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General Introduction	p. 1
Islamic Beginnings: Revelation, State Building, and Culture
Introduction	p. 5
The Quran and Other Islamic Texts	p. 12
Shiite and Sunni Views on Political Legitimacy	p. 21
Abd al-Hassan Ali al-Mawardi, On Choosing a Caliph	p. 22
Allama al-Hilli on the Shiite Imamate	p. 24
Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Sina [Avicenna], The Ideal Muslim Intellectual	p. 26
Rabia al-Adawiyya al-Qaysiyya, A Woman's Voice in Sufi Poetry	p. 29
Abu al-Rayhum Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, A Muslim Scholar Examines Hinduism	p. 31
From the Coming of Steppe Peoples to the Age of Gunpowder Empires
Introduction	p. 37
Disasters Strike the Muslim World	p. 46
Usamah ibn Munquidh, An Arab Perspective on the Crusades	p. 46
Rashid al-Din Fazlullah, The Mongol Conquest of Baghdad	p. 48
Ahmad al-Maqrizi, The Bubonic Plague in Syria and Egypt	p. 51
Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun, Effective Rule and Dynastic Cycles	p. 54
Shah Abbas and Emperor Jahangir Debate the Persian Conquest of Kandahar	p. 58
Suraiya Faroqhi, Ottoman Women's Lives	p. 62
Contradictions of Modernity: Imperialism and Social Change
Introduction	p. 69
Decrees from the Ottoman Tanzimat	p. 80
The Gulhane Proclamation	p. 81
An Ottoman "Bill of Rights"	p. 82
Social and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire	p. 84
Suraiya Faroqhi, Ottoman Peasants	p. 85
Hanna Batatu, Political Centralization in Iraq and Kurdistan	p. 88
Donald Quataert, Manufacturing Workshops	p. 92
Alexander Scholch, European Trade with Palestine	p. 95
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Plan for Islamic Union	p. 97
The Two World Wars and their Aftermaths
Introduction	p. 103
Conflicting Promises During World War I	p. 113
Sharif Husayn ibn Ali, Desire for Arab Independence	p. 113
Sir Henry McMahon, Qualifying British Pledges	p. 115
The Sykes-Picot Agreement on Dividing up Arab Lands	p. 116
Vahakn N. Dadrian, The Fate of the Armenians in World War I	p. 119
Challenges to New Nations: Afghanistan, Turkey, and the Fertile Crescent	p. 122
Queen Soraya, The Liberation of Afghan Women	p. 123
Mustafa Kemal, Design for a Modern Secular Turkish State	p. 125
Halidé Edib [Adivar], Dictatorship and Reform in Turkey	p. 127
Michel Aflaq, Purifying the National Ideal: Baath Ideology	p. 132
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Divide India; Create Pakistan	p. 135
Peter J. Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, Divide and Rule in British-Controlled Iraq	p. 138
Arabs and Zionists Struggle Over Palestine
Introduction	p. 147
Zionism and its Early Arab Opponents	p. 165
Theodor Herzl, Zionism: The Vision of an Eventual Jewish State	p. 165
Rashid Rida, Pay Attention to Zionist Encroachment	p. 168
"Tiberias," Warning of Zionist Colonization	p. 169
The Balfour Declaration and the Mandate Period	p. 170
The Balfour Declaration: AJewish Home in Palestine	p. 170
The General Syrian Congress, Our Objections to Zionism and Western Imperialism	p. 171
James Ramsay MacDonald, Letter to Chaim Weizmann	p. 173
Vladimir Jabotinsky, Let Us Settle Palestine and Transjordan	p. 174
Palestine on Eve of World War II	p. 176
Ted Swedenburg, The Palestinian Revolt, 1936-39	p. 177
The Arab Response to the Proposed Partition of Palestine	p. 182
The British Government's White Paper on Palestine	p. 184
The Biltmore Program	p. 186
The Creation of the State of Israel	p. 188
UN General Assembly, the Partition Plan: Resolution #181	p. 189
UN General Assembly, Palestinian Right of Return: Resolution #194	p. 191
The Israeli Knesset, The Law of Return	p. 192
Arab Assertions: Out of Despair Revived Nationalism	p. 193
Nizar Qabbani, The Catastrophe of Arab Defeat	p. 194
Palestinian National Council, The National Charter	p. 198
Reaching for Peace: United Nations Security Council Resolutions	p. 201
UN Resolution #242: Withdrawal from Occupied Territory	p. 201
UN Resolution #338: End the Fighting	p. 203
Transformation of Palestinian Politics	p. 203
Yasir Arafat, We Recognize Israel	p. 204
Hanan Mikhail-Ashrawi, The Meaning of the Intifada	p. 205
Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement of Palestine (Hamas)	p. 207
The Peace Process	p. 211
Principles of a Peace Agreement-Oslo, Norway	p. 212
Yitzhak Rabin, The Price of Occupation	p. 214
The Taba Negotiations	p. 215
Impasse and New Intifada	p. 221
King Husayn I of Jordan, Eulogy of Yitzhak Rabin	p. 221
Ariel Sharon, Program for Dealing with the Palestinians	p. 222
Marwan Barghouti, Grassroots Leadership and the Second Intifada	p. 225
The Arab League, Ratification of the Peace Plan Proposed by Crown Prince Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz of Saudi Arabia	p. 228
Palestinian Intellectuals' Urgent Appeal to Stop Suicide Bombings	p. 230
George W. Bush, A New and Different Palestinian Leadership	p. 232
Geopolitics of Oil and the Cold War Conflict
Introduction	p. 237
U.S. Presidential Policies, 1947-2002	p. 244
The Truman Doctrine	p. 245
The Eisenhower Doctrine	p. 247
George H. W. Bush, The New World Order	p. 248
William J. Clinton, The Battle Against. Terrorism	p. 250
George W. Bush, Beyond Containment and Deterrence to Preemptive Action	p. 251
Intervention and Revolution in Iran	p. 253
Muhammad Mossadeq, Nationalizing Iranian Oil	p. 254
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, Iran in Imperialism's Clutches	p. 255
Ervand Abrahamian, Democracy or Theocracy: Iran's Islamic Republic	p. 257
OPEC and the World Economy	p. 262
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Getting Our Share	p. 262
Crown Prince Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz, Oil and the World Economy	p. 263
Wars at the End of the Twentieth Century and the Beginning of the Twenty-First	p. 266
Joe Stork, The First Gulf War: Iran vs. Iraq, 1980-88	p. 266
The United Nations and the Second Gulf War: Security Council Resolution #687	p. 269
George H.W. Bush, The Second Gulf War and Kicking the Vietnam Syndrome	p. 271
Zbigniew Brzezinski, "Some Stirred-up Muslims": Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan	p. 273
Ideologies, Movements, and Social Trends
Introduction	p. 277
Egypt and Lebanon: Secularism and Confessionalism	p. 288
Jamal Abd al-Nasser, Arab Socialism	p. 289
Anwar Sadat, Infitah: Opening to the West	p. 291
The Taif Agreement: Syrian Influence over Lebanon	p. 293
Early Ideologues of Islamic Radicalism	p. 296
Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taimiyya, Against Heretical Innovation	p. 297
Hasan al-Banna, Overcome Western Materialism	p. 300
Sayyid Qutb, Corruptions of the Modern World	p. 303
Modern Islamic Radicalism	p. 306
Saad Eddin Ibrahim, Egypt's Islamic Militants	p. 307
Taliban Decrees about Women, Men's Beards, Children's Games and Music	p. 310
9/11: Terrorism and Wars; Arab Citizens' Revolt
Introduction	p. 317
The Threat of Osama bin Laden and American Responses	p. 325
Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: The 1998 Fatwa	p. 326
George W. Bush, Hand Over Terrorists or Share Their Fate	p. 328
Congresswoman Barbara Lee, No Blank Check to President Bush	p. 330
The Policy Debate	p. 332
George W. Bush, Battling the Axis of Evil	p. 332
Brent Scowcroft, Don't Attack Saddam	p. 335
President Obama's Vision for New Beginnings in the Middle East: Cairo University, Egypt, June 4, 2009	p. 337
WikiLeaks	p. 344
Saudi Royal Wealth: Where Do They Get All That Money?	p. 346
Corruption in Tunisia: What's Yours Is Mine	p. 344
Egypt Seen from the Inside	p. 349
The Arab Citizens' Revolt	p. 353
Stuart Schaar, Arab Dictatorships Under Fire in the New Information Age	p. 353
Paul Amar, Why Mubarack Is Out	p. 357
The Historical Context: The West and Islam	p. 363
Bernard Lewis, The Clash of Civilizations	p. 363
Edward W. Said, The Clash of Ignorance	p. 367
Stuart Schaar, Orientalism's Persistence in Mass Culture and Foreign Policy	p. 372
Epilogue	p. 377
Glossary	p. 383
Select Bibliography	p. 391
Index	p. 399
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The Middle East and Islamic World Reader An Historical Reader for the 21st Century

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