Metrology in Industry The Key for Quality

by Unknown

• ISBN13: 9781905209514
• ISBN10: 1905209517
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-31
• Publisher: Wiley-ISTE

Summary

Written by experts from a number of European countries, this study looks at the importance of accurate weights, measures, tests, and timekeeping in today's global economy. Arguing that international conformity to written standards and specifications has become a technical, commercial, and statutory necessity in new fields from telecommunication to food safety, these scientists present metrology as an attractive career choice for young scientists and engineers.

Author Biography

Dominique Placko is Professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, France, where he teaches applied physics and electronic sciences. He is the writer of over 100 scientific papers in the past 25 years, including contributions to international journals and conferences. He has also published eight books and is co-inventor for 15 patents. He received the Blondel award in 1998.

Table of Contents

Preface	15	(2)
Foreword	17	(2)
Chapter 1. Analysis of the Metrological Requirements Needed to Ensure Quality	19	(24)
Jean-Yves ARRIAT and Klaus-Dieter SCHITTHELM
1.1. Introduction	19	(2)
1.2. Definition of the objectives	21	(1)
1.3. Choice of the method of measurement	22	(2)
1.3.1. Accounting for the selection of the method	22	(1)
1.3.2. Defining the method and the principle to implement	23	(1)
1.4. Choice of the means of measurement	24	(12)
1.4.1. Introduction	24	(1)
1.4.2. Analysis of what is already available	25	(1)
1.4.3. Assessment and acquisition of material	26	(1)
1.4.4. Technical criteria	27	(3)
1.4.4.1. Basic characteristics	27	(1)
1.4.4.2. Comportment towards influence quantities	27	(1)
1.4.4.3. Durability of the instruments used	27	(1)
1.4.4.4. Homogeneity of the supply of instruments	28	(1)
1.4.4.5. Quality of the supplier's service	28	(1)
1.4.4.6. Adaptation of the instrument	28	(1)
1.4.4.7. Possibility of traceability	29	(1)
1.4.4.8. Computerization and the speed of taking measurements	29	(1)
1.4.4.9. Ergonomics	29	(1)
1.4.4.10. Capability of measuring instruments	29	(1)
1.4.5. Economic criteria	30	(1)
1.4.6. Grid of the analysis of the choice	31	(2)
1.4.6.1. Stage 1: primary technical requirements (unavoidably necessary)	31	(1)
1.4.6.2. Stage 2: secondary technical requirements (desirable)	31	(2)
1.4.7. Technical assistance for users of measuring instruments	33	(3)
1.4.7.1. The EXERA (France)	33	(1)
1.4.7.2. VDI/VDE-GMA (Germany)	34	(2)
1.5. The traceability of the measurements	36	(6)
1.5.1. The necessity of traceability of the measurements	36	(2)
1.5.2. Calibration requirements	38	(1)
1.5.3. The selection of standards	39	(3)
1.6. Conclusion	42	(1)
Chapter 2. Organization of Metrology: Industrial, Scientific, Legal	43	(36)
Luc ERARD, Jean-François MAGANA, Roberto PERISSI, Patrick REPOSEUR and Jean-Michel VIRIEUX
2.1. A metrological organization: why?	43	(2)
2.2. Metrology: how?	45	(2)
2.3. Scientific and technical metrology	47	(20)
2.3.1. The BIPM	48	(2)
2.3.2. Results of the international activities	50	(1)
2.3.3. Regional organizations	51	(8)
2.3.3.1. EUROMET	51	(3)
2.3.3.2. European Cooperation for Accreditaton (EA)	54	(4)
2.3.3.3. Accreditation procedure	58	(1)
2.3.4. Organization at the national level	59	(8)
2.3.4.1. The Laboratoire National de Metrologie et d'Essais (LNE)	59	(4)
2.3.4.2. The Italian national calibration system (SNT)	63	(2)
2.3.4.3. The Swiss national calibration system	65	(2)
2.4. Legal metrology	67	(12)
2.4.1. Scope of legal metrology	67	(1)
2.4.2. The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML)	68	(3)
2.4.3. The European level	71	(2)
2.4.3.1. European Union harmonization	71	(1)
2.4.3.2. WELMEC	71	(2)
2.4.3.3. Other regional bodies	73	(1)
2.4.4. At national level	73	(13)
2.4.4.1. Legal metrology in Italy	73	(1)
2.4.4.2. Legal metrology in Switzerland	74	(2)
2.4.4.3. Legal metrology in France	76	(3)
Chapter 3. Mastering Measurement Processes Approach to the Setting up of a Metrology Function	79	(30)
Marc PRIEL and Patrick REPOSEUR
3.1. What to do at the beginning?	79	(1)
3.2. Goals and role of the measurement management system metrological function	80	(6)
3.3. The measurement processes	86	(3)
3.3.1. Conception and development of a new measurement process	86	(2)
3.3.1.1. Analysis of the requirements	86	(1)
3.3.1.2. Transcription of the characteristics of the product in "measurand" form or "characteristics to be measured" form	87	(1)
3.3.1.3. The development of a measurement process can be managed as a project	87	(1)
3.3.2. Exploitation of a valid process	88	(1)
3.3.3. Continuous improvement of measurement processes	88	(1)
3.4. Management of the measuring equipment (metrological confirmation)	89	(13)
3.4.1. Analysis of the requirement and selection of the measuring equipments	91	(2)
3.4.1.1. Technical requirements	91	(2)
3.4.1.2. Economic and commercial conditions	93	(1)
3.4.1.3. Assessment of the measuring equipment	93	(1)
3.4.2. Receiving the measuring equipment and putting it into service	93	(4)
3.4.2.1. Compliance with the order	94	(1)
3.4.2.2. Identification of the measuring equipment	94	(1)
3.4.2.3. Inventory (description)	94	(1)
3.4.2.4. Technical dossier of the equipment	94	(1)
3.4.2.5. Technical documentation	94	(1)
3.4.2.6. Basic definitions	94	(3)
3.4.3. Calibration and verification operations	97	(3)
3.4.3.1. Calibration or verification program	99	(1)
3.4.3.2. Calibration or verification intervals	99	(1)
3.4.3.3. Supervision of the measuring equipment	100	(1)
3.4.4. Fitness for use of measuring equipment	100	(2)
3.4.4.1. Freedom from bias, repeatability, stability	100	(1)
3.4.4.2. Maximum permissible errors	101	(1)
3.4.4.3. Demands for an assurance of the quality	101	(1)
3.5. Setting up a metrological structure within the firm	102	(3)
3.5.1. Analysis of the metrological requirements and setting up standards	102	(2)
3.5.2. Traceability of the measuring instrument(s) to the firm's reference standards	104	(1)
3.5.3. Traceability of the firm's reference standards to the SI	104	(1)
3.6. Suggested approach for setting up a metrology function	105	(1)
3.7. Bibliography	106	(3)
Chapter 4. Handling of a Bank of Measuring Instruments	109	(18)
Jean-Yves ARRIAT
4.1. Acquaintance with the bank	110	(3)
4.1.1. Inventory	110	(1)
4.1.2. Identification	110	(3)
4.2. Metrological policy of the firm	113	(2)
4.2.1. Objective and commitment of the firm's management	113	(1)
4.2.2. Plan of actions to launch	113	(1)
4.2.3. Awareness, training and vocabulary	113	(1)
4.2.4. Selection of the material to be followed periodically	114	(1)
4.3. Drafting of the documents	115	(4)
4.3.1. Codification of the documents	115	(1)
4.3.2. Work instructions	116	(1)
4.3.3. Result-recording documents	117	(1)
4.3.4. Other documents	118	(1)
4.4. Physical handling of the measuring instruments	119	(4)
4.4.1. Receipt	119	(1)
4.4.2. Transfer	120	(2)
4.4.2.1. Traceability	120	(1)
4.4.2.2. Transfer	120	(1)
4.4.2.3. Precautions	121	(1)
4.4.3. Storing and environment
4.4.4. Maintenance	122	(1)
4.5. Follow-up of the measuring instruments over time	123	(2)
4.5.1. Periodicity of the follow-up	123	(1)
4.5.2. Campaign of recall	124	(1)
4.5.3. Follow-up of the results	125	(1)
4.6. Software for the handling of the means of measurements	125	(2)
Chapter 5. Traceability to National Standards	127	(22)
Luc ERARD and Patrick REPOSEUR
5.1 Introduction	127	(1)
5.2 Definitions	127	(2)
5.2.1. Traceability	197
5.2.2. Calibration	128	(1)
5.2.3. Verilicat:on	129	(1)
5.3. Traceability chains	129	(2)
5.4. Traceability	131	(1)
5.5. Calibration	132	(1)
5.5.1. Calibration in an accredited laboratory	132	(1)
5.5.2. Calibration in a non-accredited laboratory	132	(1)
5.6. Verification	133	(1)
5.6.1. Verification in an accredited laboratory and in its accreditation scope	133	(1)
5.6.2. Verification in a non-accredited laboratory or out of the accreditation scope	133	(1)
5.7. Use of calibration and verification results	133	(2)
5.7.1. Use of the results of a calibration	134	(1)
5.7.2. Use of the results of a verification	134	(1)
5.8. Particular cases	135	(1)
5.8.1. "Self-calibrating" or "self-gauging" measuring instruments	135	(1)
5.8.2. Complex instruments in which components/equipments and software are narrowly combined and large measurement ranges are covered for complex quantities	136	(1)
5.9. Metrology in chemistry and physical methods of chemical analysis	136	(9)
5.9.1. Traceabilty in metrology in chemistry	137	(2)
5.9.2. Influence of the principle of the method	139	(2)
5.9.2.1. Absolute methods	139	(1)
5.9.2.2. Relative method	140	(1)
5.9.2.3. Comparative method	140	(1)
5.9.3. "Documentary" traceability	141	(2)
5.9.4. Control of the reference materials	143	(2)
5.9.5. Conclusion	145	(1)
5.10. Assessment of traceability	145	(1)
5.11. Bibliography	146	(3)
Chapter 6. Calibration Intervals and Methods for Monitoring the Measurement Processes	149	(14)
Patrizia TAVELLA and Marc PRIEL
6.1. Normative requirements	149	(1)
6.2. Methods for monitoring the instruments in use – general criteria	150	(8)
6.2.1. First method: metrological redundancies	150	(1)
6.2.2. Second method: checking the coherence of the results	151	(1)
6.2.3. Third method: "monitoring standards" and statistical supervision of the measurement processes	152	(14)
6.2.3.1. Statistical control of the measurement processes	152	(2)
6.2.3.2. Control charts	154	(3)
6.2.3.3. Use of the monitoring methods	157	(1)
6.3. The determination of the calibration intervals	158	(3)
6.4. Bibliography	161	(2)
Chapter 7. Measurements and Uncertainties	163	(32)
Marc PRIEL
7.1. Introduction	163	(1)
7.2. Measurement of physical quantity	164	(2)
7.3. Analysis of the measurement process	166	(6)
7.3.1. The cause and effect diagram method	166	(1)
7.3.2. Using the list published in the GUM (section 3.3.2)	167	(1)
7.3.3. Errors	168	(1)
7.3.4. Cutting down the errors	169	(3)
7.3.4.1. Cutting down random errors by repeating measurements	170	(1)
7.3.4.2. Cutting down systematic errors by applying corrections	171	(1)
7.4. Modeling of the measurement process	172	(2)
7.4.1. Measurement procedure and model of the measurement process	172	(1)
7.4.2. An essential stage for the assessment of uncertainty: modeling the measurement	173	(1)
7.5. Assessment of the uncertainty of the input quantities	174	(6)
7.5.1. Type A methods	175	(1)
7.5.2. Type B methods	176	(3)
7.5.3. Comparing the Type A and Type B methods	179	(1)
7.6. Calculating the combined uncertainty on the result	180	(3)
7.6.1. Situation when all the input quantities are independent	180	(1)
7.6.1.1. Situation when the input quantities are independent and the model is a sum	180	(1)
7.6.1.2. Situation when the model is a product	181	(1)
7.6.2. Situation when the input quantities are dependent	181	(2)
7.6.2.1. Assessment of the covariances by assessing a coefficient of correlation r(xi,xj)	181	(1)
7.6.2.2. Assessment of the covariances by calculating the terms of covariance	181	(1)
7.6.2.3. Assessment of the covariances by considering the terms common to two input quantities	181	(2)
7.7. Use of the performances of the method (repeatability and freedom of bias) to assess the uncertainty of the measurement result	183	(6)
7.7.1. Intra- or interlaboratory approaches	184	(1)
7.7.2. Intra-laboratory approach	185	(1)
7.7.3. Interlaboratory approach	186	(1)
7.7.4. Data processing for intra- and interlaboratory approaches	187	(9)
7.7.4.1. Assessment of the repeatability and the reproducibility	187	(1)
7.7.4.2. Assessment of the freedom of bias (trueness)	188	(1)
7.7.4.3. Evaluation of the linearity	189	(1)
7.7.4.4. The terms Σiciu²(xi)	189	(1)
7.8. Reporting of the measurement result	189	(1)
7.9. Example	190	(3)
7.10. Bibliography	193	(2)
Chapter 8.The Environment of Measuring	195	(14)
Jean-Yves ARRIAT and Marc PRIEL
8.1. The premises	196	(4)
8.1.1. Ambient temperature	197	(1)
8.1.2. Relative humidity	198	(1)
8.1.3. Handling of the air conditioning systems	199	(1)
8.1.4. Power network	199	(1)
8.1.5. Radioelectric disturbances	199	(1)
8.1.6. Measurements on-site	200	(1)
8.2. The personnel	200	(2)
8.2.1. The connection of metrology function	200	(1)
8.2.2. Staff involved in the metrology function	201	(1)
8.2.3. The qualification of the personnel	202	(1)
8.3. The documentation	202	(3)
8.3.1. Filing of the documents	202	(2)
8.3.1.1. Documents dealing with the quality system	202	(1)
8.3.1.2. Records regarding quality	203	(1)
8.3.2. Management of the documents	204	(1)
8.4. Bibliography	205	(1)
8.5. Appendix	206	(3)
Chapter 9. About Measuring	209	(16)
Claude KOCH
9.1. Preliminary information	209	(4)
9.1.1. Physical quantity	209	(1)
9.1.2. The object to be measured	210	(1)
9.1.3. Field of measurement	210	(1)
9.1.4. Four types of uses of measuring instruments	211	(1)
9.1.5. Influencing quantities	212	(1)
9.2. Choice of a measuring principle	213	(2)
9.2.1. Differential measurement	214	(1)
9.2.2. Direct measurement	214	(1)
9.2.3. Indirect measurement	214	(1)
9.3. Practicing in metrology	215	(3)
9.3.1. Implementing the instruments	216	(1)
9.3.2. Precautions before measuring	216	(1)
9.3.3. Measurements	216	(1)
9.3.4. Variations and their sign	217	(1)
9.3.5. The time factor	218	(1)
9.4. Expression of the results	218	(3)
9.4.1. Graphs	220	(1)
9.4.2. Histograms	220	(1)
9.5. What qualities does a metrologist require?	221	(4)
9.5.1. Be inquisitive	222	(1)
9.5.2. Be tidy and methodical	222	(1)
9.5.3. Be open to doubt	222	(1)
9.5.4. Be observant	222	(1)
9.5.5. Be honest	223	(2)
Chapter 10. Organization of Metrology at Solvay Research and Technology	225	(8)
José MONTES
10.1. Presentation of the company	225	(1)
10.2. Organization of the metrology sector	226	(2)
10.2.1. Creation	226	(1)
10.2.2. Missions	226	(1)
10.2.3. Organization	226	(1)
10.2.4. Geographic localization of the activities	227	(1)
10.2.5. Composition of the bank of measuring equipment	227	(1)
10.3. Metrology	228	(5)
10.3.1. Identification	228	(1)
10.3.2. Connection of the standards	228	(1)
10.3.3. Periodicity of the calibrations	229	(1)
10.3.4. Calibration operations	229	(1)
10.3.5. Documentation of the calibration results	230	(1)
10.3.6. Verdict of the metrological confirmation	231	(1)
10.3.7. Indication of the state of the calibrations	231	(1)
10.3.8. Personnel and subcontracting	232	(1)
Chapter 11. Metrology within the Scope of the ISO 9001 Standard	233	(14)
Philippe LANNEAU and Patrick REPOSEUR
11.1. Introduction	233	(1)
11.2. Introduction to the evolution of the standard	234	(2)
11.2.1. The concept of continuous improvement	234	(1)
11.2.2. The process approach	235	(1)
11.3. Measurement control process	236	(2)
11.4. The ISO 9001 (2000) standard step-by-step	238	(7)
11.5. Conclusion	245	(2)
Chapter 12. Training for the Metrology Professions in France	247	(20)
Bernard LARQUIER
12.1. The metrology function in a firm's strategy	247	(1)
12.2. Metrology profession	248	(2)
12.2.1. Metrological engineer	249	(1)
12.2.2. Metrological technician	249	(1)
12.2.3. Metrological operator	250	(1)
12.3. Initial training	250	(1)
12.3.1. Schools for engineers	250	(1)
12.3.2. Courses for higher level technicians	251	(1)
12.3.3. Vocational high schools	251	(1)
12.4. Continuing education	251	(2)
12.5. Long-lasting training courses	253	(12)
12.6. The teaching of metrology in secondary schools	265	(1)
12.7. Prospects for the development of long-lasting training courses	265	(1)
12.8. Bibliography	266	(1)
The Authors	267	(2)
Index	269