Microsoft Windows Server 2003 TCP/IP Protocols and Services Technical Reference

by Microsoft Corporation, CJ

• ISBN13: 9780735612914
• ISBN10: 0735612919
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-02-26
• Publisher: Microsoft Press

Summary

This technical reference delivers must-know information on TCP/IP for any IT professional working with Windows Server 2003. The book focuses on core TCP/IP protocols such as IP, ICMP, IGMP, and UDP; physical protocols such as Ethernet; and application pro

Author Biography

Thomas Lee is chief technologist at the United Kingdom IT training and consulting company QA; he is also the Windows Editor for ESM magazine. He has a BS in Computer Problem Solving, is a Fellow of the British Computer Society as well as a MCSE, MCT, and MVP.

Table of Contents

Tables	xvii
Introduction	xxi
PART I The Network Interface Layer
Local Area Network (LAN) Technologies	3	(32)
LAN Encapsulations	3	(1)
Ethernet	4	(12)
Ethernet II	5	(4)
IEEE 802.3	9	(3)
IEEE 802.3 SNAP	12	(2)
Special Bits on Ethernet MAC Addresses	14	(2)
Token Ring	16	(8)
IEEE 802.5	16	(4)
IEEE 802.5 SNAP	20	(2)
Special Bits on Token Ring MAC Addresses	22	(2)
FDDI	24	(5)
FDDI Frame Format	24	(2)
FDDI SNAP	26	(2)
Special Bits on FDDI MAC Addresses	28	(1)
IEEE 802.11	29	(5)
IEEE 802.11 Frame Format	29	(4)
IEEE 802.11 SNAP	33	(1)
Summary	34	(1)
Wide Area Network (WAN) Technologies	35	(28)
WAN Encapsulations	35	(1)
Point-to-Point Encapsulation	36	(9)
SLIP	36	(2)
PPP	38	(4)
PPP Multilink Protocol	42	(3)
X.25	45	(3)
X.25 Encapsulation	46	(2)
Frame Relay	48	(4)
Frame Relay Encapsulation	50	(2)
ATM	52	(10)
The ATM Cell	53	(2)
ATM Architecture	55	(3)
AAL5	58	(3)
Multiprotocol Encapsulation with AAL5	61	(1)
Summary	62	(1)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)	63	(18)
Overview of ARP	63	(5)
The ARP Cache	64	(2)
Updating the MAC Address	66	(1)
ARP Registry Settings	66	(2)
ARP Frame Structure	68	(5)
ARP Request and ARP Reply Example	71	(2)
Gratuitous ARP and Duplicate IP Address Detection	73	(3)
IP Address Conflict Detection	74	(1)
The Gratuitous ARP and Address Conflict Exchange	75	(1)
Inverse ARP (InARP)	76	(1)
Proxy ARP	77	(2)
Summary	79	(2)
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)	81	(32)
PPP Connection Process	81	(1)
PPP Connection Termination	82	(1)
Link Control Protocol	83	(5)
LCP Options	84	(1)
LCP Negotiation Process	85	(3)
PPP Authentication Protocols	88	(13)
PAP	88	(2)
CHAP	90	(2)
MS-CHAP	92	(2)
MS-CHAP v2	94	(2)
EAP	96	(5)
Callback and the Callback Control Protocol	101	(1)
Network Control Protocols	101	(5)
IPCP	101	(2)
Compression Control Protocol	103	(1)
Encryption Control Protocol	104	(1)
Network Monitor Example	105	(1)
PPP over Ethernet	106	(4)
PPPoE Discovery Stage	108	(1)
PPPoE Session Stage	109	(1)
Summary	110	(3)
PART II Internet Layer Protocols
Internet Protocol (IP) Basics	113	(34)
Introduction to IP	113	(3)
IP Services	113	(2)
IP MTU	115	(1)
The IP Datagram	116	(1)
The IP Header	117	(10)
Version	117	(1)
Header Length	118	(1)
Type Of Service	118	(4)
Total Length	122	(1)
Identification	122	(1)
Flags	123	(1)
Fragment Offset	123	(1)
Time To Live	123	(1)
Protocol	124	(1)
Header Checksum	125	(1)
Source Address	126	(1)
Destination Address	126	(1)
Options and Padding	126	(1)
Fragmentation	127	(9)
Fragmentation Fields	127	(2)
Fragmentation Example	129	(2)
Reassembly Example	131	(2)
Fragmenting a Fragment	133	(1)
Avoiding Fragmentation	133	(3)
IP Options	136	(10)
Copy	136	(1)
Option Class	136	(1)
Option Number	137	(9)
Summary	146	(1)
Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing	147	(36)
Types of IP Addresses	147	(1)
Expressing IP Addresses	147	(2)
Converting from Binary to Decimal	148	(1)
Converting from Decimal to Binary	149	(1)
IP Addresses in the IP Header	149	(1)
Unicast IP Addresses	149	(27)
A History Lesson: IP Address Classes	150	(2)
Rules for Enumerating Network IDs	152	(1)
Rules for Enumerating Host IDs	152	(1)
Subnets and the Subnet Mask	153	(4)
How to Subnet	157	(9)
Variable-Length Subnetting	166	(3)
Supernetting and CIDR	169	(3)
Public and Private Addresses	172	(3)
Automatic Private IP Addressing	175	(1)
IP Broadcast Addresses	176	(2)
Network Broadcast	177	(1)
Subnet Broadcast	177	(1)
All-Subnets-Directed Broadcast	177	(1)
Limited Broadcast	178	(1)
IP Multicast Addresses	178	(3)
Mapping IP Multicast Addresses to MAC Addresses	179	(2)
Summary	181	(2)
Internet Protocol (IP) Routing	183	(28)
Introduction to IP Routing	183	(1)
Direct and Indirect Deliveries	183	(1)
Types of Links	184	(3)
Broadcast	184	(1)
Point-to-Point	185	(1)
Non-Broadcast Multiple Access	186	(1)
The IP Routing Table	187	(3)
Structure	187	(1)
Types of Routes	188	(1)
Route Determination Process	189	(1)
IP Routing Table for the Windows Server 2003 Family	190	(7)
Multihomed Nodes	192	(1)
Maintaining the IP Routing Table	193	(4)
IP Routing from Sending Host to Destination	197	(3)
Sending Host Forwarding Process	197	(1)
IP Router Forwarding Process	197	(2)
Destination Host Receiving Process	199	(1)
IP Routing Infrastructure Overview	200	(8)
Single-Path vs. Multipath	200	(1)
Class-Based vs. Classless	201	(2)
Flat vs. Hierarchical	203	(1)
Static vs. Dynamic	204	(4)
Single vs. Multiple Autonomous Systems	208	(1)
Routing Utilities	208	(1)
Summary	209	(2)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)	211	(32)
ICMP Message Structure	212	(1)
ICMP Messages	213	(21)
ICMP Echo and Echo Reply	213	(2)
ICMP Destination Unreachable	215	(4)
PMTU Discovery	219	(4)
ICMP Source Quench	223	(1)
ICMP Redirect	224	(3)
ICMP Router Discovery	227	(3)
ICMP Time Exceeded	230	(1)
ICMP Parameter Problem	231	(2)
ICMP Address Mask Request and Address Mask Reply	233	(1)
Ping Utility	234	(2)
Ping Options	235	(1)
Tracert Utility	236	(4)
Tracert Options	239	(1)
Pathping Utility	240	(2)
Pathping Options	242	(1)
Summary	242	(1)
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)	243	(22)
Introduction to IP Multicast and IGMP	243	(6)
IP Multicasting Overview	244	(1)
Host Support	244	(2)
Router Support	246	(1)
The Multicast-Enabled IP Internetwork	247	(2)
IGMP Message Structure	249	(11)
IGMP Version 1 (IGMPv1)	249	(4)
IGMP Version 2 (IGMPv2)	253	(3)
IGMP Version 3 (IGMPv3)	256	(4)
The Windows Server 2003 Family and IGMP	260	(4)
TCP/IP Protocol	260	(1)
Routing and Remote Access Service	261	(3)
Summary	264	(1)
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)	265	(12)
The Disadvantages of IPv4	265	(2)
IPv6 Addressing	267	(3)
Basics of Address Syntax	268	(1)
Types of Addresses	268	(1)
Types of Unicast Addresses	269	(1)
IPv6 Interface Identifiers	269	(1)
DNS Support	270	(1)
Core Protocols of IPv6	270	(2)
IPv6	270	(1)
ICMPv6	271	(1)
Neighbor Discovery	271	(1)
Multicast Listener Discovery	272	(1)
Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6	272	(1)
Summary	273	(4)
PART III Transport Layer Protocols
User Datagram Protocol	277	(8)
Introduction to UDP	277	(2)
Uses for UDP	278	(1)
The UDP Message	279	(1)
The UDP Header	279	(3)
The UDP Pseudo Header	281	(1)
UDP Ports	282	(2)
Summary	284	(1)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Basics	285	(24)
Introduction to TCP	285	(1)
The TCP Segment	286	(1)
The TCP Header	287	(2)
TCP Ports	289	(3)
TCP Flags	292	(1)
The TCP Pseudo Header	293	(1)
TCP Urgent Data	294	(2)
TCP Options	296	(12)
End Of Option List and No Operation	296	(1)
Maximum Segment Size Option	297	(2)
TCP Window Scale Option	299	(3)
Selective Acknowledgment Option	302	(3)
TCP Timestamps Option	305	(3)
Summary	308	(1)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Connections	309	(24)
The TCP Connection	309	(1)
TCP Connection Establishment	310	(6)
Segment 1: The Synchronize (SYN) Segment	311	(1)
Segment 2: The SYN-ACK Segment	312	(2)
Segment 3: The ACK Segment	314	(1)
Result of the TCP Connection	315	(1)
TCP Half-Open Connections	316	(4)
TCP Connection Maintenance	320	(1)
TCP Connection Termination	321	(5)
Segment 1: The FIN-ACK from TCP Peer 1	322	(1)
Segment 2: The FIN from TCP Peer 2	323	(1)
Segment 3: The FIN-ACK from TCP Peer 2	324	(1)
Segment 4: The ACK from TCP Peer 1	325	(1)
TCP Connection Reset	326	(3)
TCP Connection States	329	(4)
Controlling TCP Connection Terminations in the Windows Server 2003 Family and Windows XP	331	(1)
Summary	332	(1)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Data Flow	333	(22)
Basic TCP Data Flow Behavior	333	(1)
TCP Acknowledgments	334	(2)
Delayed Acknowledgments	334	(1)
Cumulative for Contiguous Data	335	(1)
Selective for Noncontiguous Data	335	(1)
TCP Sliding Windows	336	(10)
Send Window	337	(3)
Receive Window	340	(3)
TCP/IP for the Windows Server 2003 Family and Windows XP Maximum Receive Window Size	343	(3)
Small Segments	346	(2)
The Nagle Algorithm	346	(1)
Silly Window Syndrome	347	(1)
Sender-Side Flow Control	348	(5)
Slow Start Algorithm	349	(3)
Congestion Avoidance Algorithm	352	(1)
Summary	353	(2)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Retransmission and Time-Out	355	(20)
Retransmission Time-Out and Round-Trip Time	355	(2)
Congestion Collapse	356	(1)
Retransmission Behavior	357	(5)
Retransmission Behavior for New Connections	359	(1)
Dead Gateway Detection	360	(1)
Using the Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)
TCP Option	361	(1)
Calculating the RTO	362	(6)
Using the TCP Timestamps Option	364	(4)
Karn's Algorithm	368	(2)
Karn's Algorithm and the Timestamps Option	369	(1)
Fast Retransmit	370	(2)
Fast Recovery	372	(1)
Summary	372	(3)
PART IV Application Layer Protocols and Services
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server Service	375	(34)
Overview of DHCP in Windows Server 2003	376	(11)
What Is DHCP?	376	(1)
DHCP Overview and Key Terms	376	(6)
How DHCP Works	382	(5)
DHCP Messages	387	(16)
General Message Format	387	(2)
DHCPDISCOVER	389	(2)
DHCPOFFER	391	(2)
DHCPREQUEST	393	(3)
DHCPACK	396	(1)
DHCPDECLINE	397	(2)
DHCPNAK	399	(2)
DHCPRELEASE	401	(1)
DHCPINFORM	402	(1)
DHCP Options	403	(4)
What Are DHCP Options?	403	(1)
Options Supported by Windows Server 2003	404	(3)
Summary	407	(2)
Domain Name System (DNS)	409	(44)
Overview of DNS	410	(20)
What Is DNS?	410	(1)
Key DNS Terms	410	(20)
How DNS Works	430	(9)
Configuring DNS Client Functions	430	(1)
Resolving Names	431	(2)
Resolving Aliases	433	(2)
Dynamically Updating DNS	435	(2)
Transferring Zone Information	437	(2)
DNS Resource Records	439	(3)
What Are Resource Records?	439	(2)
RRs Supported by Windows Server 2003	441	(1)
DNS Messages	442	(9)
DNS Message Types	443	(6)
Name Query Message	449	(1)
Name Query Response Message	450	(1)
Reverse Name Query Message	450	(1)
Name Update Message	451	(1)
Name Update Response Message	451	(1)
Summary	451	(2)
Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)	453	(38)
Overview of WINS in Windows Server 2003	454	(12)
What Is WINS?	454	(1)
Key WINS Terms	455	(11)
How WINS Works	466	(6)
Registering NetBIOS Names	466	(3)
Resolving NetBIOS Name Registration Conflicts	469	(1)
Releasing NetBIOS Names	469	(1)
Resolving NetBIOS Names	470	(1)
Refreshing NetBIOS Names	471	(1)
Determining Adapter Status	471	(1)
NetBIOS Name Service Messages	472	(18)
Name Service Header	474	(2)
NetBIOS Name Representation	476	(2)
Question Entries	478	(1)
RRs	479	(3)
Resource Record Name Compression	482	(1)
Name Registration Message	482	(1)
Positive Name Registration Response	483	(1)
Negative Name Registration Response	484	(1)
Name Refresh Message	485	(1)
Name Release Request Message	485	(1)
Name Release Response Message	486	(1)
Name Query Request Message	487	(1)
Positive Name Query Response Message	488	(1)
Negative Name Response Message	488	(1)
Wait Acknowledgment Message	489	(1)
Summary	490	(1)
File and Printer Sharing	491	(24)
Introduction to CIFS	492	(9)
CIFS Operation	493	(8)
Introduction to Internet Printing	501	(12)
IPP Operation	502	(3)
IPP Specifications	505	(8)
Summary	513	(2)
RADIUS and Internet Authentication Service	515	(38)
RADIUS and IAS Server in Windows Server 2003	515	(2)
RADIUS in Operation	517	(3)
RADIUS Authentication	517	(1)
RADIUS Accounting	518	(1)
RADIUS Proxy	519	(1)
RADIUS Attributes	520	(1)
RADIUS in Windows Server 2003	520	(13)
RADIUS Authentication in Routing and Remote Access	520	(4)
RADIUS Accounting in Windows Server 2003	524	(5)
RADIUS Proxy in Windows Server 2003	529	(4)
RADIUS Message Structure	533	(11)
Common RADIUS Header	533	(2)
Attributes	535	(7)
Vendor-Specific Attributes	542	(2)
RADIUS Messages	544	(8)
Authentication	544	(3)
Accounting	547	(5)
Summary	552	(1)
Internet Information Services (IIS) and the Internet Protocols	553	(58)
HTTP	553	(24)
HTTP in Operation	555	(2)
URIs	557	(1)
HTTP Messages	558	(1)
Request Messages	558	(3)
Response Messages	561	(14)
HTTP Codings	575	(1)
HTTP Content Negotiation	575	(2)
HTTP Caching	577	(1)
FTP	577	(11)
FTP Operation	579	(2)
FTP Data	581	(2)
Connections and Transmission Modes	583	(3)
FTP Commands and Responses	586	(2)
NNTP	588	(14)
NNTP Operation	590	(1)
NNTP Commands and Responses	591	(11)
SMTP	602	(8)
SMTP Operation	603	(3)
SMTP Commands	606	(3)
SMTP Replies	609	(1)
Summary	610	(1)
Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)	611	(40)
IPSec Overview	611	(5)
Properties of Secure Communications	612	(1)
Hashing and Encryption Algorithms	613	(1)
Key Management	614	(1)
Security Associations	614	(2)
IPSec Headers	616	(8)
Authentication Header	616	(4)
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Header	620	(4)
Internet Key Exchange	624	(1)
ISAKMP Message Structure	624	(15)
ISAKMP Header	625	(2)
SA Payload	627	(1)
Proposal Payload	628	(1)
Transform Payload	629	(2)
Vendor ID Payload	631	(1)
Nonce Payload	632	(1)
Key Exchange Payload	632	(1)
Notification Payload	633	(2)
Delete Payload	635	(1)
Identification Payload	635	(1)
Hash Payload	636	(1)
Certificate Request Payload	637	(1)
Certificate Payload	638	(1)
Signature Payload	638	(1)
Main Mode Negotiation	639	(7)
Negotiation of Protection Suites	639	(1)
Key Exchange and Authentication	640	(6)
Quick Mode Negotiation	646	(1)
Retransmit Behavior	647	(1)
IPSec NAT Traversal	648	(2)
Summary	650	(1)
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)	651	(14)
Overview of VPNs	652	(5)
VPN Clients and Servers	653	(1)
VPN Protocols	653	(1)
Tunneling	654	(2)
VPNs and PPP	656	(1)
VPN Address Assignment	656	(1)
VPN Data Compression	657	(1)
VPN Data Encryption	657	(1)
PPTP	657	(3)
PPTP Data Encapsulation	658	(1)
PPTP Control Connection	658	(2)
L2TP/IPSec	660	(4)
L2TP/IPSec Data Encapsulation	661	(1)
L2TP Control Connection	662	(2)
Summary	664	(1)
Glossary	665	(10)
Bibliography	675	(4)
Index	679