Methods Of Research In Sport Sciences

by Tenenbaum, Gershon

• ISBN13: 9781841261331
• ISBN10: 1841261335
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-03-01
• Publisher: Meyer & Meyer Sport

Summary

This handbook consists of a solid theoretical and scientific rationale thats presented in a simple language. It also presents a balance betweenuantitative and qualitative methods of research and analysis, and advocatesor problem-focused methodology, and mixed design when the questions asked byhe researcher or the scientists require doing so. The most distinctiveeature of the book is that the contents are presented in a hierarchy inerms of complexity

Table of Contents

Preface	17	(6)
Research Plan and Design	23	(103)
First Steps for Consideration	24	(36)
Showing Interest and Curiosity	26	(1)
Surveying and Reviewing the Literature	27	(28)
Integration of Literature Review and Personal Intentions	55	(5)
Theoretical and Practical Planning	60	(48)
Formulation of Basic Assumptions and/or Hypotheses	62	(2)
Formulation of Hypotheses	64	(5)
Selecting and Defining Variables	69	(4)
Choosing Appropriate Measurement Concepts as well as Operational Definitions	73	(2)
Research Design	75	(3)
Research Control: Elimination of Alternative Explanations and Speculations	78	(4)
Systemic Variance	82	(1)
Error Variance	82	(4)
Validity and Plausibility of Research Findings	86	(1)
Conclusion Validity	86	(2)
Internal Validity	88	(2)
Construct Validity	90	(1)
External Validity	91	(1)
Sampling Procedures	92	(2)
Non-Probability (Purposive Sampling)	94	(1)
Sampling Framework	94	(1)
Probability Sampling Methods in Regard to Number-Based Data	95	(1)
Simple Random Sampling	96	(1)
Systematic Random Sampling	96	(1)
Stratified Random Sampling	97	(4)
Cluster Sampling	101	(1)
Randomized Controlled Trials	102	(1)
Cohort Sample	102	(1)
Case-Control Sample	102	(1)
Data Collection Techniques Considerations	102	(1)
Observation	102	(1)
Questioning	103	(1)
Written or Other Resources	103	(1)
Objective Data Collection	104	(1)
Data Analysis Techniques Considerations	104	(1)
Conducting a Pilot Study	105	(1)
Preparing a Research Proposal---Basic Procedures	106	(2)
Summary and Presentation	108	(18)
Relating Results to Basic Assumptions and/or Hypotheses	109	(1)
Interpretation of Research Findings (i.e., ``Discussion'')	110	(4)
A Short Summary (Abstract)	114	(1)
Submitting a Final Report	115	(2)
Preparing a Research Report for Oral Presentation	117	(4)
Examples of Studies Which Used Multi-method Methodology	121	(3)
Summary	124	(1)
References	125	(1)
Recommended Literature	125	(1)
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	126	(65)
Numerical Strategies (Statistics)	126	(65)
Levels of Measurement	128	(3)
Descriptive Statistics and Techniques	131	(1)
Describing Data Tables	132	(1)
Proportions and Percentages	132	(5)
Ratios	137	(1)
Frequency Distributions and Grouping (Interval Scales)	138	(5)
Frequency Distributions and Grouping (Nominal Scales)	143	(4)
Case-Values / Charts	147	(2)
Histograms, Polygons (Frequencies and Shapes), Ogives	149	(4)
X-Y Plots-Association	153	(2)
Measures of Central and Dispersion Tendencies	155	(1)
Measures of Central Tendency	155	(1)
Arithmetic Mean	155	(3)
Weighted, Harmonic, Geometric Mean	158	(1)
Median	159	(1)
Mode	160	(1)
Mean, Median and Mode in one Distribution	161	(2)
Measures of Dispersion	163	(1)
Range	164	(1)
Interquartile Range	164	(2)
Mean Deviation	166	(1)
Standard Deviation	166	(2)
Coefficient of Variation	168	(1)
Asymmetry	169	(3)
Stem and Leaf Plot	172	(2)
Box and Whisker Plot	174	(2)
The Normal Curve	176	(1)
Meaning of Measurement	176	(1)
Normal Curve and its Standard Units	177	(6)
T and H Values	183	(1)
Standardized Values, Tables, and Norms	184	(3)
Stanines	187	(1)
Standardized Profiles	188	(2)
Summary	190	(1)
References	190	(1)
Correlational Methods	191	(174)
The Essence of Association Among Variables	194	(7)
Choosing the Association Method	201	(1)
Magnitude of an Association Between Variables	201	(2)
Association Between Variables With Nominal-Level Values	203	(4)
Chi-Square (X2) Test for Independence	207	(8)
Likelihood-Ratio Chi-Square	215	(1)
Degrees of Freedom and Significance Level	215	(4)
Fisher Exact Test	219	(6)
Q2 Value	225	(1)
T2 Value	225	(1)
Cramer's V	225	(1)
Phi (φ) Value	226	(1)
Pearson's Contingency Coefficient (C)	226	(1)
Yule's Q	227	(1)
Goodman and Kruskal's Tau (τ)	228	(2)
Lambda (λ)	230	(2)
Odd Ratio	232	(1)
Hypothesis Testing For Two Proportions	233	(2)
Log Linear Analysis	235	(5)
Measures of Association for Ordinal Data	240	(1)
Gamma	240	(3)
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient	243	(2)
Somer's D	245	(1)
Kendall's tau-b	245	(1)
Measures of Association for Interval/Ratio Data	246	(1)
Pearson's Product Moment Correlation	246	(7)
Partial Correlation	253	(5)
Linear Regression	258	(9)
Concerns in Regression Analysis	267	(1)
Index of Fit	267	(1)
Analysis of Residuals	268	(2)
Transformation of Variables' Values	270	(3)
Detection and Removal of Heteroscedastic Errors	273	(1)
Qualitative/Dummy Variables	273	(1)
Detection and Correction of Multicollinearity	274	(1)
Multiple Regression Model	274	(8)
Selection of Variables in a Regression Equation	282	(1)
Criteria for Evaluating Equations	282	(1)
Selection of Variables: Stepwise Procedures	283	(1)
Hierarchical (Cluster) Linear Regression	284	(3)
Multi-Level (Hierarchical; Nested) Linear Models	287	(4)
Canonical Analysis	291	(5)
Factors, Clusters, Groups-Associations	296	(2)
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)	298	(13)
Cluster Analysis	311	(11)
References	322	(1)
Structural Equation Modeling in Sport Sciences	323	(1)
R. Hanegby
D. Kaplan
From Path-Analysis to SEM	323	(2)
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) Vs Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)	325	(1)
The General Model	326	(5)
Multigroup Structural Equation Modeling	331	(1)
Outline of Steps in Structural Equation Modeling	332	(1)
Model Specification	332	(1)
Identification	333	(2)
Estimation	335	(4)
Model Evaluation	339	(3)
Model Modification	342	(9)
Additional Topics in Structural Equation Modeling	351	(1)
Missing Data	351	(3)
Sampling Problems	354	(1)
Growth Modeling	355	(1)
Concluding Remarks	356	(2)
References	358	(4)
Summary	362	(3)
Experimental Methods	365	(210)
Sampling Distribution, Statistics, and Parameters	369	(6)
Characteristics of a Good Estimator	375	(1)
Confidence Interval of a Sample's Mean	376	(6)
Choosing the Sample Size	382	(1)
Uses of the Term Probability	383	(1)
Inferential Errors and Power	383	(10)
Choosing the Statistical Test	393	(2)
Tests of Significance for Interval/Ratio Level Measurement	395	(1)
A Z-Test for a Simple Mean (Population, Standard Deviation is Known)	395	(2)
A t-Test for a Single Mean	397	(5)
A Z-Test for the Equality of Two Independent Means	402	(1)
A t-Test for the Equality of Two Independent Means	403	(7)
A t-Test for the Equality of Two Dependent (Paired Means)	410	(5)
Hypotheses Testing with more than Two Independent Samples: One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	415	(12)
Post-Hoc Multiple Comparison Tests	427	(4)
Expressing Differences Between Means in Standardized Units-Effect Sizes	431	(3)
A Z-Test for Single Proportion	434	(3)
Ordinal Tests for Two or More Independent Samples	437	(1)
Runs Test (Wald Wolfowitz)	437	(3)
Mann-Whitney (U)/Wilcoxon (W)	440	(5)
Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) Test	445	(3)
Kruskal-Wallis H and Median Tests for more than Two Samples	448	(1)
Ordinal/Nominal Tests for Paired/Dependent Samples	449	(1)
The McNemar Test for Binominal Distributions	449	(3)
Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test	452	(1)
Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Ordinal Data	452	(5)
Hypotheses Testing With k Independent Factors (DV=Interval/Ratio Level Measurement)	457	(13)
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)	470	(17)
Analysis of Covariance: Accounting for ``Intervening Variables''	487	(6)
Analysis of Repeated Measures (Trials) Designs	493	(11)
Common Models in Experimentation	504	(1)
Completely Randomized Design (CRD)	505	(1)
Randomized Block Design (RBD)	506	(1)
Latin Square Design (LSD)	507	(2)
Incomplete Block Design (IBD)	509	(1)
Factorial Design	509	(4)
Nested Factors (Hierarchical Designs)	513	(1)
Split-Plot Designs (SPD)	514	(2)
Discriminant Analysis	516	(12)
Integrating Research Findings: Meta Analysis	528	(6)
Critical Review on Null Hypothesis Testing (NHT) and the Bayesian Alternative	534	(5)
Summary	539	(1)
References	540	(1)
Recommended Literature	541	(2)
Single Subject Research: Roots, Rational and Methodology (E. Eldar)	543	(1)
Basic Features of Single Subject Research	544	(2)
Single Subject Design versus Group Design	546	(1)
Visual Analysis of Graphic Data	547	(2)
Baseline Logic for Internal Validity	549	(1)
Baseline Logic---Defined	549	(1)
Baseline Logic---Components	550	(1)
Effective Baseline Data	551	(1)
Intervention	551	(1)
Verification	552	(1)
Replication within the Research	553	(1)
Replication for Reliability and External Validity	553	(1)
A-B Design	554	(1)
Withdrawal Designs	554	(1)
ABAB---Implementation	555	(1)
Experimental Control	555	(1)
Advantages	556	(1)
Limitations	556	(1)
Variation of Withdrawal Designs	556	(1)
Multiple Baseline Designs	557	(1)
Basic Forms	558	(1)
Implementation	559	(1)
Experimental Control	560	(1)
Advantages	561	(1)
Limitations	561	(1)
Variations to MB Designs	561	(1)
Delayed MB	561	(1)
Multiple Probe Design	562	(1)
Changing Criterion Design	563	(1)
Implementation	563	(1)
Experimental Control	564	(1)
Advantages	565	(1)
Limitations	565	(1)
Comparative Designs	565	(1)
Multitreatment Design	566	(1)
Experimental Control	567	(1)
Advantages and Limitations	567	(1)
Alternating Treatment Design	567	(1)
Implementation	568	(1)
Experimental Control	569	(1)
Advantages	569	(1)
Limitations	569	(1)
Conclusions	570	(2)
References	572	(3)
An Introduction to Qualitative Research	575	(62)
Asking Qualitative Questions	579	(2)
Collecting Qualitative Information	581	(20)
Observation	581	(1)
Focus of Observation	581	(3)
Researcher Role in Observation	584	(2)
Duration of Oservations	586	(1)
Practical Issues of Observation	587	(4)
Interviews	591	(1)
The Unstructured Interview	591	(2)
The Semi-structured Interview	593	(1)
The Structured Interview	594	(1)
Think-aloud Interview	595	(1)
Focus Group Interview	596	(1)
Practical Issues Surrounding Interviews	597	(2)
Examining Documents	599	(2)
Designing Qualitative Studies	601	(8)
Case Study	602	(2)
Naturalistic Inquiry	604	(1)
Ethnography	605	(2)
Grounded Theory	607	(1)
Phenomenology	607	(1)
Critical Theory	608	(1)
Making Sense of Qualitative Data	609	(16)
Organizing the Data	610	(2)
Coding for Themes	612	(2)
Naming Codes	614	(1)
Level of Code Detail	615	(1)
Saturation	615	(1)
Checking Codes	615	(1)
Interpreting and Explaining the Data	616	(1)
Within-Case Displays	617	(2)
Cross-Case Displays	619	(2)
Contents of Data Displays	621	(1)
Making Meaning from Data Displays	621	(2)
Writing the Research Report	623	(2)
Ensuring Rigor in Qualitative Research	625	(12)
Match Data Collection and Analysis to the Research Question(s)	627	(1)
Be Systematic and Tactical	628	(1)
Dig Deep Enough	628	(1)
Document What You Do	629
Make Biases Explicit	623	(13)
Triangulate	636
Summary	632	(1)
References	633	(4)
Qualitative Research in Sport Psychology	637	(117)
Discourse Analysis	640	(20)
Mark Rapley
Introduction	640	(3)
The Epistemological Position and Basic Principles of Discursive Psychology	643	(2)
The Discursive Psychological Approach: A Summary	645	(1)
The ``Methodological'' Approach to Discursive Psychology	646	(1)
``Tana Says it's Time to Move on'': A Discursive Analysis of the Print Media and the Bernd Stange Controversy	647	(1)
A Discourse Analysis of the Use of Cultural Knowledge of ``Psychological'' States and the Management of Moral Accountability in Newspaper Texts	648	(8)
References	656	(4)
Constructivist Research: Methodology and Practice	660	(42)
Kathleen Fahy
Karey Harrison
Critique of Positivism	661	(12)
Interpretivism and Constructivism: `Making Meaning of Actions'	673	(6)
Comparison of Positivist and Constructivist Methodology	679	(2)
Summary	681	(1)
Turning Methodology into Methods	681	(17)
Conclusion	698	(2)
References	700	(2)
Postmodern and Feminist Qualitative Research: Methodology, Methods, and Practice	702	(39)
Karey Harrison
Kathleen Fahy
Historical Overview of Feminism	703	(6)
Feminist Theory and Sport Psychology	709	(12)
Feminist Research: Advancing the Interests of Women	721	(16)
Conclusion	737	(2)
References	739	(2)
Computer-Aided Qualitative Research: A NUD*IST 4 Approach	741	(13)
Andrea Lamont-Mills
A Word of Warning---Computers and Qualitative Data Analysis	742	(2)
What this Section Will Not Cover	744	(1)
NUD*IST 4: The Logic and the Structure	744	(6)
An Example: The Construction of Gender and Gender Identity in Elite Australian Sport	750	(2)
Some Limitations of NUD*IST 4	752	(1)
References	753	(1)
Appendix	754	(1)
Tables	754	(17)
Contributing Authors	771