Microflows And Nanoflows

by KARNIADAKIS, GEORGE; Beskok, Ali; Aluru, Narayan

• ISBN13: 9780387221977
• ISBN10: 0387221972
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-15
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

In the last few years there has been significant progress in the development of microfluidics and nanofluidics at the application as well as at the fundamental and simulation levels. This book provides a comprehensive summary of these changes describing fluid flow in micro and nano configurations. Where as in their previous book entitled Microflows: Fundamentals and Simulation the authors covered scales from one hundred nanometers to microns (and beyond), in this new book they discuss length scales from angstroms to microns (and beyond). While still maintaining the emphasis on fundamental concepts with a mix of semianalytical, experimental, and numerical results, this book outlines their relevance to modeling and analyzing functional devices. The text has been divided into three main subject categories: gas flows; liquid flows; and simulation techniques. The majority of the completely new developments in this book are in liquid flows and simulation techniques chapters with modified information throughout the rest of the book. This book can be used in a two-semester graduate course. Also, selected chapters can be used for a short course or an undergraduate-level course. The book is suitable for graduate students and researchers in fluid mechanics, physics, and in electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering.Review of earlier volume: Applied Mechanics, 2002: "Among recent books that addressed the physics of micro devices, the present one ... is perhaps the best of the bunch. ... Microflows: Fundamentals and Simulation has a lot to offer and is certainly recommended as a good place to start for MEMS students interested in flow physics."

Table of Contents

Foreword	v
Chih-Ming Ho
Preface	vii
Basic Concepts and Technologies	1	(50)
New Flow Regimes in Microsystems	1	(7)
The Continuum Hypothesis	8	(16)
Molecular Magnitudes	13	(5)
Mixed Flow Regimes	18	(1)
Experimental Evidence	19	(5)
The Pioneers	24	(6)
Modeling of Microflows	30	(4)
Modeling of Nanoflows	34	(3)
Numerical Simulation at All Scales	37	(1)
Full-System Simulation of Microsystems	38	(13)
Reduced-Order Modeling	40	(1)
Coupled Circuit/Device Modeling	41	(10)
Governing Equations and Slip Models	51	(28)
The Basic Equations of Fluid Dynamics	51	(6)
Incompressible Flow	54	(2)
Reduced Models	56	(1)
Compressible Flow	57	(9)
First-Order Models	59	(2)
The Role of the Accommodation Coefficients	61	(5)
High-Order Models	66	(13)
Derivation of High-Order Slip Models	67	(3)
General Slip Condition	70	(4)
Comparison of Slip Models	74	(5)
Shear-Driven Flows	79	(38)
Couette Flow: Slip Flow Regime	79	(4)
Couette Flow: Transition and Free-Molecular Flow Regimes	83	(7)
Velocity Model	83	(3)
Shear Stress Model	86	(4)
Oscillatory Couette Flow	90	(20)
Quasi-Steady Flows	91	(5)
Unsteady Flows	96	(13)
Summary	109	(1)
Cavity Flow	110	(2)
Grooved Channel Flow	112	(5)
Pressure-Driven Flows	117	(50)
Slip Flow Regime	117	(23)
Isothermal Compressible Flows	118	(8)
Adiabatic Compressible Flows -- Fanno Theory	126	(5)
Validation of Slip Models with DSMC	131	(5)
Effects of Roughness	136	(1)
Inlet Flows	137	(3)
Transition and Free-Molecular Regimes	140	(27)
Burnett Equations	144	(2)
A Unified Flow Model	146	(20)
Summary	166	(1)
Thermal Effects in Microscales	167	(28)
Thermal Creep (Transpiration)	167	(8)
Simulation Results	169	(4)
A Thermal Creep Experiment	173	(1)
Knudsen Compressors	174	(1)
Other Temperature-Induced Flows	175	(2)
Heat Conduction and the Ghost Effect	177	(2)
Heat Transfer in Poiseuille Microflows	179	(9)
Pressure-Driven Flows	179	(7)
Force-Driven Flows	186	(2)
Heat Transfer in Couette Microflows	188	(7)
Prototype Applications of Gas Flows	195	(60)
Gas Damping and Dynamic Response of Microsystems	196	(18)
Reynolds Equation	199	(11)
Squeezed Film Effects in Accelerometers	210	(4)
Separated Internal Flows	214	(7)
Separated External Flows	221	(3)
Flow Past a Sphere: Stokes Flow Regime	224	(3)
External Flow	224	(1)
Sphere-in-a-Pipe	225	(2)
Microfilters	227	(12)
Drag Force Characteristics	232	(2)
Viscous Heating Characteristics	234	(1)
Short Channels and Filters	234	(5)
Summary	239	(1)
Micropropulsion and Micronozzle Flows	239	(16)
Micropropulsion Analysis	240	(5)
Rarefaction and Other Effects	245	(10)
Electrokinetic Flows	255	(56)
Electrokinetic Effects	256	(2)
The Electric Double Layer (EDL)	258	(5)
Near-Wall Potential Distribution	261	(2)
Governing Equations	263	(3)
Electroosmotic Flows	266	(26)
Channel Flows	266	(6)
Time-Periodic and AC Flows	272	(7)
EDL/Bulk Flow Interface Velocity Matching Condition	279	(1)
Slip Condition	280	(1)
A Model for Wall Drag Force	281	(1)
Joule Heating	282	(1)
Applications	283	(9)
Electrophoresis	292	(10)
Governing Equations	294	(1)
Classification	295	(2)
Taylor Dispersion	297	(5)
Charged Particle in a Pipe	302	(1)
Dielectrophoresis	302	(9)
Applications	304	(7)
Surface Tension-Driven Flows	311	(32)
Basic Concepts	312	(5)
General Form of Young's Equation	317	(2)
Governing Equations for Thin Films	319	(2)
Dynamics of Capillary Spreading	321	(3)
Thermocapillary Pumping	324	(4)
Electrocapillary	328	(9)
Generalized Young-Lippmann Equation	333	(2)
Optoelectrowetting	335	(2)
Bubble Transport in Capillaries	337	(6)
Mixers and Chaotic Advection	343	(22)
The Need for Mixing at Microscales	344	(2)
Chaotic Advection	346	(3)
Micromixers	349	(8)
Quantitative Characterization of Mixing	357	(8)
Simple Fluids in Nanochannels	365	(42)
Atomistic Simulation of Simple Fluids	366	(2)
Density Distribution	368	(7)
Diffusion Transport	375	(6)
Validity of the Navier--Stokes Equations	381	(6)
Boundary Conditions at Solid--Liquid Interfaces	387	(20)
Experimental and Computational Results	387	(9)
Conceptual Models of Slip	396	(5)
Reynolds--Vinogradova Theory for Hydrophobic Surfaces	401	(6)
Water in Nanochannels	407	(40)
Definitions and Models	407	(9)
Atomistic Models	409	(7)
Static Behavior	416	(14)
Density Distribution and Dipole Orientation	417	(5)
Hydrogen Bonding	422	(5)
Contact Angle	427	(2)
Dielectric Constant	429	(1)
Dynamic Behavior	430	(17)
Basic Concepts	430	(5)
Diffusion Transport	435	(2)
Filling and Emptying Kinetics	437	(10)
Electroosmotic Flow in Nanochannels	447	(24)
The Need for Atomistic Simulation	447	(5)
Ion Concentrations	452	(5)
Modified Poisson--Boltzmann Equation	455	(2)
Velocity Profiles	457	(4)
Slip Condition	461	(3)
Charge Inversion and Flow Reversal	464	(7)
Functional Fluids and Functionalized Nanotubes	471	(38)
Colloidal Particles and Self-Assembly	472	(18)
Magnetorheological (MR) Fluids	475	(11)
Electrophoretic Deposition	486	(4)
Electrolyte Transport Through Carbon Nanotubes	490	(19)
Carbon Nanotubes	491	(2)
Ion Channels in Biological Membranes	493	(2)
Transport Through Unmodified Nanotubes	495	(2)
Transport Through Nanotubes with Charges at the Ends	497	(1)
Transport Through Functionalized Nanotubes	498	(1)
Anomalous Behavior	499	(10)
Numerical Methods for Continuum Simulation	509	(50)
Spectral Element Method: The μFlow Program	510	(21)
Incompressible Flows	514	(3)
Compressible Flows	517	(7)
Verification Example: Resolution of the Electric Double Layer	524	(1)
Moving Domains	525	(6)
Meshless Methods	531	(11)
Domain Simulation	532	(5)
Boundary-Only Simulation	537	(5)
Particulate Microflows	542	(17)
Hydrodynamic Forces on Spheres	543	(4)
The Force Coupling Method (FCM)	547	(12)
Multiscale Modeling of Gas Flows	559	(66)
Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) Method	560	(12)
Limitations and Errors in DSMC	562	(5)
DSMC for Unsteady Flows	567	(2)
DSMC: Information-Preservation Method	569	(3)
DSM: Continuum Coupling	572	(6)
The Schwarz Algorithm	575	(2)
Interpolation Between Domains	577	(1)
Multiscale Analysis of Microfilters	578	(10)
Stokes/DSMC Coupling	579	(5)
Navier--Stokes/DSMC Coupling	584	(4)
The Boltzmann Equation	588	(23)
Classical Solutions	592	(4)
Sone's Asymptotic Theory	596	(10)
Numerical Solutions	606	(5)
Nonisothermal Flows	611	(1)
Lattice--Boltzmann Method (LBM)	611	(14)
Boundary Conditions	618	(1)
Comparison with Navier--Stokes Solutions	618	(2)
LBM Simulation of Microflows	620	(5)
Multiscale Modeling of Liquid Flows	625	(52)
Molecular Dynamics (MD) Method	626	(22)
Intermolecular Potentials	628	(6)
Calculation of the Potential Function	634	(4)
Thermostats	638	(2)
Data Analysis	640	(6)
Practical Guidelines	646	(2)
MD Software	648	(1)
MD-Continuum Coupling	648	(8)
Embedding Multiscale Methods	656	(7)
Application to the Poisson-Boltzmann Equation	657	(2)
Application to Navier--Stokes Equations	659	(4)
Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD)	663	(14)
Governing Equations	665	(3)
Numerical Integration	668	(5)
Boundary Conditions	673	(4)
Reduced-Order Modeling	677	(44)
Classification	677	(3)
Quasi-Static Reduced-Order Modeling	678	(1)
Dynamical Reduced-Order Modeling	679	(1)
Generalized Kirchhoffian Networks	680	(15)
Equivalent Circuit Representation	681	(8)
Description Languages	689	(6)
Black Box Models	695	(10)
Nonlinear Static Models	695	(2)
Linear Dynamic Models	697	(4)
Nonlinear Dynamic Models	701	(4)
Galerkin Methods	705	(16)
Linear Galerkin Methods	705	(12)
Nonlinear Galerkin Methods	717	(4)
Reduced-Order Simulation	721	(36)
Circuit and Device Models for Lab-on-a-Chip Systems	721	(24)
Electrical Model	723	(2)
Fluidic Model	725	(5)
Chemical Reactions: Device Models	730	(1)
Separation: Device Model	731	(2)
Integration of the Models	733	(1)
Examples	733	(12)
Macromodeling of Squeezed Film Damping	745	(8)
Equivalent Circuit Models	747	(2)
Galerkin Methods	749	(2)
Mixed-Level Simulation	751	(1)
Black Box Models	752	(1)
Compact Model for Electrowetting	753	(1)
Software	754	(3)
Bibliography	757	(51)
Index	808