Metamaterials Physics and Engineering Explorations

by Engheta, Nader; Ziolkowski, Richard W.

• ISBN13: 9780471761020
• ISBN10: 0471761028
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-07-11
• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press

Summary

Leading experts explore the exotic properties and exciting applications of electromagnetic metamaterials Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations gives readers a clearly written, richly illustrated introduction to the most recent research developments in the area of electromagnetic metamaterials. It explores the fundamental physics, the designs, and the engineering aspects, and points to a myriad of exciting potential applications. The editors, acknowledged leaders in the field of metamaterials, have invited a group of leading researchers to present both their own findings and the full array of state-of-the-art applications for antennas, waveguides, devices, and components. Following a brief overview of the history of artificial materials, the publication divides its coverage into two major classes of metamaterials. The first half of the publication examines effective media with single (SNG) and double negative (DNG) properties; the second half examines electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures. The book further divides each of these classes into their three-dimensional (3D volumetric) and two-dimensional (2D planar or surface) realizations. Examples of each type of metamaterial are presented, and their known and anticipated properties are reviewed. Collectively, Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations presents a review of recent research advances associated with a highly diverse set of electromagnetic metamaterials. Its multifaceted approach offers readers a combination of theoretical, numerical, and experimental perspectives for a better understanding of their behaviors and their potentialapplications in components, devices, and systems. Extensive reference lists provide opportunities to explore individual topics and classes of metamaterials in greater depth. With full-color illustrations throughout to clarify concepts and help visualize actual results, this book provides a dynamic, user-friendly resource for students, engineers, physicists, and other researchers in the areas of electromagnetic materials, microwaves, millimeter waves, and optics. It equips newcomers with a basic understanding of metamaterials and their potential applications. Advanced researchers will benefit from thought-provoking perspectives that will deepen their knowledge and lead them to new areas of investigation.

Author Biography

NADER ENGHETA, PhD, is the H. Nedwill Ramsey Professor in the Department of Electricaland Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. A Guggenheim Fellow, a recipient of the IEEE Third Millennium Medal and the NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award, a Fellow of the IEEE, and a Fellow of the Optical Society of America, he is an Associate Editorof IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters and was an IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Distinguished Lecturer from 1997–1999.

RICHARD W. ZIOLKOWSKI, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering with a joint appointment in the College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona. He was elected by the faculty to be the first Kenneth von Behren Chaired Professor and has been a recipient of the Tau Beta Pi Professor of the Year Award and the IEEE and Eta Kappa Nu Outstanding Teaching Award. Professor Ziolkowski is a Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of the Optical Society of America. He was the 2005 president of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Contributors	xix
PART I DOUBLE-NEGATIVE (DNG) METAMATERIALS	1	(210)
SECTION I THREE-DIMENSIONAL VOLUMETRIC DNG METAMATERIALS	3	(138)
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, HISTORY, AND SELECTED TOPICS IN FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF METAMATERIALS	5	(38)
Richard W. Ziolkowski and Nader Engheta
1.1 Introduction	5	(4)
1.2 Wave Parameters in DNG Media	9	(1)
1.3 FDTD Simulations of DNG Media	10	(1)
1.4 Causality in DNG Media	11	(2)
1.5 Scattering from a DNG Slab	13	(3)
1.6 Backward Waves	16	(1)
1.7 Negative Refraction	17	(2)
1.8 Phase Compensation with a DNG Medium	19	(2)
1.9 Dispersion Compensation in a Transmission Line Using a DNG Medium	21	(2)
1.10 Subwavelength Focusing with a DNG Medium	23	(9)
1.11 Metamaterials with a Zero Index of Refraction	32	(5)
1.12 Summary	37	(1)
References	37	(6)
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVEGUIDE AND ANTENNA APPLICATIONS INVOLVING DNG AND SNG METAMATERIALS	43	(44)
Nader Engheta, Andrea Ali', Richard W. Ziolkowski, and Aycan Erentok
2.1 Introduction	43	(1)
2.2 Subwavelength Cavities and Waveguides	44	(10)
2.3 Subwavelength Cylindrical and Spherical Core–Shell Systems	54	(6)
2.4 ENG–MNG and DPS–DNG Matched Metamaterial Pairs for Resonant Enhancements of Source-Generated Fields	60	(2)
2.5 Efficient, Electrically Small Dipole Antennas: DNG Nested Shells	62	(8)
2.6 Efficient, Electrically Small Dipole Antennas: ENG Nested Shells Analysis	70	(3)
2.7 Efficient, Electrically Small Dipole Antennas: HFSS Simulations of Dipole–ENG Shell Systems	73	(3)
2.8 Metamaterial Realization of an Artificial Magnetic Conductor for Antenna Applications	76	(4)
2.9 Zero-Index Metamaterials for Antenna Applications	80	(3)
2.10 Summary	83	(1)
References	83	(4)
CHAPTER 3 WAVEGUIDE EXPERIMENTS TO CHARACTERIZE PROPERTIES OF SNG AND DNG METAMATERIALS	87	(26)
Silvio Hrabar
3.1 Introduction	87	(1)
3.2 Basic Types of Bulk Metamaterials with Inclusions	88	(1)
3.2.1 Thin-Wire Epsilon-Negative (ENG) Metamaterial	88	(1)
3.2.2 SRR Array Mu-Negative (MNG) Metamaterial	89	(1)
3.2.3 DNG Metamaterial Based on Thin Wires and SRRs	91	(1)
3.3 Theoretical Analysis of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with General Metamaterial	91	(5)
3.4 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Isotropic ENG Metamaterial	96	(3)
3.5 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Isotropic MNG Metamaterial	99	(1)
3.6 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Uniaxial MNG Metamaterial	100	(5)
3.7 Investigation of Rectangular Waveguide Filled with 2D Isotropic DNG Metamaterial	105	(1)
3.8 Investigation of Subwavelength Resonator	106	(4)
3.9 Conclusions	110	(1)
References	110	(3)
CHAPTER 4 REFRACTION EXPERIMENTS IN WAVEGUIDE ENVIRONMENTS	113	(28)
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, Jin Au Kong, and Ran Lixin
4.1 Introduction	113	(1)
4.2 Microscopic and Macroscopic Views of Metamaterials	114	(1)
4.2.1 Microscopic View: Rods and Rings as Building Blocks of Metamaterials	114	(1)
4.2.2 Macroscopic View: Effective Medium with Negative Constitutive Parameters	116	(1)
4.2.2.1 Modeling Metamaterials	116	(1)
4.2.2.2 Properties of Metamaterials	118	(5)
4.3 Measurement Techniques	123	(1)
4.3.1 Experimental Constraints	123	(1)
4.3.1.1 Obtaining a Plane-Wave Incidence	123	(1)
4.3.1.2 Contacting Issue with Waveguide Walls	125	(1)
4.3.2 Measurements of Various Rings	125	(1)
4.3.2.1 Axially Symmetric SRR	125	(1)
4.3.2.2 Omega (Q) SRR	128	(1)
4.3.2.3 Solid-State Structure	131	(1)
4.3.2.4 S Ring	135	(3)
4.4 Conclusion	138	(1)
Acknowledgments	138	(1)
References	139	(2)
SECTION II TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLANAR NEGATIVE-INDEX STRUCTURES	141	(70)
CHAPTER 5 ANTENNA APPLICATIONS AND SUBWAVELENGTH FOCUSING USING NEGATIVE-REFRACTIVE-INDEX TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES	143	(28)
George V. Eleftheriades
5.1 Introduction	143	(1)
5.2 Planar Transmission Line Media with Negative Refractive Index	144	(1)
5.3 Zero-Degree Phase-Shifting Lines and Applications	145	(1)
5.3.1 Nonradiating Metamaterial Phase-Shifting Lines	149	(1)
5.3.2 Series-Fed Antenna Arrays with Reduced Beam Squinting	150	(1)
5.3.3 Broadband Wilkinson Balun Using Microstrip Metamaterial Lines	153	(1)
5.3.4 Low-Profile and Small Ring Antennas	157	(3)
5.4 Backward Leaky-Wave Antenna Radiating in Its Fundamental Spatial Harmonic	160	(2)
5.5 Superresolving NRI Transmission Line Lens	162	(2)
5.6 Detailed Dispersion of Planar NRI-TL Media	164	(3)
Acknowledgments	167	(1)
References	167	(4)
CHAPTER 6 RESONANCE CONE ANTENNAS	171	(20)
Keith G. Balmain and Andrea A.E. Lûttgen
6.1 Introduction	171	(1)
6.2 Planar Metamaterial, Corner-Fed, Anisotropic Grid Antenna	172	(9)
6.3 Resonance Cone Refraction Effects in a Low-Profile Antenna	181	(8)
6.4 Conclusions	189	(1)
Acknowledgments	189	(1)
References	189	(2)
CHAPTER 7 MICROWAVE COUPLER AND RESONATOR APPLICATIONS OF NRI PLANAR STRUCTURES	191	(22)
Christophe Caloz and Tatsuo Itoh
7.1 Introduction	191	(1)
7.2 Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line Metamaterials	192	(1)
7.2.1 Left-Handed Transmission Lines	192	(1)
7.2.2 Composite Right/Left-Handed Structures	192	(1)
7.2.3 Microwave Network Conception and Characteristics	195	(1)
7.2.4 Microstrip Technology Implementation	197	(1)
7.3 Metamaterial Couplers	198	(1)
7.3.1 Symmetric Impedance Coupler	198	(1)
7.3.2 Asymmetric Phase Coupler	202	(3)
7.4 Metamaterial Resonators	205	(1)
7.4.1 Positive, Negative, and Zero-Order Resonance in CRLH Resonators	205	(1)
7.4.2 Zero-Order Antenna	207	(1)
7.4.3 Dual-Band Ring Antenna	208	(1)
7.5 Conclusions	209	(1)
References	209	(2)
PART II ELECTROMAGNETIC BANDGAP (EBG) METAMATERIALS	211	(192)
SECTION I THREE-DIMENSIONAL VOLUMETRIC EBG MEDIA	213	(72)
CHAPTER 8 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES IN MODELING THREE-DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC STRUCTURES WITH EMPHASIS ON VOLUMETRIC EBGs	215	(24)
Maria Kafesaki and Costas M. Soukoulis
8.1 Introduction	215	(1)
8.1.1 Electromagnetic (Photonic) Bandgap Materials or Photonic Crystals	215	(1)
8.1.2 Left-Handed Materials or Negative-Index Materials	219	(2)
8.2 Theoretical and Numerical Methods	221	(1)
8.2.1 Plane-Wave Method	222	(1)
8.2.2 Transfer Matrix Method	225	(1)
8.2.3 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method	228	(4)
8.3 Comparison of Different Numerical Techniques	232	(1)
8.4 Conclusions	233	(1)
Acknowledgments	233	(1)
References	234	(5)
CHAPTER 9 FABRICATION, EXPERIMENTATION AND APPLICATIONS OF EBG STRUCTURES	239	(22)
Peter de Maagt and Peter Huggard
9.1 Introduction	239	(2)
9.2 Manufacturing	241	(1)
9.2.1 Manufacture of 3D EBGs by Machining from the Solid	241	(1)
9.2.2 Manufacture of 3D EBGs by Stacking	242	(1)
9.2.3 Manufacture of 3D EBGs by Growth	244	(1)
9.2.4 Effect of Tolerances in Manufacture of EBGs	245	(1)
9.3 Experimental Characterization of EBG Crystals	245	(1)
9.3.1 Surface Wave Characterization	246	(1)
9.3.2 Complex Reflectivity Measurements	248	(1)
9.3.3 Terahertz Reflection and Transmission Measurements	250	(2)
9.4 Current and Future Applications of EBG Systems	252	(4)
9.5 Conclusions	256	(1)
References	257	(4)
CHAPTER 10 SUPERPRISM EFFECTS AND EBG ANTENNA APPLICATIONS	261	(24)
Boris Gralak, Stefan Enoch, and Gerard Tayeb
10.1 Introduction	261	(1)
10.2 Refractive Properties of a Piece of Photonic Crystal	262	(1)
10.2.1 General Hypotheses	262	(1)
10.2.1.1 Hypotheses on Electromagnetic Field	262	(1)
10.2.1.2 Hypotheses on Geometry	263	(1)
10.2.2 Rigorous Theory	264	(1)
10.2.2.1 Floquet–Bloch Transform and Decomposition of Initial Problem	264	(1)
10.2.2.2 Field Coupling at Plane Interface	265	(1)
10.2.2.3 Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy	268	(3)
10.3 Superprism Effect	271	(1)
10.3.1 Group Velocity Effect	271	(1)
10.3.2 Phase Velocity Effect	272	(1)
10.3.3 Chromatic Dispersion Effect	273	(3)
10.4 Antenna Applications	276	(5)
10.5 Conclusion	281	(1)
References	282	(3)
SECTION II TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLANAR EBG STRUCTURES	285	(118)
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW OF THEORY, FABRICATION, AND APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-IMPEDANCE GROUND PLANES	287	(26)
Dan Sievenpiper
11.1 Introduction	287	(2)
11.2 Surface Waves	289	(1)
11.3 High-Impedance Surfaces	290	(1)
11.4 Surface Wave Bands	291	(3)
11.5 Reflection Phase	294	(1)
11.6 Bandwidth	295	(2)
11.7 Design Procedure	297	(2)
11.8 Antenna Applications	299	(3)
11.9 Tunable Impedance Surfaces	302	(1)
11.10 Reflective-Beam Steering	303	(2)
11.11 Leaky-Wave Beam Steering	305	(2)
11.12 Backward Bands	307	(2)
11.13 Summary	309	(1)
References	309	(4)
CHAPTER 12 DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX ARTIFICIAL GROUND PLANES IN ANTENNA ENGINEERING	313	(38)
Yahya Rahmat-Samii and Fan Yang
12.1 Introduction	313	(2)
12.2 FDTD Analysis of Complex Artificial Ground Planes	315	(1)
12.2.1 Bandgap Characterizations of an EBG Structure	315	(1)
12.2.2 Modal Diagram and Scattering Analysis of EBG Structure	317	(2)
12.3 Various Complex Artificial Ground-Plane Designs	319	(1)
12.3.1 Parametric Study of EBG Ground Plane	319	(1)
12.3.2 Polarization-Dependent EBG (PDEBG) Surface Designs	321	(1)
12.3.3 Characterizations of Grounded Slab Loaded with Periodic Patches	324	(1)
12.4 Applications of Artificial Ground Planes in Antenna Engineering	324	(1)
12.4.1 Enhanced Performance of Microstrip Antennas and Arrays	324	(1)
12.4.2 Dipole Antenna on EBG Ground Plane: Low-Profile Design	329	(1)
12.4.2.1 Comparison of PEC, PMC, and EBG Ground Planes	329	(1)
12.4.2.2 Operational Frequency Band of EBG Structure	331	(2)
12.4.3 Novel Surface Wave Antenna Design for Wireless Communications	333	(1)
12.4.3.1 Antenna Performance	333	(1)
12.4.3.2 Radiation Mechanism	335	(2)
12.4.4 Low-Profile Circularly Polarized Antennas: Curl and Dipole Designs	337	(1)
12.4.4.1 Curl Antenna on EBG Ground Plane	337	(1)
12.4.4.2 Single-Dipole Antenna Radiating CP Waves	339	(2)
12.4.5 Reconfigurable Wire Antenna with Radiation Pattern Diversity	341	(5)
12.5 Summary	346	(1)
References	346	(5)
CHAPTER 13 FSS-BASED EBG SURFACES	351	(26)
Stefano Maci and Alessio Cucini
13.1 Introduction	351	(1)
13.1.1 Quasi-Static Admittance Models	352	(1)
13.1.2 Chapter Outline	353	(1)
13.2 MoM Solution	354	(1)
13.2.1 Patch-Type FSS (Electric Current Approach)	354	(1)
13.2.2 Aperture-Type FSS (Magnetic Current Approach)	357	(1)
13.2.3 Dispersion Equation	357	(1)
13.3 Accessible Mode Admittance Network	358	(1)
13.3.1 Patch-Type FSS	359	(1)
13.3.2 Aperture-Type FSS	359	(1)
13.3.3 Dispersion Equation in Terms of Accessible Modes	360	(1)
13.4 Pole–Zero Matching Method for Dispersion Analysis	361	(1)
13.4.1 Dominant-Mode Two-Port Admittance Network	361	(1)
13.4.2 Diagonalization of FSS Admittance Matrix	363	(1)
13.4.3 Foster's Reactance Theorem and Rational Approximation of Eigenvalues	365	(1)
13.4.4 Poles and Zeros of FSS and Metamaterial Admittance	366	(1)
13.4.5 Analytical Form of Dispersion Equation	369	(1)
13.4.6 Examples	369	(5)
13.5 Conclusions	374	(1)
Acknowledgments	375	(1)
References	375	(2)
CHAPTER 14 SPACE-FILLING CURVE HIGH-IMPEDANCE GROUND PLANES	377	(26)
John McVay, Nader Engheta, and Ahmad Hoorfar
14.1 Resonances of Space-Filling Curve Elements	379	(4)
14.2 High-Impedance Surfaces Made of Space-Filling Curve Inclusions	383	(1)
14.2.1 Peano Surface	383	(1)
14.2.1.1 Effects of Substrate Height and Interelement Spacing	385	(2)
14.2.2 Hilbert Surface	387	(1)
14.2.2.1 Hilbert Surface of Order 3: Experimental Results	389	(1)
14.2.2.2 Use of Space-Filling Curve High-Impedance Surfaces for Thin Absorbing Screens	391	(2)
14.3 Use of Space-Filling Curve High-Impedance Surfaces in Antenna Applications	393	(4)
14.4 Space-Filling Curve Elements as Inclusions in DNG Bulk Media	397	(2)
14.5 Conclusions	399	(1)
References	400	(3)
Index	403