Mind and Morals

by May, Larry; Clark, Andy; Friedman, Marilyn

• ISBN13: 9780262631655
• ISBN10: 0262631652
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-01-17
• Publisher: Bradford Books

Summary

The essays in this anthology deal with the growing interconnections between moral philosophy and research that draws upon neuroscience, developmental psychology, and evolutionary biology. This cross- disciplinary interchange coincides, not accidentally, with the renewed interest in ethical naturalism. In order to understand the nature and limits of moral reasoning, many new ethical naturalists look to cognitive science for an account of how people actually reason. At the same time, many cognitive scientists have become increasingly interested in moral reasoning as a complex form of human cognition that challenges their theoretical models. The result of this collaborative, and often critical, interchange is an exciting intellectual ferment at the frontiers of research into human mentality. Sections and Contributors: Ethics Naturalized Owen Flanagan, Mark L. Johnson, Virginia Held Moral Judgments, Representations, and Prototypes Paul M. Churchland, Andy Clark, Peggy DesAutels, Ruth Garrett Millikan Moral Emotions Robert M. Gordon, Alvin I. Goldman, John Deigh, Naomi Scheman Agency and Responsibility James P. Sterba, Susan Khin-Zaw, Helen E. Longino, Michael E. Bratman A Bradford Book

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Contributors

Introduction

The New Moral Naturalism

Cognitive Science and Its Potential Contribution to Ethics

The Potential Contribution of Ethics to Cognitive Science

Note

References

Ethics Naturalized?

Ethics Naturalized: Ethics as Human Ecology

Ethics: Modern, Antimodern, and Postmodern

Why Ethics Naturalized Is Not Ethics Psychologized

A Minimalist Credo for the Ethical Naturalist

Progress, Convergence, and Local Knowledge

Moral Network Theory

Normativity

Moral Progress and Moral Convergence

Acknowledgments

Notes

How Moral Psychology Changes Moral Theory

The Moral Philosophy versus Moral Psychology Split

Why Do We Need to Incorporate Moral Psychology?

The Metaphoric Nature of Moral Understanding

Basic Metaphors for Morality

Metaphor and Moral Reasoning

How Cognitive Science Changes Ethics

Conceptual Analysis

Moral Reasoning

Partial Understanding

Beyond Absolutism

Grounded Moral Theory

Moral Imagination

What Should a Theory of Morality Be?

Notes

Whose Agenda? Ethics versus Cognitive Science

Ethics and Science

Moral Experience

Evaluation as Explanation

Empathy and Ethics

Metaphor and Philosophical Thought

Moral Philosophy

Notes

References

Moral Judgments, Representations, and Prototypes

The Neural Representation of the Social World

Social Space

EMPATH: A Network for Recognizing Human Emotions

Social Features and Prototypical Sequences

Are There "Social Areas" in the Brain?

Moral Perception and Moral Understanding

The Basis of Moral Character

Acknowledgment

References

Connectionism, Moral Cognition, and Collaborative Problem Solving

Connectionism: From Rules to Prototypes

Language as a Manipulative Tool

Language as a Collaborative Medium

Conclusions: Complementary Perspectives on Moral Reason

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Gestalt Shifts in Moral Perception

Gilligan: Shifts between Care and Justice Perspectives

Flanagan: Integrated Moral Perceptions

Gestalt Shifts

Tasks and Gestalt Shifts in Moral Perception

Past Experience, Analogies, Metaphors, and Connectionist Prototypes

Flanagan Revisited

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Pushmi-pullyu Representations

Introduction

The Background Theory of Representation

Descriptive and Directive Representations

Pushmi-Pullyu Representations

PP Representations in Human Thought

PP Representations in Human Language

Performatives

Thick Concepts

Notes

References

Moral Emotions

Sympathy, Simulation, and the ImPartial Spectator

Facial Empathy

Higher Forms of Empathy

From Contagion to Prediction

Hot and Cold Methodologies

Some Reasons to Think We Are Simulating

Reversion to Emotional Contagion and Online Decision Making

Ethical Consequences

Notes

References

Simulation and Interpersonal Utility

Interpersonal Utility and Moral Theory

Interpersonal Utility, Philosophy of Mind, and Cognitive Science

Simulation and the Epistemic Problem of IU Comparisons

The Scientific Legitimacy of IU Judgments

Notes

Empathy and Universalizability

Feeling Our Way toward Moral Objectivity

Agency and Responsibility

Justifying Morality and the Challenge of Cognitive Science

Justifying Morality

The Challenge of Cognitive Science

Notes

Moral Rationality

Objections to the N-D Model of Moral Rationality

The N-D Model and the Centrality of Reason to Morality

Two Views of Moral Rationality

Theories and Motivations

Morality and Gender

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Moral Agency and Responsibility: Cautionary Tales from Biology

Planning and Temptation

Index

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