Microwave Circuit Design Using Linear and Nonlinear Techniques

by Vendelin, George D.; Pavio, Anthony M.; Rohde, Ulrich L.

• ISBN13: 9780471414797
• ISBN10: 0471414794
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-05
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

The ultimate handbook on microwave circuit design with CAD. Full of tips and insights from seasoned industry veterans, Microwave Circuit Design offers practical, proven advice on improving the design quality of microwave passive and active circuits-while cutting costs and time. Covering all levels of microwave circuit design from the elementary to the very advanced, the book systematically presents computer-aided methods for linear and nonlinear designs used in the design and manufacture of microwave amplifiers, oscillators, and mixers. Using the newest CAD tools, the book shows how to design transistor and diode circuits, and also details CAD's usefulness in microwave integrated circuit (MIC) and monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology. Applications of nonlinear SPICE programs, now available for microwave CAD, are described. State-of-the-art coverage includes microwave transistors (HEMTs, MODFETs, MESFETs, HBTs, and more), high-power amplifier design, oscillator design including feedback topologies, phase noise and examples, and more. The techniques presented are illustrated with several MMIC designs, including a wideband amplifier, a low-noise amplifier, and an MMIC mixer. This unique, one-stop handbook also features a major case study of an actual anticollision radar transceiver, which is compared in detail against CAD predictions; examples of actual circuit designs with photographs of completed circuits; and tables of design formulae.

Author Biography

GEORGE D. VENDELIN, ENGEE, is a technical consultant with more than forty years of microwave engineering design and teaching experience. His clients include Texas Instruments, Anritsu, Ford Aerospace/Loral Space & Communications/Lockheed Martin, Litton/Filtronics, and many others through his consulting firm, Vendelin Engineering. He is the author of Design of Amplifiers and Oscillators by the S-Parameter Method (Wiley). He is an adjunct professor at Stanford University, Santa Clara University, San Jose State University, and the University of California, Berkeley–Extension.

ANTHONY M. PAVIO, PHD, is the Manager of the Phoenix Design Center for Rockwell Collins, which is focused on the development of advanced high-density military products. He was previously the manager of Integrated RF Ceramics Center for Motorola Labs, specializing in the development of highly integrated LTCC modules. Dr. Pavio was also a technical director of the microwave products division of Texas Instruments.

ULRICH L. ROHDE, PHD, Dr.-ING, is Chairman of Synergy Microwave Corporation; a partner of Rohde & Schwarz, a firm specializing in test equipment and advanced communications systems; and Professor of Microwave and RF Technology at the Technische Universität Cottbus, Germany.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xv
Robert A. Pucel
Preface	xix
RF/Microwave Systems	1	(34)
Introduction	1	(9)
Maxwell's Equations	10	(2)
RF Wireless/Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Applications	12	(5)
Frequency Bands, Modes, and Waveforms of Operation	17	(1)
Analog and Digital Requirements	18	(2)
Elementary Definitions	20	(6)
Basic RF Transmitters and Receivers	26	(3)
Modern CAD for Nonlinear Circuit Analysis	29	(1)
Dynamic Load Line	30	(5)
References	31	(1)
Bibliography	32	(1)
Problems	33	(2)
Lumped and Distributed Elements	35	(16)
Introduction	35	(1)
Transition from RF to Microwave Circuits	35	(3)
Parasitic Effects on Lumped Elements	38	(7)
Distributed Elements	45	(1)
Hybrid Element: Helical Coil	46	(5)
References	47	(2)
Bibliography	49	(1)
Problems	50	(1)
Active Devices	51	(141)
Introduction	51	(2)
Diodes	53	(50)
Large-Signal Diode Model	54	(3)
Mixer and Detector Diodes	57	(4)
Parameter Trade-Offs	61	(3)
Mixer Diodes	64	(1)
pin Diodes	65	(12)
Tuning Diodes	77	(1)
Abrupt Junction	78	(2)
Linearly Graded Junction	80	(1)
Hyperabrupt Junction	81	(2)
Silicon Versus Gallium Arsenide	83	(4)
Q Factor or Diode Loss	87	(4)
Diode Problems	91	(6)
Diode-Tuned Resonant Circuits	97	(3)
Tuning Range	100	(3)
Microwave Transistors	103	(41)
Transistor Classification	103	(2)
Transistor Structure Types	105	(2)
dc Model of BJT	107	(37)
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor	144	(6)
Microwave FET	150	(42)
MOSFETs	150	(2)
Gallium Arsenide MESFETs	152	(24)
HEMT	176	(2)
Foundry Services	178	(5)
References	183	(4)
Bibliography	187	(3)
Problems	190	(2)
Two-Port Networks	192	(49)
Introduction	192	(1)
Two-Port Parameters	193	(4)
S Parameters	197	(1)
S Parameters from SPICE Analysis	198	(1)
Stability	199	(3)
Power Gains, Voltage Gain, and Current Gain	202	(8)
Power Gain	202	(5)
Voltage Gain and Current Gain	207	(1)
Current Gain	208	(2)
Three-Ports	210	(3)
Derivation of Transducer Power Gain	213	(2)
Differential S Parameters	215	(3)
Measurements	217	(1)
Example	218	(1)
Twisted-Wire Pair Lines	218	(3)
Low-Noise and High-Power Amplifier Design	221	(3)
Low-Noise Amplifier Design Examples	224	(17)
References	233	(1)
Bibliography	234	(1)
Problems	234	(7)
Impedance Matching	241	(32)
Introduction	241	(1)
Smith Charts and Matching	241	(8)
Impedance Matching Networks	249	(1)
Single-Element Matching	250	(1)
Two-Element Matching	251	(1)
Matching Networks Using Lumped Elements	252	(1)
Matching Networks Using Distributed Elements	253	(4)
Twisted-Wire Pair Transformers	253	(1)
Transmission Line Transformers	254	(1)
Tapered Transmission Lines	255	(2)
Bandwidth Constraints for Matching Networks	257	(16)
References	267	(1)
Bibliography	268	(1)
Problems	268	(5)
Microwave Filters	273	(38)
Introduction	273	(1)
Low-Pass Prototype Filter Design	274	(5)
Butterworth Response	274	(2)
Chebyshev Response	276	(3)
Transformations	279	(12)
Low-Pass Filters: Frequency and Impedance Scaling	279	(2)
High-Pass Filters	281	(2)
Bandpass Filters	283	(3)
Narrow-Band Bandpass Filters	286	(3)
Band-Stop Filters	289	(2)
Transmission Line Filters	291	(14)
Semilumped Low-Pass Filters	294	(3)
Richards Transformation	297	(8)
Exact Designs and CAD Tools	305	(1)
Real-Life Filters	305	(6)
Lumped Elements	306	(1)
Transmission Line Elements	306	(1)
Cavity Resonators	306	(1)
Coaxial Dielectric Resonators	306	(1)
Thin-Film Bulk-Wave Acoustic Resonator (FBAR)	306	(3)
References	309	(1)
Bibliography	309	(1)
Problems	310	(1)
Noise in Linear Two-Ports	311	(77)
Introduction	311	(2)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	313	(2)
Noise Figure Measurements	315	(2)
Noise Parameters and Noise Correlation Matrix	317	(9)
Correlation Matrix	317	(1)
Method of Combining Two-Port Matrix	318	(1)
Noise Transformation Using the [ABCD] Noise Correlation Matrices	318	(1)
Relation Between the Noise Parameter and [CA]	319	(2)
Representation of the ABCD Correlation Matrix in Terms of Noise Parameters	321	(1)
Noise Correlation Matrix Transformations	321	(2)
Matrix Definitions of Series and Shunt Element	323	(1)
Transferring All Noise Sources to the Input	323	(1)
Transformation of the Noise Sources	324	(1)
ABCD Parameters for CE, CC, and CB Configurations	324	(2)
Noisy Two-Port Description	326	(6)
Noise Figure of Cascaded Networks	332	(2)
Influence of External Parasitic Elements	334	(4)
Noise Circles	338	(2)
Noise Correlation in Linear Two-Ports Using Correlation Matrices	340	(3)
Noise Figure Test Equipment	343	(2)
How to Determine Noise Parameters	345	(1)
Calculation of Noise Properties of Bipolar and FETs	346	(13)
Hybrid-Γ Configuration	346	(2)
Transformation of Noise Current Source to Input of CE Bipolar Transistor	348	(1)
Noise Factor	349	(2)
Case of Real Source Impedance	351	(1)
Formation of Noise Correlation Matrix of CE Bipolar Transistor	351	(2)
Calculation of Noise Parameter Ignoring Base Resistance	353	(6)
Bipolar Transistor Noise Model in T Configuration	359	(8)
Real Source Impedance	363	(1)
Minimum Noise Factor	363	(2)
Noise Correlation Matrix of Bipolar Transistor in T-Equivalent Configuration	365	(2)
The GaAs FET Noise Model	367	(21)
Model at Room Temperature	367	(2)
Calculation of Noise Parameters	369	(6)
Influence of Cgd, Rgs, and Rs on Noise Parameters	375	(1)
Temperature Dependence of Noise Parameters of an FET	376	(3)
Approximation and Discussion	379	(2)
References	381	(2)
Bibliography	383	(2)
Problems	385	(3)
Small- and Large-Signal Amplifier Design	388	(45)
Introduction	388	(2)
Single-Stage Amplifier Design	390	(26)
High Gain	390	(1)
Maximum Available Gain and Unilateral Gain	391	(7)
Low-Noise Amplifier	398	(2)
High-Power Amplifier	400	(2)
Broadband Amplifier	402	(1)
Feedback Amplifier	402	(3)
Cascode Amplifier	405	(6)
Multistage Amplifier	411	(1)
Distributed Amplifier and Matrix Amplifier	412	(4)
Millimeter-Wave Amplifiers	416	(1)
Frequency Multipliers	416	(4)
Introduction	416	(1)
Passive Frequency Multiplication	417	(1)
Active Frequency Multiplication	418	(2)
Design Example of 1.9-GHz PCS and 2.1-GHz W-CDMA Amplifiers	420	(2)
Stability Analysis and Limitations	422	(11)
References	426	(3)
Bibliography	429	(2)
Problems	431	(2)
Power Amplifier Design	433	(87)
Introduction	433	(1)
Device Modeling and Characterization	434	(30)
Optimum Loading	464	(2)
Single-Stage Power Amplifier Design	466	(6)
Multistage Design	472	(8)
Power-Distributed Amplifiers	480	(20)
Class of Operation	500	(9)
Power Amplifier Stability	509	(3)
Amplifier Linearization Methods	512	(8)
References	514	(4)
Bibliography	518	(1)
Problems	519	(1)
Oscillator Design	520	(204)
Introduction	520	(5)
Compressed Smith Chart	525	(1)
Series or Parallel Resonance	526	(2)
Resonators	528	(16)
Dielectric Resonators	529	(3)
YIG Resonators	532	(1)
Varactor Resonators	533	(4)
Ceramic Resonators	537	(3)
Resonator Measurements	540	(4)
Two-Port Oscillator Design	544	(6)
Negative Resistance from Transistor Model	550	(9)
Oscillator Q and Output Power	559	(4)
Noise in Oscillators: Linear Approach	563	(28)
Using a Spectrum Analyzer	563	(2)
Two-Oscillator Method	565	(8)
Leeson's Oscillator Model	573	(6)
Low-Noise Design	579	(12)
Analytic Approach to Optimum Oscillator Design Using S Parameters	591	(14)
Nonlinear Active Models for Oscillators	605	(12)
Diodes with Hyperabrupt Junction	605	(1)
Silicon Versus Gallium Arsenide	606	(3)
Expressions for gm and Gd	609	(2)
Nonlinear Expressions for Cgs, Ggf, and Ri	611	(1)
Analytic Simulation of I -- V Characteristics	612	(1)
Equivalent-Circuit Derivation	612	(3)
Determination of Oscillation Conditions	615	(1)
Nonlinear Analysis	616	(1)
Conclusion	616	(1)
Oscillator Design Using Nonlinear Cad Tools	617	(14)
Parameter Extraction Method	621	(4)
Example of Nonlinear Design Methodology: 4-GHz Oscillator -- Amplifier	625	(4)
Conclusion	629	(2)
Microwave Oscillators Performance	631	(3)
Design of an Oscillator Using Large-Signal Y Parameters	634	(3)
Example for Large-Signal Design Based on Bessel Functions	637	(4)
Design Example for Best Phase Noise and Good Output Power	641	(9)
CAD Solution for Calculating Phase Noise in Oscillators	650	(16)
General Analysis of Noise Due to Modulation and Conversion in Oscillators	651	(1)
Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal	651	(2)
Modulation by a Noise Signal	653	(1)
Oscillator Noise Models	654	(2)
Modulation and Conversion Noise	656	(1)
Nonlinear Approach for Computation of Noise Analysis of Oscillator Circuits	656	(2)
Noise Generation in Oscillators	658	(1)
Frequency Conversion Approach	659	(1)
Conversion Noise Analysis	659	(1)
Noise Performance Index Due to Frequency Conversion	660	(1)
Modulation Noise Analysis	661	(3)
Noise Performance Index Due to Contribution of Modulation Noise	664	(1)
PM -- AM Correlation Coefficient	665	(1)
Validation Circuits	666	(8)
1000-MHz Ceramic Resonator Oscillator (CRO)	666	(2)
4100-MHz Oscillator with Transmission Line Resonators	668	(3)
2000-MHz GaAs FET-Based Oscillator	671	(3)
Analytical Approach for Designing Efficient Microwave FET and Bipolar Oscillators (Optimum Power)	674	(50)
Series Feedback (MESFET)	676	(6)
Parallel Feedback (MESFET)	682	(2)
Series Feedback (Bipolar)	684	(3)
Parallel Feedback (Bipolar)	687	(1)
An FET Example	688	(9)
Simulated Results	697	(4)
Synthesizers	701	(2)
Self-Oscillating Mixer	703	(1)
References	703	(4)
Bibliography	707	(11)
Problems	718	(6)
Microwave Mixer Design	724	(145)
Introduction	724	(4)
Diode Mixer Theory	728	(15)
Single-Diode Mixers	743	(10)
Single-Balanced Mixers	753	(16)
Double-Balanced Mixers	769	(25)
FET Mixer Theory	794	(24)
Balanced FET Mixers	818	(14)
Special Mixer Circuits	832	(11)
Using Modern CAD Tools	843	(7)
Mixer Noise	850	(19)
References	863	(3)
Bibliography	866	(1)
Problems	867	(2)
RF Switches and Attenuators	869	(22)
pin Diodes	869	(3)
pin Diode Switches	872	(9)
pin Diode Attenuators	881	(5)
FET Switches	886	(5)
References	889	(1)
Bibliography	890	(1)
Microwave Computer-Aided Workstations for MMIC Requirements	891	(68)
Introduction	891	(6)
Integrated Microwave Workstation Approach	891	(2)
Nonlinear Tools	893	(4)
Gallium Arsenide MMIC Foundries: Role of CAD	897	(4)
Yield-Driven Design	901	(4)
No Simple Task	901	(1)
Rethinking Design	902	(1)
Hitting the Mark	903	(2)
Designing Nonlinear Circuits Using the Harmonic Balance Method	905	(9)
Splitting the Linear and Nonlinear Portion	906	(1)
How Does the Program Work?	906	(7)
Examples	913	(1)
Programmable Microwave Tuning System	914	(6)
The PMT System	915	(1)
Tuning Techniques	916	(2)
The PMTS Approach	918	(2)
Introduction to MMIC Considering Layout Effects	920	(7)
Component and Interconnection Modules	923	(4)
GaAs MMIC Layout Software	927	(3)
Capabilities	927	(1)
Example	928	(2)
Practical Design Example	930	(5)
The Design	930	(2)
The Elements	932	(1)
The Input Filter	932	(1)
The Dielectric Resonator	932	(2)
The Branch Line Coupler	934	(1)
Other Circuit Elements	934	(1)
CAD Applications	935	(24)
Bibliography	956	(3)
Appendix A BIP: Gummel-Poon Bipolar Transistor Model	959	(7)
Appendix B Level 3 MOSFET	966	(3)
Appendix C Noise Parameters of GaAs MESFETs	969	(13)
Appendix D Derivations for Unilateral Gain Section	982	(3)
Appendix E Vector Representation of Two-Tone Intermodulation Products	985	(20)
Appendix F Passive Microwave Elements	1005	(22)
Index	1027