Mental Retardation : A Community Integration Approach

by Crane, Lynda

• ISBN13: 9780534339234
• ISBN10: 0534339239
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-08-29
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Using the goal of community integration as a coherent, unifying conceptual focus, this book presents the applied research and information that readers can use as they work with the mentally retarded. Additionally, this is a book with "heart," built on the premise that the coverage is not designed simply to appeal to readers' intellect, but to their emotional and relational experience, as well.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
About the Author	xix
PART I UNDERSTANDING MENTAL RETARDATION	1	(142)
Building a Framework: Community Integration and Interdisciplinary Systems	3	(18)
Community Integration	4	(3)
Social Role Valorization	5	(2)
Conceptual Framework for this Text	7	(3)
A Systems Perspective	10	(7)
Interagency and Interdisciplinary Collaboration	12	(3)
Individual Efforts: Friends, Neighbors, and Peers	15	(2)
Looking Ahead	17	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	18	(1)
References	18	(3)
Theoretical Influences on Understanding Mental Retardation	21	(18)
Theories of Genetic Maturation: Developmental Milestones	22	(1)
Learning Theories	23	(3)
Operant Conditioning	24	(1)
Imitation and Modeling	24	(2)
Theory of Multiple Intelligences	26	(1)
Stage Theories	27	(4)
Emotional Development	28	(1)
Cognitive Development	29	(2)
Delay and Difference Theories	31	(1)
Dialectical Learning	32	(1)
Ecological Systems Theory	33	(2)
Looking Ahead	35	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	35	(1)
References	35	(4)
Origins: Historical and Cultural	39	(24)
Mental Retardation: A Cultural Invention	40	(1)
Historical and Cultural Influences	41	(2)
Ancient Ideas	41	(1)
More Recent Influences	42	(1)
First Educational Efforts	43	(2)
Institutionalization in the United States: The Beginnings	45	(6)
Impact of Causal Theories	47	(1)
Increasing Segregation	48	(1)
The Story of Deborah Kallikak	49	(2)
Involuntary Sterilization	51	(1)
Mental Testing	52	(1)
Social Control and ``Cleansing''	53	(3)
Humanitarian Reforms	54	(1)
Self-Determination: A Beginning	55	(1)
Political and Economic Influences	56	(2)
Private and Political Influence: The Kennedy Family	56	(1)
Legislative Milestones	57	(1)
Political Influences on Funding	58	(1)
Lobbying and Voter Support	58	(1)
Cyclical Change	59	(1)
Looking Ahead	60	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	60	(1)
References	60	(3)
Definition, Classification, and Prevalence	63	(30)
Introducing Joyce, Susan, and Jason	64	(3)
Joyce Elger	64	(1)
Susan Polaski	65	(1)
Jason Cunningham	66	(1)
Labeling	67	(3)
The Label Chase	68	(2)
Alternatives to Labeling	70	(1)
Incidence and Prevalence	70	(3)
Definitional Issues	73	(1)
Early Definitions and Changes	73	(5)
Newer Definitions	78	(1)
Definition of Developmental Disabilities	78	(1)
The 1992 AAMR Definition	79	(1)
Understanding the 1992 Definition	79	(1)
The Debate Over Adaptive Behavior	80	(3)
Classification and Levels of Functioning	83	(4)
IQ- and Ability-Based Systems	83	(1)
The 1992 Classification System	84	(1)
Rationale for Change	84	(1)
Debate Over Classification	85	(2)
Different Goals and Purposes	87	(1)
Applying the Definition to Joyce, Susan, and Jason	87	(2)
Looking Ahead	89	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	89	(1)
References	89	(4)
Assessment of Mental Retardation	93	(36)
Interdisciplinary Approach	94	(2)
Medical Assessment	96	(1)
Motor and Sensory Development	96	(1)
Language Milestones	96	(1)
Behavior	97	(1)
Physiological Testing	97	(1)
Intellectual Assessment	97	(15)
Reifying the Concept	97	(2)
Nature-Nurture	99	(1)
Some Widely Used IQ Tests	100	(4)
Infant and Toddler Assessment	104	(1)
Biases and Limitations of IQ Tests	105	(4)
Elements of a Useful Intellectual Assessment	109	(3)
Assessment of Adaptive Behavior	112	(4)
Interviews	112	(1)
Behavioral Observation	113	(1)
Functional Assessment	113	(2)
Quality-of-Life Assessment	115	(1)
Educational Assessment	116	(2)
Norm-Referenced Tests	116	(1)
Curriculum-Based Assessments	117	(1)
Speech and Language Assessment	118	(1)
Occupational Therapy Assessment	119	(1)
Developing the Individualized Education Program	120	(1)
Assessment for Joyce, Susan, and Jason	120	(4)
Looking Ahead	124	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	124	(1)
References	124	(5)
Characteristics of Mental Retardation	129	(14)
Basic Issues in Understanding Characteristics	130	(1)
Physical and Mental Health	131	(1)
Motivational Characteristics	131	(2)
Learning and Generalization	133	(2)
Attention	135	(1)
Memory	135	(1)
Language Abilities	136	(1)
Distinction Between Overall Mild and Severe Characteristics	137	(2)
Looking Ahead	139	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	140	(1)
References	140	(3)
PART II ETIOLOGY AND PREVENTION: THE COMMUNITY CHALLENGE	143	(80)
Genetic and Infectious Influences and Prevention	145	(26)
Genetic Transmission	147	(5)
Gene Type and Transmission	148	(1)
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance	149	(1)
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance	150	(1)
X-Linked (Sex-Linked) Recessive Inheritance	150	(1)
Penetrance, Variable Expressivity, and Polygenic Inheritance	151	(1)
Examples of Genetically Transmitted Conditions	152	(3)
Tay-Sachs Disease	152	(1)
Lesch-Nyhan Disease	153	(2)
Common Chromosomal Conditions	155	(5)
Trisomy 21 and Other Trisomies	155	(1)
Down Syndrome	155	(3)
Fragile X Syndrome	158	(2)
Genetic Counseling and Prenatal Testing	160	(4)
Prenatal Intervention	161	(1)
Hydrocephalus	162	(1)
Ethics and Implications	162	(1)
Adjusting to New Expectations	163	(1)
The Future of Genetic Research	164	(4)
The Human Genome Project	164	(1)
Genetic Manipulations	165	(1)
Ethical Considerations	166	(2)
Looking Ahead	168	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	168	(1)
References	168	(3)
Biological and Psychosocial Influences and Prevention	171	(24)
Some Psychosocial Influences	172	(16)
Environmental Toxins	172	(1)
Infant Mortality and Morbidity Rates	173	(1)
Prenatal Care	173	(2)
Maternal Health and Nutrition	175	(1)
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight	175	(2)
Adolescent Pregnancy	177	(3)
Teratogens	180	(6)
Accidents	186	(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect	187	(1)
Cultural Implications and Public Policy	188	(2)
Looking Ahead	190	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	190	(1)
References	190	(5)
Related Developmental Disabilities	195	(28)
Autism	196	(7)
Etiology	199	(2)
Treatment	201	(2)
Cerebral Palsy	203	(4)
Etiology	203	(1)
Treatment	204	(3)
Seizure Disorders	207	(3)
Etiology	209	(1)
Treatment	209	(1)
Behavior Disorders	210	(6)
Self-Injurious Behavior	210	(1)
Treatment	211	(1)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	211	(5)
Looking Ahead	216	(2)
InfoTrac College Edition	218	(1)
References	218	(5)
PART III LEARNING WITHIN THE COMMUNITY: DEVELOPING SKILLS AND ABILITIES	223	(98)
Early Intervention	225	(36)
Rationale for Early Intervention	226	(1)
Functions of Early Intervention	227	(1)
Eligibility for Early Intervention	227	(1)
Some Types of Early Intervention Programs	228	(1)
Effectiveness of Early Intervention	229	(4)
More Early Examples	232	(1)
Carolina Abecedarian Project	232	(1)
Program Evaluation	233	(1)
The Role of Values in Designing Interventions	234	(1)
Research and Policy Collaboration	235	(9)
Head Start: An Example of Collaboration Among Research, Practice, and Policy	236	(2)
PL 105-17 and IDEA---Part C	238	(2)
Coordination of Services	240	(4)
Challenges in Implementation	244	(6)
Parental Involvement	244	(2)
Family-Centered Focus	246	(2)
Identifying Infants with Disabilities	248	(1)
Identifying Infants at Risk	248	(2)
Program Content	250	(1)
Early Intervention---Jason's Experience	251	(5)
Looking Ahead	256	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	256	(1)
References	256	(5)
Behavioral and Cognitive Intervention	261	(30)
Basic Principles of Applied Behavior Analysis	262	(1)
Collecting Observational Data	263	(2)
Finding the Right Reinforcer	265	(1)
Reinforcing Multistep Tasks	265	(6)
Task Analysis	265	(1)
Prompting	266	(1)
Shaping	266	(2)
Chaining	268	(1)
Token Economies	269	(1)
Contracts	270	(1)
More Techniques for Problem Behaviors	271	(1)
Extinction	271	(1)
Strategies of Differential Reinforcement	272	(3)
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors	272	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative or Incompatible Behaviors	273	(1)
Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates of Behavior	273	(2)
Variables that Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement	275	(2)
Setting Events	275	(2)
Punishment	277	(2)
Objections and Alternatives to Aversive Stimuli	279	(1)
Gentle Teaching	280	(3)
Cognitive Techniques	283	(4)
Making Choices	283	(1)
Self-Management	284	(1)
Imagery Procedures	284	(3)
The Importance of Motivational Characteristics	287	(1)
Looking Ahead	287	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	287	(1)
References	288	(3)
Educational Issues	291	(30)
School Placement Options	292	(6)
Inclusion: The Philosophical Ideal	293	(1)
Dissatisfaction with Special Education	294	(2)
Inclusion in Actual Practice	296	(2)
Steps Toward Successful Inclusion	298	(4)
Teacher and Student Attitudes	299	(1)
Knowledge and Skills	300	(1)
Emotional and Material Support	301	(1)
Instructional Methods for Meeting the Needs of Diverse Populations	302	(7)
Peer Tutoring	304	(1)
Cooperative Learning	304	(1)
Computer-Aided Instruction	305	(2)
Interdisciplinary Practice	307	(1)
Direct Instruction Techniques	307	(1)
Education Through the Arts	308	(1)
Incorporating Multiple Approaches	309	(1)
Transition	309	(3)
Interagency Collaboration	310	(1)
The Dilemma of At-Risk and Unlabeled Youth	311	(1)
Self-Determination	312	(1)
Career Education	312	(4)
Occupational Guidance and Preparation	313	(1)
Social Skills	314	(1)
Independent Living Skills	315	(1)
Community-Based Instruction	316	(1)
Looking Ahead	316	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	317	(1)
References	317	(4)
PART IV COMMUNITY LIFE: ROLES, RIGHTS, AND RESPONSIBILITIES	321	(104)
Family	323	(30)
Who Are Families?	324	(1)
Adjustment	325	(2)
Initial Reactions	325	(2)
Decisions for Adoption or Out-of-Home Placement	327	(4)
Out-of-Home Placement	328	(1)
Adaptation: Dealing with Stress	329	(2)
Unique Reactions of Fathers	331	(1)
Siblings	332	(3)
Families Speak for Themselves	335	(3)
Informal and Formal Supports	338	(4)
Grandparents, Other Relatives, and Neighbors	339	(1)
Respite Care	339	(2)
Collaboration Among Families and Professionals	341	(1)
Communication	342	(1)
Family Empowerment	342	(6)
Multicultural Family Diversity	343	(3)
Aging Parents	346	(2)
Looking Ahead	348	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	348	(1)
References	348	(5)
Adult Living and Work	353	(32)
Residential Options	354	(1)
Community Integration and Deinstitutionalization	354	(4)
Private Residential Treatment Schools	358	(1)
Community Living	358	(4)
Community Acceptance	359	(1)
Community ``Institutionalization''	360	(1)
Intermediate Care Facilities (ICF/MR) and the Home and Community-Based Services (HCB) Waiver Program	361	(1)
Factors in Successful Community Adjustment	362	(4)
Definition of Adjustment	362	(1)
Adjustment Outcomes	363	(1)
Independent (Supported) Living	364	(2)
Work	366	(2)
Sheltered Workshops	366	(1)
Community Employment	367	(1)
Training and Support	368	(10)
Supported Employment	371	(2)
Indirect Services	373	(2)
Community Attitudes	375	(1)
Transitional Training	376	(2)
Issues in Aging	378	(1)
Looking Ahead	379	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	380	(1)
References	380	(5)
Social Life and Recreation	385	(28)
Developing Friendships	386	(14)
Attitudes, Behaviors, and Skills	388	(2)
Education in Social Skills	390	(3)
Recreational and Leisure Opportunities for Friendship	393	(7)
Sexuality and Sex Education	400	(6)
Attitudes Toward Sexuality in People with MR	400	(6)
Elements of Effective Sex Education	406	(1)
Marriage and Parenting	406	(1)
Looking Ahead	407	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	408	(1)
References	408	(5)
Vision, Progress, and Advocacy	413	(12)
Voices in Discourse	414	(3)
Self-Advocacy	415	(2)
Progress and Remaining Challenges	417	(3)
Changes in Professional Preparation	420	(1)
Additional Considerations	420	(1)
Attitudes and Community Integration	421	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition	422	(1)
References	423	(2)
Glossary	425	(10)
Index	435