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Microstructure, Property and Processing of Functional Ceramics describes the preparation, property and local structure microscopy of functional ceramics. It covers functional ceramic fabrication processing, grain boundary phenomena and micro-, nanoscale structures characterizations including scanning electron acoustic microscopy, scanning probe acoustic microscopy and piezoresponse force microscopy.This book is intended for advanced undergraduates, graduates and researchers in the field of materials science, microelectronics, optoelectronics and microscopy.Qingrui Yin and Binghe Zhu both are professors at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dr. Huarong Zeng is an associate professor at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Qingrui Yin and Binghe Zhu both are professors at the Shangai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science; Dr. Huarong Zeng is an associate professor at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Microstructure and Properties of Functional Ceramics	p. 1
General Description	p. 1
Grain	p. 5
Grain category	p. 5
Grain properties	p. 9
Grain Boundary Structures	p. 13
Concepts of grain boundary structures	p. 13
Properties of grain boundary structures	p. 14
Nano grain boundary structures	p. 15
Pore Phases	p. 16
Domain Structure	p. 18
Mechanical Properties of Ferroelectric Ceramics	p. 27
General	p. 27
Electric domain and internal stress	p. 28
PLZT ceramics and internal stress	p. 33
PTC ceramics and internal stress	p. 39
Aging	p. 40
Capacitor Ceramics	p. 41
Ordinary dielectric materials for capacitor	p. 41
Relaxor ferroelectric materials	p. 47
Microwave dielectric materials	p. 48
Piezoelectric Ceramics	p. 49
Microstructures of piezoelectric ceramics	p. 50
Properties of piezoelectric ceramics	p. 50
Transparent Ferroelectric Ceramics	p. 53
Microstructures of transparent ferroelectric ceramics	p. 53
Experimental method and two phases of PLZT ceramics	p. 55
Domain switching properties of PLZT ceramics	p. 57
Grain boundaries in PLZT ceramics	p. 67
Summary	p. 77
Thermistor Materials	p. 77
Microstructures and properties of PTC materials	p. 78
NTC materials and segregation at grain boundaries	p. 82
Varistor Materials	p. 86
Ceramics for Humidity Sensitive Resistor	p. 91
Magnetic Ceramics	p. 92
Biologically Functional Ceramics	p. 94
Functional Ceramic Films	p. 98
Alumina Ceramics	p. 104
Summary	p. 105
References	p. 106
Grain Boundary Phenomena of Functional Ceramics	p. 112
Introduction	p. 112
Generalization of Grain Boundary	p. 115
Grain boundary structure	p. 116
Grain boundary properties	p. 118
Grain Boundary Segregation	p. 119
Generalization	p. 119
Boundary layer capacitors	p. 122
PTC materials	p. 124
Magnetic ceramics	p. 127
ZnO varistor materials	p. 128
Other examples of segregation	p. 129
Grain Boundary Region	p. 134
General description about grain boundary region	p. 134
Grain boundary region of BaTiO_{3 ceramics}	p. 134
Grain boundary region of PLZT ceramics	p. 135
Grain boundary region and stress	p. 139
"Core-shell" structure	p. 141
Grain Boundary Migration	p. 143
Generalization	p. 143
Centripetal and acentric grain boundary migration	p. 144
Liquid phase and abnormal grain growth during sintering	p. 152
Relation between Grain Boundary and Properties	p. 154
Influence on mechanical properties	p. 155
Influence on electric properties	p. 162
Summary	p. 166
References	p. 168
Near-field Acoustic Microscopy of Functional Ceramics	p. 176
Introduction	p. 176
History and Development of Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy	p. 177
Physical Principle of SEAM Imaging	p. 178
Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy Image Processing System	p. 180
Theory Studies of Electron-acoustic Imaging	p. 182
Seam Imaging of Ferroic and Other Materials	p. 184
Seam imaging features of ferroelectric domains	p. 184
Electron-acoustic imaging of ferroelectric materials	p. 185
Ferroelectric Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ single crystal	p. 190
Ferroelasitc NdP₅O₆ single crystal	p. 190
Magnetic Domains in Austenitic Steel	p. 191
Modulation Frequency Dependence of SEAM Imaging Domain Structures	p. 193
Electric Field Dependence of SEAM Imaging Domains	p. 195
Temperature Dependence of Ferroelastic Domains in PMN- PT Single Crystals	p. 196
Seam imaging of Other Materials	p. 200
Residual stress distribution in Ti₃N₄ coatings	p. 200
Stress distribution in ferroelectric composites	p. 202
Stress distribution in Si₃N₄ and ZrSiO₄ ceramics	p. 203
Stress distribution of Al metal	p. 205
Surface structures and internal defects in lead-free piezoelectric ceramics	p. 206
Phase transitions in superconductor ceramics	p. 208
Seam imaging of MEMS devices	p. 209
Scanning Probe Acoustic Microscopy	p. 209
Tip-vibration mode scanning probe acoustic microscope	p. 210
Sample-vibration mode scanning probe acoustic microscopy	p. 214
Comparisons of SEAM with Spam	p. 225
References	p. 225
Piezoresponse Force Microscopy of Functional Ceramics	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
History and Development of Scanning Probe Microcopy	p. 230
Piezoresponse Force Microscopy	p. 231
Operation principle	p. 231
PFM imaging features	p. 234
PFM Imaging of Ferroelectric Domains	p. 236
Ferroelectric thin films	p. 236
Ferroelectric ceramics	p. 241
Ferroelectric single crystals	p. 247
Dynamic Behavior of Nanoscale Domain Structure	p. 261
Domain writing	p. 261
Domain nucleation and reversal	p. 262
PFM and SPAM Characterization of Ferroelectric Materials	p. 273
Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ lead-free ceramics	p. 273
PMN-PT single crystal	p. 275
Summary	p. 279
References	p. 279
Fabrication Processes for Functional Ceramics	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
Capacitor ceramics	p. 287
Ferrite ceramics	p. 288
Corundum ceramics	p. 289
Piezoelectric ceramics	p. 290
PTC ceramics	p. 290
Varistor ceramics	p. 291
Superconductor ceramics	p. 291
Raw Material and Powder Preparation	p. 292
Ball mill mixing and grinding	p. 293
Powder preparation by oxide methods	p. 294
Powder preparation by co-precipitation	p. 298
Powder preparation by sol-gel method	p. 299
Powder preparation by hydrothermal method	p. 300
Powder preparation by spray pyrolysis	p. 301
Shaping and Forming of Functional Ceramics	p. 301
Processing of thin films	p. 302
Processing of thick firms	p. 305
Dry pressing	p. 307
Iso-static pressing	p. 311
Hot injection moulding	p. 312
Slip casting	p. 313
Sintering	p. 314
Sintering mechanisms	p. 314
Sintering process	p. 317
Grain growth	p. 321
Abnormal grain growth	p. 322
The effects of pressure and atmosphere on sintering	p. 323
Pressure sintering	p. 324
Micro-porosity sintering	p. 325
Microwave sintering	p. 326
Mechanical Finishing	p. 327
Electroding	p. 329
Electroding from silver paste	p. 330
Electroding from nickel plating	p. 332
Other electroding methods	p. 334
References	p. 335
Review and Prospect of Functional Ceramics	p. 337
Evolution of Ceramics	p. 337
Development of Functional Ceramics and Relation with Other Factors	p. 338
Importance and Complexity of Understanding Functional Ceramic Effects and Mechanism	p. 342
Emphasis of Ceramic Processing	p. 344
Future Development of Functional Ceramics	p. 345
Dielectric ceramics and devices	p. 346
Chip type ceramic devices	p. 347
High performance, high temperature piezoelectric ceramics	p. 348
Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics	p. 349
Thermoelectric ceramics	p. 350
Functional ceramic films	p. 352
Functional crystals	p. 356
Battery materials	p. 358
High temperature superconductive ceramics	p. 360
Fabrication of ceramic micro-components	p. 360
References	p. 362
Index	p. 364
Appendix	p. 366
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