Metal-Fluorocarbon Based Energetic Materials

by Koch, Ernst-christian

• ISBN13: 9783527329205
• ISBN10: 352732920X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-03-26
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

From the preface: " ... This book fills a void in the collection of pyrotechnic literature...it will make an excellent reference book that all researchers of pyrolants and energetics must have..." -Dr. Bernard E. Douda, Dr. Sara Pliskin, NAVSEA Crane, IN, USA This exciting book details all aspects of this important class of energetic materials. It illustrates the progress that has been made in the field and covers both the chemistry and applications. The text opens with an historical overview followed by a thorough discussion of ignition, combustion and radiative properties. The next section explores the multifaceted military and civilian applications, as well as production and synthetic techniques. The critical importance of associated hazards, namely sensitivity, stability and ageing, are discussed in detail, and the whole is rounded off by a look at the future of this important and expanding field. Key features: Describes historical development, recent achievements and shows the way ahead for these most versatile energetic materials Discusses associated hazards and their origin, and details occupational health and properties Acts as complete guide to the chemistry, applications, manufacture and hazards of metal-fluorocarbon based pyrolants Authored by a pre-eminent authority on the subject from the NATO Munitions Safety Information Analysis Center (MSIAC)

Author Biography

Dr. Ernst-Christian Koch is Technical Specialist Officer at the NATO Munitions Safety Information Center (MSIAC), Brussels, Belgium. He studied chemistry at the Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Germany and was awarded his doctoral degree by the same university in 1995. Before joining NATO in 2008, Dr. Koch spent 12 years working as a scientist for the German defense industry, developing energetic materials and countermeasures. He is author of more than 20 peer reviewed papers and two book chapters. He holds more than 100 patents on energetic materials and countermeasures. Dr. Koch is a Lecturer on Energetic Materials at Technical University of Kaiserslautern/Germany and Pardubice University/Czech Republic and he currently serves as Vice President of the International Pyrotechnics Society and as an Editorial Board Member of Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. XIII
Preface	p. XV
Acknowledgment	p. XVII
Introduction to Pyrolants	p. 1
References	p. 3
History	p. 6
Organometallic Beginning	p. 6
Explosive & Obscurant Properties	p. 8
Rise of Fluorocarbons	p. 10
Rockets Fired Against Aircraft	p. 13
Metal/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants	p. 15
References	p. 17
Further Reading	p. 19
Properties of Fluorocarbons	p. 20
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)	p. 20
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)	p. 22
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)	p. 24
Polycarbon Monofluoride (PMF)	p. 25
Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropene Copolymer	p. 27
LFC-1	p. 28
Vinylidene Fluoride-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer	p. 28
Copolymer of TFE and VDF	p. 30
Terpolymers of TFE, HFP and VDF	p. 31
Summary of chemical and physical properties of common fluoropolymers	p. 33
References	p. 33
Thermochemical and Physical Properties of Metals and their Fluorides	p. 36
References	p. 41
Reactivity and Thermochemistry of Selected Metal/Fluorocarbon Systems	p. 42
Lithium	p. 42
Magnesium	p. 45
Titanium	p. 47
Zirconium	p. 52
Hafnium	p. 53
Niob	p. 53
Tantalum	p. 54
Zinc	p. 55
Cadmium	p. 56
Boron	p. 57
Aluminium	p. 59
Silicon	p. 63
Calcium Silicide	p. 64
Tin	p. 65
References	p. 66
Ignition and Combustion Mechanism of MTV	p. 68
Ignition and Pre-Ignition of Metal/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants	p. 68
Magnesium-Grignard Hypothesis	p. 68
References	p. 77
Ignition of MTV	p. 80
References	p. 85
Combustion	p. 87
Magnesium/Teflon/Viton	p. 87
Pressure Effects on the Burn Rate	p. 87
Particle Size Distribution and Surface Area Effects on the Burn Rate	p. 88
Porosity	p. 95
Burn Rate Description	p. 96
Combustion of Metal-Fluorocarbon Pyrolants with Fuels Other than Magnesium	p. 97
Magnesium Hydride	p. 97
Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal	p. 98
Lithium	p. 98
Magnesium-Aluminium Alloy	p. 99
Titan	p. 99
Zirconium	p. 102
Zinc	p. 103
Boron	p. 104
Magnesium Boride, MgB2	p. 105
Aluminium	p. 105
Silicon	p. 108
Silicides	p. 110
Dimagnesium Silicide, Mg2Si	p. 110
Calcium Disilicide	p. 111
Zirconium Disilicide	p. 113
Tungsten-Zirconium Alloy	p. 113
Underwater Combustion	p. 114
References	p. 115
Spectroscopy	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
UV-VIS Spectra	p. 120
Polytetrafluoroethylene Combustion	p. 121
Magnesium/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants	p. 122
MgH2, MgB2, Mg3N2, Mg2Si/Mg3Al2/Fluorocarbon Based pyrolants	p. 128
Silicon/PTFE Based Pyrolants	p. 133
Boron/PTFE/Viton Based Pyrolants	p. 134
MWIR Spectra	p. 135
Polytetrafluoroethylene Combustion	p. 136
Magnesium/Fluorocarbon Combustion	p. 136
MgH2, MgB2, Mg3N2, Mg2Si/Fluorocarbon Based Pyrolants	p. 139
Si/Fluorocarbon Based Pyrolants	p. 140
Boron/PTFE/Viton Based Pyrolants	p. 141
Temperature Determination	p. 141
Condensed-Phase Temperature	p. 142
Gas-Phase Temperature	p. 144
References	p. 148
Infrared Emitters	p. 151
Decoy Flares	p. 151
Nonexpendable Flares	p. 153
Target Augmentation	p. 153
Missile Tracking Flares	p. 156
Metal-Fluorocarbon Flare Combustion Flames as Sources of Radiation	p. 158
Flame Structure and Morphology	p. 160
Radiation of MTV	p. 162
Infrared Compositions	p. 165
Inherent Effects	p. 166
Influence of Stoichiometry	p. 166
Spectral Flare Compositions	p. 180
Particle Size Issues	p. 181
Geometrical Aspects	p. 181
Operational Effects	p. 184
Altitude Effects	p. 184
Windspeed Effects	p. 186
Outlook	p. 191
References	p. 193
Obscurants	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions in Aerosol Generation	p. 199
Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions as an Exclusive Aerosol Source	p. 200
Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions to Trigger Aerosol Release	p. 201
Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions to Trigger Soot Formation	p. 201
Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions to Trigger Phosphorus Vaporisation	p. 204
References	p. 208
Igniters	p. 210
References	p. 214
Incendiaries, Agent Defeat, Reactive Fragments and Detonation Phenomena	p. 216
Incendiaries	p. 216
Curable Fluorocarbon Resin-Based Compositions	p. 217
Document Destruction	p. 218
Agent Defeat	p. 221
Reactive Fragments	p. 223
Shockwave Loading of Metal-Fluorocarbons and Detonation-Like Phenomena	p. 229
References	p. 232
Further Reading	p. 234
Miscellaneous Applications	p. 235
Submerged Applications	p. 235
Underwater Explosives	p. 235
Underwater Flares	p. 235
Underwater Cutting Torch	p. 236
Mine-Disposal Torch	p. 238
Stored Chemical Energy	p. 240
Heating Device	p. 240
Stored Chemical Energy Propulsion	p. 240
Tracers	p. 240
Propellants	p. 241
References	p. 244
Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
Magnesium	p. 249
Silicon and Silicides	p. 252
References	p. 256
Vapour-Deposited Materials	p. 258
References	p. 262
Ageing	p. 264
References	p. 270
Manufacture	p. 271
Introduction	p. 271
Treatment of Metal Powder	p. 271
Mixing	p. 273
Shock Gel Process	p. 273
Procedure A	p. 273
Procedure B	p. 275
Conventional Mixing	p. 276
Experimental Super Shock Gel Process	p. 276
Experimental Dry Mixing Technique	p. 280
Experimental Cryo-N2 Process	p. 282
Extrusion	p. 282
Twin Screw Extrusion	p. 282
Pressing	p. 286
Cutting	p. 289
Priming	p. 289
Miscellaneous	p. 289
Accidents and Process Safety	p. 290
Mixing	p. 290
Pressing	p. 293
Process Analysis	p. 294
Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)	p. 294
References	p. 296
Sensitivity	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Impact Sensitivity	p. 300
MTV	p. 300
Titanium/PTFE/Viton and Zirconium/PTFE/Viton	p. 300
Metal-Fluorocarbon Solvents	p. 301
Viton as Binder in Mg/NaNO3	p. 301
Friction and Shear Sensitivity	p. 301
Metal/Fluorocarbon	p. 303
Thermal Sensitivity	p. 304
MTV	p. 304
ESD Sensitivity	p. 305
Insensitive Munitions Testing	p. 310
Introduction	p. 310
Cookoff	p. 314
Bullet Impact	p. 316
Sympathetic Reaction	p. 319
IM Signature Summary	p. 320
Hazards Posed by Loose In-Process MTV Crumb and TNT Equivalent	p. 321
References	p. 323
Toxic Combustion Products	p. 326
MTV Flare Composition	p. 326
Obscurant Formulations	p. 330
Fluorine Compounds	p. 331
Hydrogen Fluoride	p. 331
Aluminium Fluoride	p. 331
Magnesium Fluoride	p. 332
References	p. 332
Outlook	p. 334
References	p. 335
Index	p. 337
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