1)
Appendix 2 Celsius-Fahrenheit Temperature Conversion Scale	2	(1)
Appendix 3 Periodic Table of the Elements	3	(1)
Appendix 4 Answers to Chapter Checkpoint and ``Zooming In'' Questions	4
Index	1