Microcomputer Engineering

by Miller, Gene H.

• ISBN13: 9780138953683
• ISBN10: 0138953686
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

A complete textbook and laboratory/homework manual for sophomore/junior-level courses in Microcomputers. This text focuses on microcomputers and microprocessors used as control devices (e.g., the Motorola 68HC11). Extensive material on using the Motorola M6HC11EVB and M68HC11EBU Trainers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Chapter 1 Computer Fundamentals	1	(48)
1.1 NUMBERS AND NUMBER SYSTEMS	2	(9)
Octal, Hexadecimal, and Binary Numbers	2	(3)
Two's Complement Signed Numbers	5	(5)
Binary-coded Decimal Numbers	10	(1)
1.2 DIGITAL SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS	11	(15)
Signals, Functions, and Hardware	11	(5)
Combinational Logic Networks	16	(2)
Flip Flops and Registers	18	(3)
Memory	21	(2)
Synchronous Sequential Networks	23	(3)
1.3 DIGITAL SYSTEMS	26	(7)
Synchronous Serial Communications Example	26	(2)
Instruction-controlled Information Processor Example	28	(5)
1.4 STORED PROGRAM PROCESSORS	33	(7)
Block Diagram	33	(4)
Instruction Operation	37	(1)
Definition of the Instruction Set	38	(1)
General-purpose Computer	38	(2)
1.5 MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCOMPUTERS	40	(5)
Integrated Circuit Technology	40	(1)
The Microprocessor and Microcomputer	41	(2)
Microcomputer Applications	43	(2)
1.6 REVIEW	45	(1)
1.7 EXERCISES	45	(4)
Chapter 2 Instruction Subset and Machine Language	49	(64)
2.1 THE 68HC11 COMPUTER OPERATION	50	(16)
The Programming Model	50	(3)
Internal Computer Operations	53	(13)
2.2 INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING MODES	66	(18)
Extended Addressing	66	(2)
Direct Addressing	68	(2)
Inherent Addressing	70	(1)
Double-byte Data	71	(2)
Immediate Addressing	73	(2)
Indexed Addressing	75	(2)
Relative Addressing	77	(7)
2.3 ADDRESSING MODE SUMMARY	84	(2)
2.4 AN EXPANDED REPERTOIRE	86	(13)
The Instruction Set Table	86	(2)
A Tour through the Basic Instructions	88	(5)
The Comparison Branch Instructions	93	(3)
Applications of Complex Instructions	96	(2)
Double-precision Instructions	98	(1)
2.5 MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE	99	(8)
Minimum Requirements of a Good Program	99	(1)
A Classic Example: Copy a Table	100	(7)
2.6 REVIEW	107	(2)
2.7 EXERCISES	109	(4)
Chapter 3 Assemblers and Assembly Language	113	(34)
3.1 THE ASSEMBLY PROCESS	114	(5)
The Editor, Assembler, and Loader Programs	114	(3)
The Source Module, Load Module, and Listing	117	(2)
3.2 THE MOTOROLA ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE	119	(9)
Source Statement Content	120	(2)
Source Statement Format	122	(2)
The Basic Assembler Directives	124	(4)
3.3 EXAMPLES FROM THE ASSEMBLER	128	(15)
Some Good Assembly Language	128	(7)
Some Bad Assembly Language	135	(4)
Assembly Language Copy a Table	139	(4)
3.4 REVIEW	143	(1)
3.5 EXERCISES	143	(4)
Chapter 4 Program Structure and Design	147	(40)
4.1 THE HARD COLD FACTS	148	(2)
What Does Software Cost?	148	(1)
What about Software Quality?	148	(1)
Programming Is Hard Work	149	(1)
Starting on the Right Path	149	(1)
4.2 PROGRAM DESIGN--WHAT'S IMPORTANT	150	(4)
Programmers' Goals	150	(1)
What We Are Working With	151	(1)
Assessing the Goals Based on Reality	152	(2)
4.3 PRACTICAL PROGRAMMING	154	(1)
4.4 FLOWCHARTING	155	(3)
Flowchart Symbols	155	(2)
Flowchart Example	157	(1)
4.5 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING	158	(10)
Fundamental Program Structures	159	(2)
Extended Program Structures	161	(2)
Identifying Structured and Unstructured Programs	163	(1)
Making Structured Loops	164	(1)
A Troublesome Case	165	(2)
Will You Use It?	167	(1)
Making Unstructured Programs Structured	168	(1)
4.6 TOP/DOWN DESIGN	168	(4)
Choosing Program Modules	169	(1)
Top/Down Design Using Flowcharts	169	(2)
Top/Down Design Summary	171	(1)
4.7 STRUCTURED TOP/DOWN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE	172	(7)
A Good Program	172	(4)
A Bad Program	176	(3)
4.8 LARGE-SCALE TOP/DOWN DESIGN	179	(4)
The Top/Down Team	180	(1)
Top/Down Implementation	180	(3)
4.9 SMALL-SCALE TOP/DOWN DESIGN	183	(1)
4.10 REVIEW	183	(1)
4.11 EXERCISES	183	(4)
Chapter 5 Advanced Assembly Language Programming	187	(52)
5.1 MORE INDEXING	187	(2)
Consequences of a Large Instruction Set	188	(1)
Op Code Maps	188	(1)
Index Register Exchange Instructions	189	(1)
Another Instruction for D	189	(1)
5.2 BIT AND BYTE MANIPULATION	189	(11)
Shift Operations	189	(3)
Logical Operations	192	(8)
5.3 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS	200	(3)
Multiplication	200	(2)
Division	202	(1)
BCD Operations	202	(1)
5.4 THE STACK	203	(6)
Stack Operation	203	(1)
Stack Hardware	204	(1)
Stack Instructions	205	(1)
Stack Example	206	(2)
Using the Stack	208	(1)
5.5 SUBROUTINES	209	(8)
Subroutine Concepts	209	(1)
Instructions for Writing Subroutines	209	(2)
The First Subroutine Example	211	(1)
Flowcharting Subroutines	212	(1)
Parameter Passing	213	(1)
A Bad Subroutine Example	214	(2)
Some Basic Subroutine Design Considerations	216	(1)
5.6 SUBROUTINE PARAMETER PASSING TECHNIQUES	217	(16)
Call-by-Value Technique	217	(7)
Call-by-Reference Technique	224	(9)
5.7 RECURSIVE SUBROUTINES	233	(1)
5.8 REVIEW	234	(1)
5.9 EXERCISES	235	(4)
Chapter 6 Hardware	239	(66)
6.1 HARDWARE/SOFTWARE SYNERGY	240	(1)
6.2 THE HARDWARE BUILDING BLOCKS	240	(2)
Microcomputer	240	(1)
Memory	241	(1)
Microprocessor	242	(1)
Buses	242	(1)
I/O Integrated Circuits	242	(1)
6.3 MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS	242	(9)
Memory Terminology	243	(1)
Memory Principles	244	(3)
Read Only Memory ICs	247	(3)
Read/Write Memory ICs	250	(1)
Matching Software to Memory	250	(1)
6.4 MICROPROCESSOR BUSES	251	(8)
Bus Characteristics	251	(1)
Microprocessor Bus Connections	252	(2)
Bus Operation Example	254	(2)
Computer Failures	256	(2)
Memory Expansion	258	(1)
6.5 PARALLEL I/O PRINCIPLES	259	(2)
I/O Programming Model	260	(1)
6.6 PARALLEL I/O HARDWARE	261	(7)
I/O Circuit Construction	263	(5)
Programmable I/O Hardware	268	(1)
6.7 68HC11 PARALLEL I/O HARDWARE	268	(3)
The PORTB Register	269	(1)
The PORTC Register	269	(1)
The DDRC Register	270	(1)
The PIOC and PORTCL Registers	270	(1)
6.8 PARALLEL I/O EXAMPLE USING POLLING	271	(3)
Problem Description	271	(1)
I/O Hardware	271	(1)
Polling Software	272	(2)
6.9 INTERRUPT CONCEPTS	274	(1)
6.10 THE 68HC11 INTERRUPT SYSTEM	274	(4)
Interrupt Signal Path	275	(1)
Interrupt System Operation	276	(2)
6.11 IRQ INTERRUPT EXAMPLES	278	(10)
Single Interrupting Device	278	(3)
Multiple Interrupting Devices	281	(7)
6.12 THE CONCURRENCY PROBLEM	288	(5)
How It Happens	289	(1)
Preventing Problems	289	(2)
Example Program with Concurrency Problem	291	(2)
6.13 THE REENTRANCY PROBLEM	293	(7)
The Data Corruption Problem	294	(3)
Data Corruption Solutions	297	(2)
More Examples of Reentrant Subroutines	299	(1)
6.14 TROUBLESHOOTING CONCURRENCY AND REENTRANCY PROBLEMS	300	(1)
What You Are Up Against	300	(1)
Don't Be Misled	300	(1)
Do It Right the First Time	300	(1)
6.15 REVIEW	301	(1)
6.16 EXERCISES	301	(4)
Chapter 7 Advanced 68HC11 Hardware	305	(106)
7.1 THE HARDWARE CONFIGURATION	305	(4)
Operating Modes	306	(1)
The 68HC11 Chip Versions	306	(1)
Block Diagram of the 68HC11	306	(3)
68HC11 Pin Connections	309	(1)
7.2 MEMORY SPACE	309	(3)
7.3 HARDWARE RESET	312	(2)
Reset Operation	312	(1)
Hardware Programmable Options	313	(1)
Timed-Write-Once Programmable Options	313	(1)
7.4 INTERRUPT SYSTEM	314	(4)
IRQ Interrupt	314	(2)
Software Interrupt	316	(1)
XIRQ Interrupt	316	(1)
Illegal Instruction Interrupt	317	(1)
Interrupt Priority	318	(1)
7.5 PARALLEL I/O PORTS	318	(3)
Hardware Initialization	319	(1)
Parallel I/O	319	(2)
7.6 INTERNAL FLAGS	321	(1)
The STAF Flag	321	(1)
Direct-Clearing Flags	321	(1)
7.7 REAL-TIME CLOCK	322	(4)
The RTI Device	322	(1)
RTI Programming Example	323	(3)
7.8 THE PROGRAMMABLE TIMER	326	(24)
Timer Principles	326	(2)
Free-Running Counter	328	(1)
Input Capture	329	(7)
Output Compare	336	(10)
Using Input Capture with Output Compare	346	(4)
Timer Flag Applications	350	(1)
7.9 PULSE ACCUMULATOR	350	(9)
Event-Counting Mode	351	(3)
Gated-Time-Accumulation Mode	354	(5)
Pulse-Accumulator Flag Applications	359	(1)
7.10 SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE	359	(26)
Data Transmission	360	(1)
Communication Terminology	361	(2)
ASCII Communication Codes	363	(1)
Serial Communication Principles	364	(7)
SCI Serial I/O Hardware	371	(7)
Programming the SCI	378	(2)
SCI Programming Example	380	(5)
7.11 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER	385	(8)
Analog-to-Digital Conversion Principles	385	(1)
68HC11 A/D Converter	386	(4)
Analog Input Example	390	(3)
7.12 FAIL-SAFE OPERATION	393	(4)
Watchdog Timer	393	(3)
Clock Failure Detection	396	(1)
7.13 I/O PORT SUMMARY	397	(1)
Port A	397	(1)
Port B	397	(1)
Port C	397	(1)
Port D	398	(1)
Port E	398	(1)
7.14 HARDWARE EXPANSION	398	(7)
Serial Peripheral Interface	398	(4)
Microprocessor Bus Expansion	402	(3)
7.15 SPECIAL HARDWARE OPERATION	405	(2)
Highest-Priority Interrupt	405	(1)
Wait Mode	405	(1)
Stop Mode	406	(1)
Factory Tests	407	(1)
7.16 REVIEW	407	(1)
7.17 EXERCISES	407	(4)
Chapter 8 Real-time Operating Systems	411	(12)
8.1 SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS	412	(2)
Real-time Systems	412	(1)
Multitasking Systems	413	(1)
8.2 OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE	414	(1)
8.3 TASKS AND THEIR CONTROL	415	(5)
Task State	416	(1)
Task Scheduling	416	(2)
Task Switching	418	(2)
8.4 OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES	420	(1)
8.5 REVIEW	421	(1)
8.6 EXERCISES	422	(1)
Chapter 9 Real-time System Design	423	(54)
9.1 WEATHER STATION DESIGN	424	(4)
Weather Station Specifications	424	(1)
Weather Station Hardware	425	(3)
9.2 OPERATING SYSTEM DESIGN	428	(1)
Multitasking	428	(1)
System Clock	428	(1)
I/O Support	429	(1)
9.3 OPERATING SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION	429	(28)
Task-Control-Blocks	430	(2)
System Startup	432	(1)
The Background Task	432	(3)
System Service Calls	435	(4)
Schedule Task with an Interrupt	439	(2)
The Dispatcher	441	(1)
The Suspend Service	442	(1)
The System Clock	443	(2)
The Schedule Service	445	(3)
The SCI Transmit/Receive Services	448	(6)
System Performance Indicators	454	(3)
9.4 WEATHER STATION IMPLEMENTATION	457	(17)
Task Variables	457	(1)
TaskO--Wind Speed	457	(4)
Task5--Zero Wind Speed	461	(2)
Task1--Wind Direction	463	(2)
Task3--Wind Direction Message	465	(2)
Task2--Wind Speed Message on CRT	467	(3)
Task4--Wind Speed Digital Displays	470	(2)
Task6--Reset Highest Wind Speed and Flash Light	472	(1)
Final Details	473	(1)
9.5 REVIEW	474	(1)
9.6 EXERCISES	475	(2)
Appendix A The 68HC11 Instruction Set	477	(16)
A.1 INSTRUCTION SET TABLE AND PROGRAMMING MODEL	478	(10)
Motorola 68HC11 Programming Model	480	(1)
Motorola 68HC11 Instruction Set	481	(7)
A.2 REVERSE INSTRUCTION SET TABLE	488	(2)
A.3 THE 68HC11 OP CODE MAPS	490	(3)
Appendix B Hardware Control Registers	493	(4)
B.1 REGISTER ADDRESSES	493	(1)
B.2 CONTROL REGISTERS AND BITS	494	(3)
Appendix C The Motorola M68HC11EVB Microcomputer Trainer	497	(24)
C.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE MOTOROLA TRAINER	497	(2)
The Trainer Components	498	(1)
CRT Terminal	498	(1)
Monitor Program	498	(1)
Trainer Startup	498	(1)
Monitor Program Crashes	499	(1)
C.2 MONITOR PROGRAM FEATURES	499	(1)
Single-Step	499	(1)
Breakpoint	499	(1)
Download	500	(1)
Help Screen	500	(1)
C.3 WRITING PROGRAMS FOR THE MOTOROLA TRAINER	500	(1)
Stopping Your Program	500	(1)
Using Available Memory	500	(1)
C.4 OPERATING THE MICROCOMPUTER TRAINER	501	(5)
Entering Monitor Program Commands	501	(1)
The Monitor Program Commands	502	(3)
Messages from the Monitor Program	505	(1)
C.5 SUGGESTIONS ON USING THE TRAINER	506	(1)
Using Interrupts	507	(1)
C.6 A PRACTICE SESSION WITH THE TRAINER	507	(8)
Turn on the Trainer	508	(1)
Displaying and Changing Memory Contents	508	(1)
Displaying and Changing Microprocessor Registers	509	(1)
Entering First Practice Program	510	(1)
Running the First Practice Program	511	(1)
Running the Second Practice Program	511	(1)
Using Single-Step	512	(1)
Using Breakpoints	513	(2)
C.7 TRAINER HARDWARE	515	(6)
Trainer Memory Map	515	(1)
Trainer Interrupts	515	(3)
User Reset Vector	518	(1)
Analog-to-Digital Converter	518	(1)
SCI Receiver Connection	518	(1)
Trainer Ribbon Cable Connector	519	(2)
Appendix D Answers To Selected Exercises	521	(6)
General Index	527